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We investigated the effects of apocynin (APO) on experimental sciatic nerve compression injury in rabbits. We used 21 male rabbits divided randomly into three groups of seven. The control group was subjected to sciatic nerve compression with no further intervention. The APO treated group was subjected to compression injury and 20 mg/kg APO was administered daily for 21 days by intraperitoneal injection beginning the day after the injury. The sham group was treated with APO without injury. The control group exhibited shrinkage of axons, disruption of myelin sheaths and loss of nerve fibers. The damage for the control group was significantly greater than for the sham group. The severity of histopathology was decreased in the APO treated group compared to the control group, as was the oxidative stress index. Our findings suggest that APO treatment may contribute to healing of sciatic nerve damage.

Cisplatin (CIS)-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of ranolazine (RAN), a current antianginal drug known to experimentally reduce oxidative damage in CIS-induced nephrotoxicity. We randomly assigned thirty-two Sprague Dawley rats to one of four groups (Control, CIS, CIS+RAN, and RAN+CIS). We evaluated kidney function parameters including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cre), electrolytes, and albumin, as well as tissue biochemical parameters including malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes. Histopathological parameters were also assessed. We observed a significant increase in BUN and Cre values in the CIS group compared to the control group (p0.05), and serum electrolytes were comparable among groups. Furthermore, a statistically significant increase in albumin levels was observed in the CIS+RAN group compared to the CIS group (p0.05). Our findings suggest that the beneficial effects of RAN on CIS-induced nephrotoxicity may be related to its antioxidant activity.

Hard or soft tissue adhesives have been presented as a promising candidate to replace traditional wound closure methods. However, there are mechanical strength problems in biological adhesives and biocompatibility problems in synthetic-based adhesives. At this point, we aimed to remove all these disadvantages and produce a single adhesive that contains all the necessary features and acrylate functionalized UV-curable polyurethane formulations were produced with high crosslink density, high adhesion strength, biocompatibility and injectable property for easy application as potential biomedical adhesives. Aliphatic isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) was used as the isocyanate source and β-cyclodextrin was used for host-guest relationship with gentamicin by crosslinking. Proteins (gelatin (GEL), collagen (COL)) and PEGs of various molecular weight ranges (P200, P400, P600) were selected as the polyol backbone for polyurethane synthesis due to their multiple biological activities such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, biomimetic property. Several techniques have been used to characterize the structural, thermal, morphological, and various other physicochemical properties of the adhesive formulations. Besides, the possibility of its use as a hard tissue adhesive was investigated by evaluating the tissue adhesion strength in vitro and ex vivo via a universal testing analyzer in tensile mode. Corresponding adhesive formulations were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo techniques for biocompatibility. The best adhesion strength results were obtained as 3821.0 ± 214.9, and 3722.2 ± 486.8 kPa, for IPDI-COL-P200 and IPDI-GEL-P200, respectively. Good antibacterial activity capability toward Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were confirmed using disc diffusion method. Moreover, cell viability assay demonstrated that the formulations have no significant cytotoxicity on the L929 fibroblast cells. Most importantly, we finally performed the in vivo biodegradability and in vivo biocompatibility evaluations of the adhesive formulations on rat model. Considering their excellent cell/tissue viability, fast curable, strong adhesion, high antibacterial character, and injectability, these adhesive formulations have significant potential for tissue engineering applications.

Valproate (VPA) induced changes in ovarian morphology are observed in humans with epilepsy and in non-epileptic animals. The effects of lamotrigine (LTG) on female reproduction is not well known. We investigated whether LTG might be a safer drug for use with patients of reproductive age. Forty Wistar albino female rats were divided into five groups. The control group was injected with saline-vehicle solution. The low dose (LD)-VPA group was injected with 100 mg/kg VPA. The high dose (HD)-VPA group was injected with 500 mg/kg VPA. The LD-LTG group was injected with 10 mg/kg LTG. The HD-LTG group was injected with 50 mg/kg LTG. We evaluated histological and biochemical changes in the ovaries. The number of atretic and cystic follicles was increased in the HD-VPA and HD-LTG groups compared to the control group. A significant increase in malondialdehyde level was found in the VPA groups compared to the control and LTG groups. No significant differences in total glutathione levels or superoxide dismutase activity were found among study groups. Catalase activity was significantly higher in HD-VPA and HD-LTG groups compared to the control, LD-VPA and LD-LTG groups. Prevalence and intensity of caspase-3 immunoreactivity in the luteal cells were significantly greater in the HD-LTG group compared to the control group. VPA administration caused polycystic ovarian syndrome-like changes in the ovary. We found that LD-LTG, which reflects the dose for humans, might be a safer option for use during the reproductive age.

Radiation hepatotoxicity is thought to be due to free oxygen radicals. We investigated the protective effects of apocynin (APO) against ionizing radiation induced oxidative stress in liver tissue following whole body ionizing radiation. We divided rats into four groups. The control group was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with saline for five consecutive days. A second group was injected i.p. with saline for 5 days and after 24 h, a single-dose of radiation (800 cGy) was administered to the whole abdomen. A third group was injected i.p. with 20 mg/kg APO for 5 days. A fourth group was injected i.p. with APO for 5 days and after 24 h, the rats were exposed to radiation. Ionizing radiation induced hepatotoxicity was demonstrated biochemically by significant changes in oxidative and antioxidant parameters. Our findings suggest that APO treatment may be protective against radiation induced hepatic injury by decreasing oxidative stress and increasing antioxidant activity.

Oxygen radicals participate in the pathogenesis of heart damage. Diabetes accelerates the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We investigated the effects of the antioxidants, melatonin, quercetin and resveratrol, on cardiomyopathy and apoptosis in rats with streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes mellitus (DM). Rats were divided into five groups of seven: control, DM, DM + melatonin, DM + quercetin and DM + resveratrol. All treatments were begun with a single dose of STZ to induce diabetes and experimental treatments were continued daily for 30 days. Morphologic and apoptotic changes were analyzed by histological assessment. The heart tissue of the control group exhibited normal histology, whereas the heart tissue of the DM group exhibited vacuolization, necrosis, congestion, infiltration and myofibril loss. The DM group exhibited significantly increased apoptosis compared to the control group. Differences in anti-apoptotic effects were statistically significant for all three antioxidant treatment groups; the anti-apoptotic effects of quercetin and resveratrol were similar. Melatonin, resveratrol and quercetin exhibited protective effects against diabetic heart damage.

Exposure to various organic compounds including several environmental pollutants and drugs can cause cellular damage through the generation of lipid peroxidation products. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl

The use of wire cerclage after sternal closure is the standard method because of its rigidity and strength. Despite this, they have many disadvantages such as tissue trauma, operatorinduced failures, and the risk of infection. To avoid complications during sternotomy and promote tissue regeneration, tissue adhesives should be used in post-surgical treatment. Here, we report a highly biocompatible, biomimetic, biodegradable, antibacterial, and UV-curable polyurethane-acrylate (PU-A) tissue adhesive for sternal closure as a supportive to wire cerclage. In the study, PU-As were synthesized with variable biocompatible monomers, such as silk sericin, polyethylene glycol, dopamine, and an aliphatic isocyanate 4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate). The highest adhesion strength was found to be 4322 kPa, and the ex vivo compressive test result was determined as 715 kPa. The adhesive was determined to be highly biocompatible (on L929 cells), biodegradable, and antibacterial (on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria). Finally, after opening the sternum of rats, the adhesive was applied to bond the bones and cured with UV for 5 min. According to the results, there was no visible inflammation in the adhesive groups, while some animals had high inflammation in the cyanoacrylate and wire cerclage groups. These results indicate that the adhesive may be suitable for sternal fixation by preventing the disadvantages of the steel wires and promoting tissue healing. Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [116Z501]; Inonu University Research Fund [IUBAP FDP-2018-1284] ? ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported financially by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project no. 116Z501) and Inonu University Research Fund (IUBAP FDP-2018-1284) . The authors acknowledge Prof. Dr. Mehmet Fethi CEYLAN for his assistance in sternal closure surgery.

Depression is a serious psychological disorder that affects a significant population. We investigated the antidepressant activities of four pyridazinone derivatives that contain the hydrazide moiety using the forced swimming test (FST). The compounds tested exhibited good antidepressant activity compared to duloxetine. The most promising compound was compound 2, which reduced the duration of immobility during FST. The toxic effects of the four compounds on the histomorphology of the liver and stomach tissue also was evaluated.

Diabetes mellitus is a complicated and serious health problem involving peripheral neuropathy. This situation causes to loss of senses, tingle and pain. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) affects 236 million people around the World. Hence there is a need to investigate alternative ways of cure focusing on DPN. Flavonoids have potential on pain due to their permeability characteristic in the capillary microcirculation system and in lowering blood pressure. Flavonoids are common in grape seed. The main flavonoids of grape seed involve proanthocyanidins which might be an effective agent in cure of pain in DPN. The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of grape seed extract on neuropathic pain in the Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. In the study, 50 eight-week old BALB-C strain mice in five different groups (Control, Diabetic Control, Control+25mg/kg, Diabetes+25mg/kg and Diabetes+50mg/kg) were used. To induce diabetes in thirty of these animals, single dose Streptozotocin (180mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. After diabetes was observed, grape seed extract (25mg/kg and 50mg/kg body weight) was administered by oral gavage in three groups (Cont­rol+25mg/kg, Diabetes+25mg/kg and Diabetes+50mg/kg) during six weeks. At the end of the second and sixth weeks, pain threshold measurements in hot plate test were performed in line with a predetermined thermal pain model. Also the tissues of the sciatic nerve and abdominal aorta from the animals were histologically investigated. As a result hot plate measurements, pain threshold values of the animals in Diabetes+50mg/kg group significantly differed from the measurements of the animals in control group in the first measurements and from the animals in Diabetes+25mg/kg group in the second measurements (p

Panax ginseng is commonly used in Chinese medicine and Western herbal preparations. However, it has also been recently noted to be associated with some cardiac pathologies-including cardiogenic shock due to acute anterior myocardial infarction, trans-ischemic attack, and stent thrombosis. This study was aimed to elucidate acute and subacute effects of the low and high doses of standardized Panax ginseng extract (sPGe) on cardiac functions. Rats were randomly assigned to control group, acute low-dose group (ALD), subacute low-dose group (SALD), acute high-dose group (AHD), and subacute high-dose group (SAHD). The cardiac effects of sPGe were evaluated using hemodynamic, biochemical, echocardiographic, genetic, and immunohistopathologic parameters. Mean blood pressures were significantly lower in all sPGe-treated groups compared with the control group. Troponin I and myoglobin levels were increased in the SALD, AHD, and SAHD groups. Mitral E-wave velocity was reduced after sPGe administration in all the groups. Acidophilic cytoplasm and pyknotic nucleus in myocardial fibers were observed in AHD and SAHD groups. Cu/Zn-SOD1 gene expressions were significantly higher in the sPGe-treated groups whereas caveolin 1 and VEGF-A gene expressions were not changed. According to our results, sPGe may have a potential effect to cause cardiac damage including diastolic dysfunction, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and reduction of blood pressure depending on the dose and duration of usage. Healthcare professionals must be aware of adverse reactions stemming from the supplementation use, particularly with cardiac symptoms.

Background and Aims. Sepsis causes release of free oxygen radicals that destroy membrane integrity.We evaluated the antioxidant effects of parsley, Petroselinum crispum(Pc), which has been used therapeutically for centuries in Anatolia, using a rat model of sepsis caused by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).Methods.Wistar albino rats were separated into four groups of eight: a sham group with incised and sutured abdomen, a Pc extract(PcE) group was given 2 g/kg parsley extract for 14 days by gastric gavage, a CLP group with sepsis caused by CLP and a PcE + CLP group given parsley extract for 14 days, then made septic by CLP. PcE is given for 14 days and then sepsis is performed by the CLP procedure. Results. The groups were compared in terms of hemogram, biochemical and histological characteristics. It has been proven that the administration of PcE before CLP-induced sepsis increases neutrophil, PLT counts and TAS levels which decrease with sepsis and decreases biochemical changes (BUN, AST, ALT, LDH, TOS, OSI) which increase with sepsis, to have a protective effect on sepsis . In the PcE + CLP group, the severity of intestinal infiltration was decreased significantly compared to the CLP group; epithelial damage was similar to the CLP group. In the PcE + CLP group, the crypt and villus length was greater and the decrease in Paneth cell degranulation intensity was found to be more than for the CLP group ; also, the morphology of the cells was similar to the Sham group. Discussion. PcE exhibit potential for prophylaxis for sepsis.

Amikacin (AK) is frequently used in the treatment of gram-negative and some gram-positive infections. However, its use is limited due to nephrotoxicity due to the increase in reactive oxygen radicals. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of carvacrol (CAR) against AK-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Thirty-two Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups as control (Vehicle), AK (400 mg/kg), CAR + AK (80 mg/kg CAR + 400 mg/kg AK), and AK + CAR (400 mg/kg AK + 80 mg/kg CAR) groups. AK and CAR were administered via intramuscular and per-oral for 7 days, respectively. Blood and kidney tissue samples were taken at the end of the experiment. Renal function and histopathological changes were compared, and the relevant parameters of oxidative stress and inflammation were detected. Histopathological findings (necrotic changes and dilatation and inflammatory cell infiltration) significantly increased in the AK group compared to the control group. Also, the rats in the AK group lost weight significantly. It was found that CAR treatment before and after AK significantly improved nephrotoxicity histopathologically (p

Background: It was aimed to investigate effects of various conditions known to cause circadian rhythm disturbances (i.e. calorie restriction, time-restricted feeding, constant light exposure) on various peroxisomal parameters and to compare those effects with that of fenofibrate, a PPARα agonist, in rats. Methods: Plasmalogens and some fatty acids in erythrocyte lysates were analyzed by GC. Peroxisomal metabolites including very long chain fatty acids as well as phytanic and pristanic acids in plasma were measured by GC-MS. Results: Unlike calorie restricted feeding, fenofibrate treatment yielded lower level of plasma phytanic acid concentration implying higher peroxisomal α-oxidation rate. However both calorie restriction and fenofibrate treatment exhibited lower plasmalogen, DHA and arachidonic acid contents of erythrocyte lysates. Conclusion: Shared effects of conditions associated with circadian rhythm disturbances and peroxisomal induction by fenofibrate on erythrocyte membrane lipids might indicate a link between them.

Aim: Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) negatively affect reproduction by decreasing gonadotropin levels in the acute period. The aim of this study is to investigate the long-term effects of re-injection of endotoxin in adulthood on gonadotropin release and testicular tissue in male rats injected with endotoxin with IL-1 beta inhibitor (Q-Vd-OPh; caspase-1 inhibitor, Cİ) in the neonatal period.Material and Methods: On postnatal day 7, male rat pups were injected once with either Salin, LPS (50µg/kg), LPS (50µg/kg)+CI (1mg/kg). On postnatal 10 months, these rats were either injected with saline or LPS (50 µg/kg). 10 days after these injections, serum samples and testicular tissues were taken and the experiment was terminated.Results: Respectively, control, Salin+LPS, LPS+Salin; LPS+LPS; LPS(CI)+Salin and LPS(CI)+LPS groups were 18.8±1.6; 11.3±1.2; 23.4±2.0; 22.2±1.2 ve 23.6±1.4 ng/ml for serum LH concentrations (p0,05). Seminiferous tubule damage was observed in LPS groups (p

Objective(s): Varenicline is a selective partial agonist for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor a4b2 subtype, which is widely used to treat smoking addiction. However, there is still no data about its potential toxic effects on tissues. In this study, we aimed to determine the varenicline-induced toxicity on reproductive and renal tissues in rats. Materials and Methods: Rats were randomly divided into two groups: control (n=10) and varenicline (n=24). Then, rats in each group were sub-divided equally as acute and chronic groups. The control rats were orally given distilled water only. Varenicline was administrated orally as follows: 1st–3rd days 9 µg/kg/day, 4th–7th days 9 µg/kg twice daily, and 8th–90th days 18 µg/kg twice daily. The rats of acute and chronic groups were sacrificed on the 45th and 90th days, respectively. Some tissue markers related to oxidative stress were measured, and sperm characteristics were observed. Results: In the acute group, varenicline led to a significant decrease in SOD activities in both kidney and testis tissues. In the chronic group, varenicline significantly increased MDA and MPO production, and reduced CAT and GPx levels in the kidneys and testes. Also, SOD and GSH levels significantly decreased in the testes. Moreover, sperm characteristics were negatively affected; histopathological deformation was observed in the testes and kidneys in all groups. Conclusion: This study showed that varenicline could detrimentally affect the kidneys and testes in both acute and chronic term usage. Further studies will provide more insights into the molecular dynamics of this damage.

We aimed to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of dexpanthenol (DXP) on liver injuries induced by ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in an in vivo rat model.Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups (n = 8 in each group: Sham, IR, DXP, and DXP+IR. DXP (500 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered for 30 min before 60 min of ischemia, followed by 60 min of reperfusion to rats in the DXP and DXP+IR groups. All rats were euthanized on day 10 to evaluate immunohistopathological changes as well as tissue levels of oxidants and antioxidants.IR decreased total glutathione (tGSH) levels in IR group when compared to the Sham group. DXP supplementation to IR group significantly ameliorated tGSH levels (P .05). IR also elevated myeloperoxidase production compared to the Sham group, whereas DXP treatment prevented these hazardous effects. However, plasma superoxidedismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde levels did not differ between the DXP+IR than the IR rats. Histologic tissue damage was reduced in the DXP and DXP+IR group.Liver IR is an inevitable problem during liver surgery. Our results suggested that DXP pretreatment suppressed oxidative stress and increased antioxidant levels in a rat model of liver IR.

We evaluated the effects of melatonin on acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) induced gastroduodenal and jejunal mucosal injury. We used 40 postpubertal rats divided randomly into five groups of eight animals. The control group consisted of untreated animals. The Mel group was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 5 mg/kg melatonin. The ASA group was injected i.p. with 200 mg/kg ASA. The ASA + Mel group was injected i.p. with 5 mg/kg melatonin 45 min after administering 200 mg/kg ASA i.p. The Mel + ASA group was injected i.p. with 5 mg/kg melatonin 45 min before administering 200 mg/kg ASA i.p. We found no statistically significant differences in mean histopathological scores in the ASA + Mel group compared to the ASA group. ASA caused shortened villi and loss of the apical villus in the duodenum. The histopathological score was increased and villus height was decreased in the ASA group compared to untreated controls. Treatment with melatonin attenuated the histological damage. In the ASA group, occasional areas showed erosion of villi in the jejunum; however, differences in mean histopathological score in ASA group compared to the other groups were not statistically significant. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured in stomach, duodenal and jejunum tissue. We found increased MDA activity in both stomach and duodenal tissues in the ASA group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). We found no statistically significant changes in MDA levels in jejunal tissue in the ASA group compared to the control group. We found no change in SOD activity in either stomach or duodenal tissues in the ASA group compared to the control group. We observed decreased SOD activity in jejunal tissue in the ASA group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). We detected no change in GSH activity in stomach, duodenal or jejunal tissues in the ASA group compared to the control group. The stomach damage was less in melatonin treated groups, but the lesions were not completely eliminated. The jejunum in the ASA group retained a nearly normal appearance. We found that melatonin exhibited some healing effects on ASA induced duodenal mucosal injury.

The purpose of the study was to explore the protective and therapeutic effects of dexpanthenol (DEX) on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac damage. Forty rats were distributed into four groups: group I (Control); group II (ISO); ISO (150 mg/kg/day) was given to rats once a day for 2 consecutive days with an interval of 24 h; group III (DEX+ISO): DEX (250 mg/kg) was applied 30 min before the first ISO administration and continued in the next two days after second ISO administration; group IV (ISO+DEX): After the ISO treatment at 1st and 2nd days, DEX was given at 3rd and 4th days. Rats were monitored for mean arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate, oxygen saturation (%SO2 ), and electrocardiography (ECG). Heart tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), reduced glutathione (GSH), total oxidant status (TOS); total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxidative stress index (OSI), and caspase-3 were determined. BP and SO2 values indicated a significant decrease in the ISO group. Also, T wave negativity was observed in 6 of 10 rats, SOD, CAT, and GPX levels were significantly lower in ISO group than control group. ISO administration increased TOS and OSI levels, whereas DEX treatment significantly reduced these parameters. Also, ISO-induced morphological alterations such as disorganization of cardiomyocytes, loss of myofibrils and cytoplasmic vacuolization whereas these histological damages were significantly decreased in ISO+DEX and DEX+ISO groups when compared to the ISO group. This study implies the cardioprotective effects of DEX on ISO-induced cardiotoxicity.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal viral infection during a critical time window of fetal hypothalamic development on timing of puberty in the female offspring. For that purpose, a viral mimetic (i.e., synthetic double-strand RNA, namely, polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid, poly (I:C)) or saline was injected (i.p.) to the pregnant rats during the beginning (day 12 of pregnancy, n = 5 for each group) or at the end of this time window (day 14 of pregnancy, n = 5 for each group). Four study groups were formed from the female pups (n = 9–10 pups/group). Following weaning of pups, vaginal opening and vaginal smearing was studied daily until 2 sequential estrous cycles were observed. During the second diestrus phase, blood samples were taken for progesterone, leptin, corticosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Maternal poly (I:C) injection on day 12 of pregnancy increased body mass and reduced the time to puberty in the female offspring. Neither poly (I:C) nor timing of injection affected other parameters studied (p > 0.05). It has been shown for the first time that maternal viral infection during the beginning of fetal hypothalamic development might hasten puberty by increasing body mass in rat offspring.

We investigated possible healing effects of melatonin (MEL) on biochemical and histological changes in the lungs of rat offspring caused by exposure to nicotine (NT) in utero. Pregnant rats were divided randomly into five groups. The SP group was treated with physiological saline. The EA group was treated with ethyl alcohol. The MEL group was treated with MEL. The NT group was treated with NT. The NT + MEL group was treated with NT and MEL. At the end of the study, the biochemistry and histopathology of lung tissue of the offspring were examined. Reduced alveolar development and increased numbers of alveolar macrophages and mast cells were observed in the NT group compared to the SP, EA and MEL groups. We also found increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreased total glutathione (GSH) levels in the NT group. Application of MEL ameliorated the histological and biochemical damage caused by NT. The number of alveoli was greater in the NT + MEL group than in the NT group. Also, the increased numbers of alveolar macrophages and mast cells resulting from exposure to NT were decreased following MEL treatment. We found that MEL caused a significant decrease in the level of MDA. Maternal exposure to NT caused significant structural and biochemical changes in the lungs of the offspring and administration of MEL ameliorated the changes.

INTRODUCTION: Different types of pelvic cancer, such as cervical, endometrial, bladder and prostate, are normally treated by radical radiotherapy, which can be used both alone or in combination with surgery and/or chemotherapy. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of concomitant Giardia intestinalis infection on acute gastrointestinal toxicity in rats that have undergone pelvic irradiation. METHODS: The study group consisted of forty female 6-month-old Wistar rats with the weight of 250 g. The rats were divided into four groups containing ten rats in each group. The study groups are as follows: Group 1 contained rats not infected with Giardia intestinalis and not irradiated, Group 2 contained rats infected with Giardia intestinalis but not irradiated, Group 3 contained rats not infected with Giardia intestinalis but irradiated, Group 4 contained rats infected with Giardia intestinalis and radiated. For the day after the end of radiation, the number of stool pellets was counted, and the operation of weighing rats was performed, and they were sacrificed the following day. The intestinal tissues were taken for histological evaluation. RESULTS: A mucosal damage, such as villus shortening, atrophy of surface epithelium, crypt loss, as well as a decrease in the number of goblet cells of the group 3 and 4, was detected as a result of the light microscopic examination. CONCLUSION: As a result of the present study, the fact that concomitant Giardia intestinalis infection aggravates acute gastrointestinal toxicity in rats that have undergone pelvic irradiation has been verified., GİRİŞ: Servikal, endometrial, mesane ve prostat gibi pelvik kanserin farklı türleri normalde ya sadece radikal radyoterapi ile yada cerrahi ve kemoterapi birlikte kombinasyon halinde tedavi edilebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, pelvik radyasyona maruz kalan sıçanlarda eşzamanlı Giardia intestinalis enfeksiyonunun akut gastrointestinal toksisite üzerine etkilerinin araştırılmasıdır. METOD: Çalışma grubu, 250 g ağırlığa sahip kırk adet 6 aylık dişi Wistar sıçandan oluşmaktadır. Sıçanlar, herbir grupta 10 adet sıçan olacak şekilde dört gruba ayrıldı. Çalışma grupları; Grup 1, Giardia intestinalis ile enfekte olmayan ve radyoterapi almayan sıçanlar, Grup 2, radyoterapi almamış, ancak Giardia intestinalis ile enfekte olan sıçanlar, Grup 3, Giardia intestinalis ile enfekte olmamış fakat radyoterapi almış sıçanlar, Grup 4'te hem Giardia intestinalis ile enfekte olan hemde radyoterapi alan sıçanlardan oluşmaktadır. Radyasyon bittikten sonraki gün, hayvan vücut ağırlıkları kayıtedildi ve dışkılama sıklığı hesaplandı. Ratlar perfore edilerek sakrifiye edildi, ince bağırsak dokuları histolojik inceleme için alındı. SONUÇ: Işık mikroskopik incelemesinin sonucu olarak, grup 3 ve 4 ‘te villus kısalması, yüzeyel epitelinde atrofi, kriptalarda kayıp gibi mukozal hasarlar ve goblet sayısında azalma tespit edildi. TARTIŞMA: Bu çalışmanın bir sonucu olarak, Giardia intestinalis enfeksiyonu ile eşzamanlı olarak pelvik radyoterapi uygulanması sıçanlarda akut gastrointestinal toksisiteyi arttırmıştır. zümrüt doğ

Valproic acid (VPA) is mainly prescribed to treat epilepsy. VPA has been reported to be associated with many adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity. Naringin (NRG) is a natural, therapeutically active flavanone glycoside with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant. The current study was therefore designed to investigate the protective effect of NRG against the VPA-induced experimental hepatotoxicity model. For this purpose, 24 Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups as control (Vehicle), VPA (500 mg/kg), and NRG + VPA (100 mg/kg NRG + 500 mg/kg VPA) groups. The agents were administered via oral gavage for 14 days. Blood and liver tissue samples were taken on the end of the experiment. Biochemical analyzes were performed on the blood and liver samples. Also, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme, glutathione (GSH) content, catalase (CAT) enzyme levels were examined in the liver tissue samples. Histopathological changes (hydropic degeneration and congestion) in the VPA group were increased significantly when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). We also found a decrease in enzymes of serum liver function in the VPA group. However, NRG has been shown not to prevent histopathological changes in the VPA group. According to our results with this experiment protocol, NRG could not exert sufficient protection against VPA-induced hepatotoxicity.

Salusin-β (Sal-β), which originates from preprosalusin, is a multifunctional hormone with a peptide structure. Sal-β exists in the hypothalamus and can stimulate the pituitary gland. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of Sal-β on hormones that play roles in the male reproductive system. Forty male Wistar Albino rats were used in the study. No infusions were performed on the control group, and infusions were applied to the infusion groups (artificial cerebrospinal fluid to the sham group, 2 and 20 nM Sal-β to the experimental group) through intracerebroventricular infusion for 7 days at 10 μl/hour rate. The animals were decapitated after 7 days of infusion; and the hypothalamus, testicles, and blood tissue samples were collected. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) mRNA levels were determined from the hypothalamus tissues by using the Real Time-PCR Method, and the serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone levels were determined using the ELISA method. Also, Hematoxylin-Eosin Staining Method was used for histopathological evaluations in the testicle tissues. As a result, Sal-β infusion increased GnRH mRNA levels in hypothalamus tissues (p

As aim of this study, the knowledge of whether vinpocetine (VINPO) is cardioprotective or not following isoprotenol (ISO) induced cardiac ischemia in rats. In myocard infarction, the one of the responsible mechanisms of injury is oxidative damage and inflammmation. The effect of Vinpo which is the potent antioxidant and anti inflammatory agent aimed to reveal as the biochemical, electrophysiological, and histopathologic parameters. In this study, thirty- two Wistar-Albino male rats (in the estimated weight of 250-400gm.) were divided into four groups, each consisting of eight rats. The group 1 named as sham, no any drug used in this group. Group 2 named as iso group, only isoprotenol was adminestered, the group 3 named as vinpo and iso group, here initially vinpocetine then isopretenol were used, and the group 4 named as iso and vinpo, here initially isoprotenol then vinpocetine were used. For the rats in group 2, in first and second day isoprotenol adminestered at a dose of 120mg/kg using an intraperitoneal injection. At third and fourth day no any drug used. And at fifth day the experiment terminated. For the rats in group 3, at the first and second day Vinponcetine adminestered at adose of 20 mg/kg using an intraperitoneal injection, after 30 minute isoprotenol administered at adose of 120mg/kg using an intraperitoneal injection. At third and fourth day no any drug was used. And at fifth day experiment was terminated. Lastly for the rats in group4, first and second day isoprotenol administered at adose of 120mg/kg using an intraperitoneal injection, at third and fourth day vinpocetine adminestered at adose of 20 mg/kg using an intraperitoneal injection, and at fifth day experiment terminated. Prior to termination of experiment the pulse rate and ECG changes were recorded. After completion of experiment protocols blood samples and cardiac tissue samples were recieved. For the knowledge of effects of vinpocetine experimental miyocardial ischemia induced in rats, and the serum myoglobulin, total creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanin aminotransferase (ALT), measured. In myocardial tissue as an antioxidative system and an oxidative stres markers; malonylaldehate (MDA), Superoxidedismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathionperoxidase (GPx), GSH, Total oxidant status (TOS),Total antioxidant status(TAS),Oxidative stres index (OSI) studied. As a result, Vinpocetin showed positive impact on cardiac functions. With all of these for the best clear results, advanced studies are needed. [Med-Science 2017; 6(4.000): 629-634]

Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) is a commonly used model of sepsis in vivo. We investigated the effects of dexpanthenol (DXP) on heart, lung and aorta in CLP-induced sepsis in rats. Rats were divided into four groups of eight: group 1, sham (SH); group 2 (DXP), 500 mg/kg DXP injected intraperitoneally (i.p.); group 3 (CLP), CLP performed; group 4 (CLP + DXP), 500 mg/kg DXP injected i.p. after CLP. Heart, lung and aorta specimens were harvested for histopathological and biochemical analysis. Heart rate increased in group 3 compared to group 1; DXP administration to group 4 did not alleviate this change. In heart tissue samples, MDA levels were decreased significantly in groups 2 and 4 compared to group 3. The levels of GSH in groups 2 and 3 were elevated compared to groups 1 and 2. SOD activity was increased significantly in group 4 compared to group 3. CAT activity for group 4 was increased significantly compared to groups 1 and 3. We found that caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity was increased after application of CLP. Also, DXP treatment decreased the number of caspase-positive cells significantly compared to group 3. DXP appears to be promising for reducing sepsis-related mortality.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos agudos e crônicos da vareniclina no tecido pulmonar em um estudo experimental. Métodos Um total de 34 ratos foi alocado aleatoriamente em grupos de estudo (vareniclina) e controle. Assim, os ratos foram divididos em dois grupos: (i) grupo controle e (ii) grupo vareniclina. A seguir, os ratos de cada grupo foram, por sua vez, subdivididos igualmente em agudos (C1; V1) e crônicos (C2; V2), e todos os ratos dos grupos agudos e crônicos foram sacrificados sob anestesia: no 45.º dia, para o grupo agudo [C1 (n=5) e V1 (n=12)], e no 90.º dia, para o grupo crônico [C2 (n=5) e V2 (n=12)], respectivamente. Em seguida, foram realizadas análises bioquímicas e histopatológicas. Resultados Trinta e quatro ratos completaram o estudo. Destes ratos, 24 estavam no grupo vareniclina e 10 no grupo controle. Na exposição crônica à vareniclina, os níveis de oxidante composto por malondialdeído (MDA) e mieloperoxidase (MPO) aumentaram, e os níveis de superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa (GSH) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx), nomeados como antioxidantes, diminuiram significativamente quando comparados com o grupo controle. Os níveis de MDA e MPO também foram significativamente mais elevados e os níveis de SOD, CAT, GPx e GSH foram significativamente mais baixos no grupo vareniclina crônico, quando comparado ao grupo vareniclina agudo. Estes achados também foram confirmados por observações histopatológicas. Conclusões Este é o primeiro estudo que avaliou os efeitos pulmonares da vareniclina experimentalmente em um modelo animal. Observamos que o tratamento crônico da vareniclina causa inflamação e lesão pulmonar. ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to investigate acute and chronic effects of varenicline on lung tissue in an experimental study. Methods A total of 34 rats were randomly allocated into study (varenicline) and control groups. The rats were divided into two groups (i) control group, (ii) varenicline group. Then, the rats in the each group were sub-divided equally in turn as acute (C1; V1) and chronic (C2; V2) ; all rats of acute and chronic groups were sacrificed under the anesthesia on the 45th day for acute group [C1 (n=5) and V1 (n=12)] and the 90th day for chronic group [C2 (n=5) and V2 (n=12)], respectively. Thus, biochemical and histopathological analysis were carried out. Results Thirty four rats completed the study, 24 were in varenicline group and 10 were in control group. In chronic exposure to varenicline, oxidant levels comprising of malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) increased and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels, named as antioxidants, decreased significantly when compared to the control group. MDA and MPO levels were also significantly higher and SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH levels were also significantly lower in chronic varenicline group when compared to acute varenicline group. These findings were also supported by histopathological observations. Conclusion This is the first study, which evaluated pulmonary effects of varenicline experimentally on an animal model. It was observed that chronic varenicline treatments cause inflammation and lung cell injury.

Modafinil is used for the treatment of various sleep disorders; however, its usage among healthy individuals is also increasing. There are a limited number of cardiovascular side effects, including ischemic T-wave changes, dyspnea, hypertension, and tachycardia in the literature. Our research aimed to investigate the dose-dependent subacute cardiovascular effects of modafinil in rats. Thirty-two rats were randomly and equally assigned to a control group (vehicle-treated for 14 days), a subacute low-dose group (SALD, 10 mg/kg for 14 days), a subacute moderate-dose group (SAMD, 100 mg/kg for 14 days), and a subacute high-dose group (SHD, 600 mg/kg for 14 days). The cardiovascular effects of modafinil were evaluated using hemodynamic, biochemical, electrocardiographic, electrophysiologic, and histopathologic parameters. In terms of hemodynamic parameters, heart rate, and systolic/diastolic/mean blood pressure levels, electrophysiological parameters did not reach statistical significance among the groups (p > 0.05). The incidence of T-wave negativity in SAMD and SAHD groups was 25 and 37.5%, respectively. Moreover, one rat per group was affected by an atrioventricular blockage. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione levels in the heart and vascular tissues, serum troponin-I, and creatine kinase levels were similar between the modafinil-administered groups and the control group (p > 0.05); this indicates that modafinil activated neither oxidative stress nor antioxidant pathway. Also, there was no difference in histopathological parameters between groups (p > 0.05). Supratherapeutic doses of modafinil may have the potential to cause ischemic cardiac damage and atrioventricular blockage, despite inconsistency with literature findings; however, this does not pertain to hemodynamic changes.