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Root rot pathogens pose a significant threat to cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) production, leading to substantial yield losses worldwide. Root rot disease caused by various soil borne pathogens significantly reduces the yield and quality of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) crops. Traditional chemical methods have limitations in terms of environmental safety and longterm efficacy. This study aims to evaluate the potential of biocontrol agents as an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach for managing root rot disease in cowpea. Two biocontrol agents, Trichoderma spp. and Aspergillus, were selected for assessment. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with multiple replications under controlled conditions. The biocontrol agents were applied as seed treatments and plant growth parameters were measured and compared against control treatments. The results revealed that both Trichoderma spp. and Aspergillus effectively suppressed root rot disease development and significantly improved plant growth parameters. A maximum increase in the weight of shoot was observed due to Trichoderma harzianum followed by Trichoderma viride at various doses. All the biological agents acted more effectively at 10 to15 g dose. The study also reveals that the two Trichoderma species namely Trichoderma pseudokoningii and Trichoderma koningii did not visualize any significant difference in their efficacies when compared from each other. Additionally, the biocontrol agents showed no adverse effects on cowpea plants or the surrounding environment. This study suggests that the integration of biocontrol agents could offer a promising and sustainable strategy for managing root rot disease in cowpea, contributing to enhanced crop production and reduced reliance on chemical interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2019 at the Organic Research Farm, Kargun Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.), India. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications comprising of 8 treatments of organic manures (T0-control, T1 - FYM-100%, T2 - Poultry manure-100%, T3 - Vermicompost -100%, T4 - FYM + Poultry manure -50% + 50%, T5 - Poultry manure + Vermicompost - 50%, T6 - Vermicompost + FYM - 50% + 50%, T7 - FYM + Vermicompost + Poultry manure - 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3). The treatment T7 having FYM + VC + PM (1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3) resulted in maximum growth, yield and yield attributes of okra Number of fruits were 21.8/plant, fruit length 16.29 cm, fruit diameter 1.92 cm, fruit weight 16.81 g, fruit yield 360.4 g/plant and 20.02 t/ha. The maximum net income was upto Rs. 230497/ha with 3.29 B:C ratio. The second best treatment was T5 (PM 50% + VC 50%), giving net income upto Rs. 196371/ha with 2.83 B:C ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pea (Pisum sativum) is an economically important legume crop, cultivated worldwide due to its high nutritional value and diverse culinary applications. However, like any agricultural crop, peas are vulnerable to various biotic and abiotic stresses, including fungal infection. The present paper deals with a study to identify the mycoflora associated with pea seed. The seed borne mycoflora of pea was examined by agar plate method, blotter method and Deep freezing blotter paper method. A total 17 species of fungi viz. Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus candidus, Curvularia sp., Penicillium expansum, Mucor spp., Rhizopus nigricans, Rhizophus stolnifer, Fusarium monliforme, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Stemphylium sp., Trichoderma harzianum and some unidentified species were reported. Among the method used for detection of seed borne fungi, the standard blotter paper method is more effective followed by agar plate method and deep freeze blotter paper method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wilt and root rot diseases caused by fungal pathogens pose significant threats to pea crops worldwide. Conventional methods of disease control often involve the use of chemical fungicides, which may have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Therefore, there is a growing interest in exploring alternative, eco-friendly approaches such as the utilization of biocontrol agents. This research paper investigates the antagonistic efficacy of Penicillium oxalicum isolates against wilt and root rot pathogens affecting pea plants. The study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of 3 potential antagonistic of Penicillium oxalicum was studied against wilt and root rot pathogens of peat i.e. Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum.Antagonistic potential of all Penicillium oxalicum isolates was found to be significantly effective against wilt and root rot pathogens. All the rhizospheric fungal isolates evaluated for their antagonistic potential against wilt and root-rot pathogens, exhibited significant effect on radial growth inhibition of pathogens in comparison to control. Among the fungal isolates Po3 of P. oxalicum proved to be most effective in reducing the growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi, R. solani and P. ultimum. Radial growth of pathogenic fungus on PDA was greatly suppressed by the species of Penecillium oxalicum, Penecillium oxalicum (Po3) prove to be stimulatory for the pathogenic organism i.e. Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum of pea. The study aims to evaluate the potential of Penicillium oxalicum as a biocontrol agent and contribute to the development of sustainable strategies for disease management in pea agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of computational models plays a vital role in the environmental regulatory process. The complex relationship between environmental emissions, the quality of the environment, and human and ecological impacts can be vividly elucidated by modeling process. Among the six criteria, the pollutant carbon monoxide (CO) is given least attention for imperative modeling. The frequent exceedance of CO emissions can be harmful to human health and the environment. Effectively managing of CO critically demands an accurate emissions estimate and an efficient model for forecasting the future status of the CO. Most of the CO forecast models have been developed to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of CO on roadways. Main categories of CO models are deterministic, statistical, hybrid, and neural network in nature. This paper reviews attempts and resources for carrying out CO dispersion modeling studies. The scope and restraint associated with various modeling attempts are also discussed. Key words: computational models, carbon monoxide, forecast, vehicle exhaust, health impact, artificial intelligence. L'utilisation de modeles informaiiques joue un role vital dans les processus de reglementalions environnementales. Les procedes de modelisation permetlenl d'elucider rapidement les relations complexes entre les emissions environnemenlales, la qualile du milieu, et les impacts humains el ecologiques. Parmi les six principales formes, la pollution par le monoxyde de carbone (CO) est celle qui recoil le moins d'atiention pour imposer sa modelisation. Les exces frequents des emissions de CO peuvent nuire a la sante et a l'environnement. L'amenagement efficace du CO necessite de facon imperative une estimation precise des emissions et un modele efficace pour predire le statut futur du CO. La plupart des modeles de prediction du CO ont ete developpes pour decrire la distribution spatiotemporelle du CO le long des routes. Les principales categories de modeles sont de nature deterministe, statistique, hybride et comme reseau neutre. Les auteurs passent en revue les tentatives et les ressources necessaires pour realiser des etudes de modelisation sur la dispersion du CO. On discute egalement l'ampleur et les contraintes associees a diverses tentatives de modelisations. Mots-cles : modeles informatiques, monoxyde de carbone, prevision, echappement d'autos, impacts sur la sante, intelligence artificielle. [Traduit par la Redaction], 1. Introduction 1.1. Carbon monoxide emission sources: general description Carbon monoxide (CO) gas is one of the most common and widely distributed air pollutant gases. Carbon monoxide gas is colourless, [...]

The present study was carried out to determine the effect of pH on the antagonistic activity of fungal and bacterial isolates against wilt pathogens of pea i.e. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi. The isolates of Trichoderma harzianum (Th3 and Th5), Aspergillus niger (An1), Penicillium oxalicum (Po3) and Flourescent Pseudomonas (PS1, PS2 and PS5) were used for their efficacy in inhibiting the radial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi at four different pH levels (5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0). All the rhizospheric fungal and bacterial isolates evaluated for their antagonistic potential against wilt and root-rot pathogens, exhibited significant effect on radial growth inhibition of pathogens in comparison to control at four different pH levels (5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0). Result revealed that both volatile and non-volatile substances released by bio agents significantly inhibited the growth of the pathogen. The present study reveals that pH range of 6.0-8.0 were found optimum for Trichoderma spp., while bacterial bioagents grew optimally at pH 7.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of phase formation, resistivity (p), and thermoelectric power (S) are reported on Y(sub 1-x)Ca(sub x)Ba2Cu2.7Co(sub 0.03)O7 compounds with x=0.1 and 0.2. It is demonstrated that the hole filling by Co substitution is compensated by simultaneous Ca substitution.