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Additional file 1. Relative frequency of sex chromosome variants detected in wild and laboratory strains of A. fraterculus sp. 1 from Argentina.

Cytogenetics, which is considered a fundamental tool to understand basic genetic and genomic issues of species, has greatly contributed to the description of polymorphisms both at inter- and intra-specific level. In fact, cytogenetics was one of the first approaches used to propose Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) as a complex of cryptic species. Different morphological variants of sex chromosomes have been reported among Argentinean populations of A. fraterculus. However, since this high structural variability in sex chromosomes does not pose a reproductive barrier, their role in speciation is yet to be unveiled. This review provides an update on general aspects of cytogenetics in Argentinean A. fraterculus populations, focused on the prevalence of X-Y arrangements.

Estudiar las características de variabilidad genética, organización social y biogeografía, permite nuevas interpretaciones del proceso especiogénico. En Primates en particular, en los 80, se desarrollan los primeros estudios citogenéticos en Argentina, empleando tinción estándar, bandas G, C y NOR, citogenética en vigencia en aquella época. Se caracterizan Cebus sp., Saimiri boliviensis, Aotus azarae y Callithrix jacchus (Cebidae); Ateles sp., Alouatta sp. (Atelidae) por ser las especies más frecuentes en zoológicos y bioterios. Al igual que en ejemplares de especies de nuestra fauna analizados por muestreo en vida silvestre, se estableció 2N y patrones de bandas G y C en cada especie. El análisis de reordenamientos cromosómicos comprometiendo heterocromatina, localización de telómeros latentes y el posible patrón de conservación genómica (G-C/FISH/CGH) estudiado en poblaciones silvestres de Argentina y países limítrofes, contribuye a esclarecer la compleja taxonomía de los ceboideos (Primates, Platyrrhini). La caracterización meiótica masculina con técnicas tradicionales y con inmunofluorescencia de proteínas del complejo sinaptonémico colabora y define la diagnosis taxonómica. La caracterización cariotípica contribuye al mejor conocimiento de la flexibilidad genómica en estas especies. A la vez, permite continuar proyectos conjuntos con centros de cría, jardines zoológicos y museos, ámbitos donde la corroboración sistemática tradicionalmente morfológica, encontró en la genética, una herramienta insustituible. Los trabajos transdisciplinarios relacionan los hallazgos de vida silvestre, aplicándolos a la mejora del manejo en cautiverio, formando recursos humanos y realizando, por primera vez, una nueva forma de registro de imágenes y de banco de datos sobre variables de uso en cariosistemática y taxonomía de Primates. The study of genetic variability, social organization and biogeography allows new interpretations of the speciogenic process. In Primates, in the decade of 80´ the first cytogenetic studies conducted in Argentina, applied classical banding techniques (G, C, NOR). Cebus sp., Saimiri boliviensis, Aotus azarae and Callithrix jacchus (Cebidae); Ateles sp., Alouatta sp. (Atelidae), were characterized due to their high occurrence in Zoos and breeding centre. Chromosomal number together with G and C-banding patterns were established analyzing specimens in captivity as well as wild population ones confirming the species status. Our understanding of the complex Superfamily Ceboidea taxonomy has been enlightened by a multidisciplinary approach, including the analysis of chromosomal rearrangements involving heterochromatin, telomeric interstitials sequences and the potential pattern of human genomic conservation (G-C/FISH/CGH). The male meiotic characterization applying classical techniques and synaptonemic complex protein inmunofluorescence del collaborates defines the taxonomic diagnosis. Karyotypic characterization contributes to the better understanding of the genomic flexibility in these species. Chromosomal speciation are milestones for future conservation proposals related to this fauna in order to improve and to continue collaborative projects with breeding centres, zoos and museums, areas where the traditional morphological systematic found in genetics an irreplaceable tool. Multidisciplinary works allows the connection between wildlife data analysis and captive colonies programs to contribute of useful management, forming human resources and performing, for the first time, a new form of imaging registration and a data base considering the different karyosystematic and taxonomic parameters applied in Primates. Fil: Mudry, Marta Dolores. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Grupo de Investigación de Biología Evolutiva; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Nieves, Mariela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Grupo de Investigación de Biología Evolutiva; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2022-12-07T20:44:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2020 - Diego Mattos Penedo.pdf: 3606622 bytes, checksum: 79a44b9541512d3f705fbbf16fac11c2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-12-07T20:44:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2020 - Diego Mattos Penedo.pdf: 3606622 bytes, checksum: 79a44b9541512d3f705fbbf16fac11c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-07-30 CAPES - Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior The black-horned capuchin, Sapajus nigritus, is a Neotropical primate with a wide distribution in the Atlantic Forest, from southeast Brazil to Misiones province, Argentina. The species presents phenotypic and genetic diversity, often associated with biogeographic patterns. The coat coloration varies with intraspecific differences, with transition in the predominance from black to brown pattern, in the south-north distribution. Cytogenetic analysis in populations from Argentina showed a specific polymorphism in the chromosome pair 11. While in most Sapajus? species this pair is the largest acrocentric, with a terminal extracentromeric heterochromatic (HC) block, in S. nigritus, in these populations, the total deletion of HC is described. However, the terminal HC block has already been demonstrated in specimens from Rio de Janeiro (RJ). In addition to the chromosomal divergence, phylogenetic data demonstrate paraphyly among samples from RJ and other localities along the distribution. These variations may correspond to a pattern of phylogeographic discontinuity described in Atlantic Forest at S?o Paulo (SP), associated to forest refuges occurring in Pleistocene. The objective of this study was to analyze the phenotypic and genetic diversity of S. nigritus in SP and RJ, investigating the coat patterns, the distribution of HC in the par 11 and the molecular diversity in the state of RJ, comparing it with other localities. Individuals from five populations in the RJ state were analyzed: Ilha da Marambaia (IM), Reserva Biol?gica de Po?o das Antas (RBPA), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PNI), da Tijuca (PNT) and da Serra dos ?rg?os (PARNASO); as well as ex situ specimens from Guaratiba/RJ (Gua) and cities of S?o Paulo: capital (cSP), S?o Jos? dos Campos (SJC), S?o Sebasti?o (SS), Paraibuna (PB) and Campos do Jord?o (CJ). Specimens of S. nigritus at the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ), from Angra dos Reis, Itatiaia, Paraty and Teres?polis, were included in the phenotypic analysis. Coloration of the back, belly, limbs, tail and face were evaluated. The presence and distribution of HC were analyzed using classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques. The phylogenetic relationships were inferred based on the mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase I, II and cytochrome b, including sequences available in GenBank?. In 49 individuals captured, six ex situ and eight MNRJ specimens were identified brown (n=37) and black (n=26) coat patterns, with intrapopulation variation, predominating black to the west (PNI and MNRJ) and brown to the east (IM and PNT). The association of this finding with the predominance of the black pattern described in an SP population suggests a limit on the black-brown variation in the SP-RJ distribution. The pair 11 with the deletion of HC was observed in the samples to the east (IM, Gua, PNT, PARNASO and RBPA), while to the west both patterns were identified, without (cSP, CJ and SS) and with (SJC, PB and PNI) HC block. Molecular divergence was observed between the samples from RJ and those from SP, PR and Argentina, including the PNI, forming paraphyletic clades. The intraspecific diversity observed in S. nigritus may represent evolutionary significant units (ESU) and confirm the sampled region as a phylogeographic discontinuity point for the species. O macaco-prego-preto, Sapajus nigritus, ? um primata neotropical com ampla distribui??o na Mata Atl?ntica, nos estados do sudeste e sul do Brasil e na prov?ncia de Misiones, Argentina. A esp?cie apresenta diversidade fenot?pica e gen?tica, muitas vezes associadas a padr?es biogeogr?ficos. A colora??o da pelagem varia de forma intraespec?fica, sendo sugerida transi??o na predomin?ncia do padr?o preto ao marrom, no sentido sul-norte da distribui??o. An?lises citogen?ticas em popula??es da Argentina demonstram polimorfismo espec?fico no par cromoss?mico 11. Enquanto na maioria das esp?cies de Sapajus esse par ? o maior acroc?ntrico, com grande bloco de heterocromatina extra-centrom?rica (HC) terminal, em S. nigritus, nessas popula??es, ? descrita dele??o total da HC. No entanto, o grande bloco de HC terminal j? foi demonstrado em exemplares do Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Al?m da diverg?ncia cromoss?mica, dados filogen?ticos demonstram parafilia entre amostras do RJ e de outras localidades ao longo da distribui??o. Essas varia??es podem corresponder a um padr?o de descontinuidade filogeogr?fica descrito na regi?o de Mata Atl?ntica em S?o Paulo (SP), associado a ref?gios florestais ocorridos no Pleistoceno. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a diversidade fenot?pica e gen?tica de S. nigritus em SP e RJ, averiguando os padr?es de pelagem, a distribui??o da HC no par 11 e a diversidade molecular no estado do RJ, comparando-a com outras localidades. Foram analisados indiv?duos de cinco popula??es do estado do RJ: Ilha da Marambaia (IM), Reserva Biol?gica de Po?o das Antas (RBPA), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PNI), da Tijuca (PNT) e da Serra dos ?rg?os (PARNASO); al?m de exemplares ex situ de Guaratiba/RJ (Gua) e de cidades de S?o Paulo: capital (cSP), S?o Jos? dos Campos (SJC), S?o Sebasti?o (SS), Paraibuna (PB) e Campos do Jord?o (CJ). Esp?cimes de S. nigritus do Museu Nacional do Rio Janeiro (MNRJ), provenientes de Angra dos Reis, Itatiaia, Paraty e Teres?polis foram inclu?dos nas an?lises fenot?picas. Foi avaliada a colora??o do dorso, ventre, membros, cauda e face. A presen?a e a distribui??o de HC foram analisadas com t?cnicas de citogen?tica cl?ssica e molecular. As rela??es filogen?ticas foram inferidas com base nos genes mitocondriais citocromo c oxidase I, II e citocromo b, incluindo sequ?ncias dispon?veis no GenBank?. Em 49 indiv?duos capturados, seis ex situ e oito exemplares do MNRJ foram identificados os padr?es de pelagem marrom (n=37) e preto (n=26), com varia??o intrapopulacional, predominando o preto ? oeste (PNI e MNRJ) e marrom ? leste (IM e PNT). A associa??o desse achado ? predomin?ncia do padr?o preto descrita em uma popula??o de SP sugere um limite na varia??o preto-marrom na distribui??o SP-RJ. O par 11 com a dele??o da HC foi observado nas amostras ? leste (IM, Gua, PNT, PARNASO e RBPA), enquanto ? oeste ambos os padr?es foram identificados, sem (cSP, CJ e SS) e com (SJC, PB e PNI) bloco de HC. Foi observada diverg?ncia molecular entre as amostras do RJ e aquelas de SP, PR e Argentina, incluindo o PNI, formando clados parafil?ticos. A diversidade intraespec?fica observada em S. nigritus pode representar unidades evolutivamente significativas (UES) e confirmar a regi?o amostrada como um ponto de descontinuidade filogeogr?fica para a esp?cie.

La diversidad de los primates neotropicales (Platyrrhini), analizada en el GIBE a partir de la diversidadcariotípica, ha permitido plantear, al menos, dos posibles “estrategias especiogénicas” generales. Segúnuna de ellas, las inversiones y la variación en heterocromatina constituirían los reordenamientos ycambios distintivos entre especies. La especiación en Platyrrhini, además, ocurriría acompañada decambios cuantitativos en el genoma. Como ejemplo, Cebus y Ateles, los géneros con mayor proporciónde heterocromatina, comparten además un patrón específico de distribución geográfica coincidentecon la proporción y presencia de heterocromatina en sus genomas. En este trabajo se analizó ladiversidad de especies en Cebus y Ateles tomando como eje la variabilidad en el tamaño del genoma ysu influencia en parámetros fenotípicos como la diversidad cariotipíca y la distribución y proporción deheterocromatina. Fueron estimados los tamaños de genoma (Valor C) de 13 especies, entre ellas 3pertenecientes al género Ateles y 6 del género Cebus. Por medio de Hibridación Genómica Comparativase identificaron las regiones cromosómicas correspondientes a las diferencias cuantitativas entre losgenomas, dentro de cada género. En Ateles, éstas se ubican principalmente en regionesheterocromáticas, aunque también en regiones eucromáticas. Los genomas de menor valor C de Atelesestarían completamente incluidos en los genomas de mayor tamaño, mientras que las regiones deganancia de ADN detectadas en las especies de mayor valor C sólo corresponderían a amplificaciones orepeticiones del mismo tipo de secuencias, y no a secuencias especie-específicas. Las únicas diferenciascuantitativas entre las especies de Cebus analizadas se hallaron en el cromosoma Y. Como parte delestudio de la evolución del cariotipo primate se estableció el mapa de homologías cromosómicas de A.chamek y Cebus sp. respecto del cariotipo humano, así como también se obtuvo el primer registro dehomología entre el cromosoma Y humano y un primate neotropical, mediante FISH con el gen ZFY en Ateles paniscus. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados obtenidos y la divergencia de especies en cadagénero en el contexto de la citogenética molecular, respecto de la presencia y proporción deheterocromatina y tamaño del genoma. Los hallazgos citogeneticos y los datos genómicos aquípresentados podrían estar indicando que durante los procesos especiogénicos en Cebus y Ateles elgenoma se modula complementariamente entre regiones de eucromatina y heterocromatina, perocompensado de distinta manera según el género considerado. Palabras clave: Cebus, Ateles, Valor C, Genoma, CGH, Evolución del cariotipo The karyotype diversity of Neotropical primates (Platyrrhini) has enabled us to propose at least twopossible general "speciation strategies." According to one, chromosomal inversions and variation inheterochromatin are the distinctive chromosomal rearrangements and changes between karyotypes. Also, speciation in Platyrrhini appears to be accompanied by quantitative changes in the genome atinter- e intrageneric level. As an example, Cebus and Ateles, both genus with the highest proportion ofheterochromatin, share a specific pattern of geographic distribution corresponding to the presence andproportion of heterochromatin in the genome. In this work, species diversity in Cebus and Ateles wasanalyzed taking variability in genome size and its influence on phenotypic parameters such askaryotypic diversity and distribution and proportion of heterochromatin as main axis. Genome size (Cvalue) of 13 species were estimated, including 3 belonging to the genus Ateles and 6 of the genus Cebus. Using Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) chromosomal regions associated withquantitative differences among species genomes were identified. In Ateles, these regions are mainlyheterochromatic but also euchromatic.. The genomes of Ateles species with small C value arecompletely included in the genomes of the species with bigger C value. Regions of gained DNA in thebigger genomes represent amplifications or repetitions of sequences of the same type, not speciesspecificsequences. The only quantitative differences between Cebus genomes were located inchromosome Y. Regarding chromosomal evolution in Primates, an homeology map between karyotypesof A. chamek, Cebus sp. and the human is presented. Also the first record of homeology betweenhuman chromosome Y and that of a neotropical primate was observed with hybridization of humangene ZFY in A. paniscus. Finally, results and species divergence are discussed in a molecular cytogeneticcontext, relative to presence and proportion of heterochromatin and genome size. All in all, thecytogenetic and genomic findings and species characterizations here presented seems to point out thatgenomes, during a speciation process in Cebus and Ateles, are modulated in a complementary fashionbetween euchromatic and heterochromatic regions, but distinctively balanced in the genus considered. Key words: Ateles, Cebus, C value, genome, CGH, karyotype evolution Fil: Fantini, Lucía. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.