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Atmospheric aerosols have been demonstrated to be a highly dynamic system, playing a significant role in climate change and human health. In nature, ecosystems like boreal forests can modify the atmospheric particles producing a warming or cooling effect on climate. However, the regional and global impact of boreal forest on climate is still difficult to determine, especially due to the heterogeneous chemistry of aerosol samples, the need for multiple instruments for identification, and their limited library of compounds. In this thesis, to overcome these issues, we used a molecular networking technique based on the Global Natural Products Social web platform in combination with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to perform a screening of organic aerosols during the winter spring, and summer seasons from a Hemi-boreal forest. The aerosol samples were recollected in a glass filter weekly from SMEAR Station (Estonia) and analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass spectrometry and NMR. A variety of chemical functional groups including carboxylic acids, phthalates, and organophosphate among the most abundant were annotated in the studied seasons. Furthermore, it was analyzed the presence of n-alkanol, carboxylic acid, and nalkane to evaluate any hydrocarbon contamination. Phthalates-based compounds like Dibutyl phthalate (~20.59% in winter), and Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (~3.87% in summer), altogether with organophosphates like Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (~24.13% in spring) and tris(2,4-di-tertbutylphenyl) phosphite (~5.13% in summer) were annotated as a possible air pollutant. Besides that, conifer burning tracers such as 7-Oxodehydroabietic (~1.18% in spring) and dehydroabietic acid (~0.49% in summer) were annoted. These finding presented in this work gives an insightful impact on the atmospheric aerosol composition presented in a Hemi-boreal forest using a straightforward and versatile technique such as molecular networking.

La presente Tesis, tiene como objetivo determinar el grado de cumplimiento de las funciones de fiscalización ambiental que tiene la Municipalidad Provincial de Tambopata en los años 2018 y 2019. Para ello se ha revisado los informes de supervisión que ha realizado el Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental como parte de sus competencias, a la EFA Municipalidad Provincial de Tambopata. Se ha hecho un análisis y evaluación del cumplimiento de las funciones de fiscalización ambiental, desde tres puntos de vista como son: a) Fiscalización Ambiental en sentido amplio y en sentido estricto; donde se ha podido evidenciar que la Municipalidad Provincial de Tambopata carece de presupuesto y personal idóneo para cumplir sus funciones de fiscalización ambiental, lo que no le permite ejecutar en su totalidad la programación de actividades aprobada en el Planefa. b) Evaluación Ambiental; se ha evidenciado que la Municipalidad Provincial de Tambopata solo cuenta con equipos de medición ambiental de ruido (sonómetros) lo que no le permite realizar otros tipos de evaluación ambiental que generen daños al ambiente. c) Supervisión ambiental; en este acápite se tiene que la Municipalidad Provincial de Tambopata a pesar de las limitaciones presupuestales y de personal calificado ha cumplido con sus funciones de supervisión ambiental programadas y no programadas. Sin embargo, la EFA no ha sancionado administrativamente a sus administrados porque no cuenta con un Reglamento de Supervisión ambiental aprobado y su Reglamento de Aplicación y Sanciones Administrativas no se encuentra actualizado. Lima Norte Escuela de Posgrado Gestión Ambiental y del Territorio

Megastigmus stigmatizans (Fabricus, 1798) Measurements: ex A. kollari (n= 7), body length: 1.7���2.9 (2.3) mm; maximum width: 0.9���1.5 (1.3) mm; ex A. quercustozae (n= 1; measured specimen without mean information), Body length: 5 mm; maximum width: 3.1 mm. Similar to the larva of M. dorsalis in general appearance and most morphological characters, but differs in the following ways: Larger size. Body slightly wider at the mid-region and tapers more abruptly posteriorly (Fig. 1 D; Fig. 6 E). Truncate incised anterior margin of vertex prolonged into a relatively wide medial groove, which is as wide as the frontal pit (Fig. 3 D). Frontal pit rounded (Fig. 6 F). Antenna situated far to the anterior margin of medial frontal pit; antennal setae situated at a mid-distance between the medial frontal pit and the antennae, clearly above the antennae and below the median frontal pit. Antero-medial setae of the antennal area long (length is half of the distance between antennae) and the latero-clypeal seta are 0.5 �� as long as width of labrum. Mandibles large, heavily sclerotized; left mandible has five teeth (Fig. 5 G) while the right mandible with four teeth (Fig. 5 H); first tooth acute, more than twice as long as second; apex of second and third teeth blunt; fourth tooth has a rounded apex; third and fourth teeth widely separated, with the separation being as wide as the width of fifth tooth. Biology: Megastigmus stigmatizans is a polyphagous parasitoid of cynipid galls on oaks of the section Quercus. It is associated mainly with large lignified galls of agamic generations of Andricus species (Askew 1966, Nieves-Aldrey 1984). We have observed that the larvae of M. stigmatizans attack the larva of A. kollari occupying the central cell of unilocular galls (Fig. 6 G). This is in contrast to the closely related species M. dorsalis which attacks Synergus umbraculus occupying secondary cells in the gall tissue. Materials examined. ex A. kollari, on Quercus faginea: Spain, Madrid: Dehesa de Arganda (20 /iv/05) (n= 4); on Q. pyrenaica: El Escorial (2 /vii/03) (n= 3); ex A. quercustozae, on Q. faginea: Spain, Ciudad Real: Puerto de Despe��aperros (15 /x/04) (n= 1). JLN-A leg., Published as part of Nieves-Aldrey, Jos�� Luis, Nieves, Maria Hern��ndez & G��mez, Jos�� F., 2008, Larval morphology and biology of three European species of Megastigmus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae, Megastigminae) parasitoids of gall wasps, including a comparison with the larvae of two seed-infesting species, pp. 46-60 in Zootaxa 1746 on page 52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181647, {"references":["Askew, R. R. (1966) Observations on the British species of Megastigmus Dalman (Hym., Torymidae) which inhabit cynipid oak galls. The Entomologist, 124 - 128.","Nieves-Aldrey, J. L. (1984) Observaciones sobre los torimidos (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) asociados con agallas de cinipidos (Hym., Cynipidae) sobre Quercus spp. en la zona centro-occidental de Espana. Boletin de la Asociacion espanola de Entomologia, 8, 121 - 134."]}

Megastigmus dorsalis (Fabricius, 1798) Measurements: ex gall Andricus kollari (agamic generation) (n= 1; measured specimen without mean information), body length: 3.3 mm; maximum width: 1.7 mm; ex gall A. grossulariae (agamic generation) (n= 4), body length: 1.9���3.3 (2.3) mm; maximum width: 0.9���1.9 (1.3) mm. Description: The body is composed of head and 13 segments (three thoracic, 9 abdominal and one anal segment) (Fig. 1 A). Body 1.7���1.9 �� as long as broad; cylindrical or slightly fusiform, a little broader in the mid-region, tapering slightly anteriorly and posteriorly; anal segment truncated, about two times broader than long. Colour is whitish and integument is smooth except for anterior 1 / 3 of T 1 ���T 3, which are rugose with irregular papillate sculpture, also visible on the genal area of head (Fig. 3 A). Body sparsely setose; T 1 ���T 2 with 9���15 long setae almost as long as length of a thoracic segment; the third thoracic segment present 3���5 setae, each much shorter than a thoracic segment, while the abdominal segments appear almost bare; only a pair of inconspicuous short setae are visible on pleural region of A 8; two pairs on A 9 (one ventral, one pleural) and two pairs on the anal segment. The body is ventrally curved in the lateral view (Fig. 2 A); the spiracles are visible on T 2 ���A 7. Anterodorsal protuberances visible on T 2 ���A 9 (Fig. 2 A); ventral margin of body segments slightly convex. Head (anterior view) (Fig. 3 A) ovate, 1.2 times as wide as high; upper margin of vertex medially incised; concave medially, medial incision of vertex is prolonged as a groove ending in a deep oval pit; incised upper margin of vertex forms an ~ 90 �� angle with the median groove, and is generally narrower than the frontal pit. The head has a chaetotaxy pattern composed of 5���7 pairs of setae; antero-medial setae of vertex long, situated on the truncated margin of vertex; antero-medial setae are level or slightly above of the anterior margin of frontal pit, its length varying from one-half to almost as long as the distance between antennae. A pair of long genal and hypostomal setae are present with a pair of latero-clypeal setae with length varying from half to two thirds of width of labrum. The clypeal setae are very short, and the antenna is button-like, situated slightly below the margin of frontal pit. Ventral margin of clypeus indistinct or incomplete. Labrum sub-rectangular, its anterior margin fringed into small acute flaps or lobes. Mouth parts (Fig. 4 A). The maxillae are differentiated from labium, divided into two mostly differentiated parts. Two pairs of maxillary palps are visible, with a concave labium and two pairs of short labial setae present, the ventral one being longer. Mandibles (Figs 5 A, 5 B). The mandibles are strongly sclerotized and exposed in part; the upper half of mandibles are visible under labrum. The right and left mandibles have four teeth, and a fifth very small tooth is visible in the left mandible. First tooth more than twice as long as second; apical part of first two teeth is slightly blunt, and the third and fourth teeth are triangular, acute and are not separated by a wide gap. Remarks. Va ri at io n: Adult individuals reared from galls of the sexual generation of Andricus grossulariae Gir., on Quercus suber L. in Spain (Fig. 6 C), differed slightly in coloration (yellow colour more extensive) and few other features (relative lengths of A 2 and A 3, infumate area below stigma) from typical M. dorsalis reared from A. kollari galls, but they could not be identified as a separate species, according actual revisions of the group de Megastigmus species associated to oak gall-wasps in Europe. However, their larvae differ from the larvae of M. dorsalis from A. kollari described above in the following ways: the frontal pit was more rounded; the groove connecting it with vertex was slightly wider (Fig. 3 B); the antenna and antennal setae were situated higher on the frons, at the level of the frontal pit; antennal setae and latero-clypeal setae were much longer, being nearly as long as the separation of antennae and width of labrum, respectively. Biology: A detailed account of the biology of Megastigmus dorsalis was published by Askew (1966); see also data from Spain (Nieves-Aldrey 1984; Pujade-Villar 1993). The species is a polyphagous parasitoid that attacks cynipid galls induced by Andricus, Cynips, Neuroterus, Biorhiza, and Callirhytis, on Quercus species. Megastigmus dorsalis have at least two generations in a year. Askew (1966) stated that in galls of A. kollari, M. dorsalis larvae were found in cells of cynipids inquilines of Synergus spp. We have now confirmed this association. In galls of A. kollari, the larvae of M. dorsalis were found in peripheral cells occupied by the inquiline Synergus umbraculus (Olivier) (Fig. 6 B), whereas the central cell of the gall-inducer Andricus was usually attacked by a larva of the closely allied species Megastigmus stigmatizans (Fig. 6 A). Material examined. ex Andricus hispanicus (= A. kollari of authors), on Quercus faginea: Spain, C��diz: La Suara-Jer��z de la Frontera (16 /x/04 (n= 1); on Q. pyrenaica, Spain, Madrid: El Escorial (ix/03 (n= 2). Ex A. grossulariae (agamic generation), on Q. pyrenaica: Spain, Madrid: El Escorial (13 /iii/06) (n= 4). Ex Andricus grossulariae (sexual generation), on Quercus suber: Spain, C��ceres, Adeanueva del Camino (23 /v/06) (n= 2). All materials JLN-A leg. Megastigmus dumicola Bou č ek, 1982 The larva of M. dumicola is described here for the first time. Measurements: ex Plagiotrochus sp. (n= 1; measured specimen without mean information), body length: 2.2 mm; maximum width: 0.7 mm; ex P. kiefferianus (n= 29), body length: 2.2���2.5 (2.3) mm; maximum width: 1.2���1.3 (1.3) mm. Larvae of these species are similar to the larva of M. dorsalis in general appearance (Fig. 1 C) and in most morphological characters. The following diagnostic characters can readily separate the larvae of the two species: The blister-like sculpture on the genae is almost absent. The truncate and incised upper margin of vertex forms an obtuse angle with the median groove, while the median groove is relatively long and narrow (narrower than the frontal pit). The frontal pit is shield-shaped (Fig. 3 C), and the antero-medial setae of the vertex are shorter (shorter than larger diameter of frontal pit) and are situated lower. The insertion of antennae and antennal setae is clearly below the ventral margin of the frontal pit. The antennal setae are long, almost as long as the separation of antennae, as are the latero-clypeal setae (0.7 times as long as the width of the labrum). The anterior margin of the clypeus is distinct and well marked (Fig. 4 C); both mandibles have four teeth (Fig. 5 D, 5 E). Remarks: M. dumicola is an uncommon species distributed only in the Western Mediterranean. It was described by Bouček (1982) from insects collected in ���maquis��� vegetation in Southern France. The adult of M. dumicola can be easily distinguished from the other entomophagous Megastigmus species by its distinctly petiolate metasoma and its reddish brown coloration (Bouček 1982, Roques & Skrzypczynska 2003). Biology: The biology of this species was unknown when it was described. Later biological data were cited by Askew and Nieves-Aldrey (1988) from materials reared from galls in Spain. The species is a monophagous parasitoid, associated only with woody galls of Plagiotrochus spp. on Quercus coccifera, and more rarely on Q. ilex (Fig. 6 D). Material examined. ex Plagiotrochus sp. on Quercus ilex: Spain, Madrid: Monte el Robledal (20 -x-02) (n= 1); Ex P. kiefferianus, on Quercus coccifera: Spain, Madrid: Puente de San Antonio (21 - iv/05) (n= 29). J.LN-E leg., Published as part of Nieves-Aldrey, Jos�� Luis, Nieves, Maria Hern��ndez & G��mez, Jos�� F., 2008, Larval morphology and biology of three European species of Megastigmus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae, Megastigminae) parasitoids of gall wasps, including a comparison with the larvae of two seed-infesting species, pp. 46-60 in Zootaxa 1746 on pages 49-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181647, {"references":["Askew, R. R. (1966) Observations on the British species of Megastigmus Dalman (Hym., Torymidae) which inhabit cynipid oak galls. The Entomologist, 124 - 128.","Nieves-Aldrey, J. L. (1984) Observaciones sobre los torimidos (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) asociados con agallas de cinipidos (Hym., Cynipidae) sobre Quercus spp. en la zona centro-occidental de Espana. Boletin de la Asociacion espanola de Entomologia, 8, 121 - 134.","Pujade-Villar, J. (1993) Sobre els Megastigmus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) detectats a Catalunya a partir de la recol. leccio de cecidis de cynipids produits sobre Rosa i Quercus. Sessio d'Entomologia de la Institucio Catalana d'Historia Natural-Societat Catalana de Lepidopterologia, [1991], 7, 53 - 58.","Boucek, Z. (1982) Four new hymenopteran Torymidae. Entomologist´s Gazette, 33, 183 - 191.","Roques, A. & Skrzypczynska, M. (2003) Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution. Journal of Natural History, 37, 127 - 238.","Askew, R. R. & Nieves-Aldrey, J. L. (1988) Some Monodontomerinae and Megastigminae (Torymidae) associated with Cynipidae in Spain (Hymenoptera). Entomological Scandinavica, 18, 355 - 359."]}

Megastigmus aculeatus (Swederus, 1795) Description: A brief descriptive paragraph of the larva of M. aculeatus, jointly with some biological notes and figures of body and the mandible, was provided by Crosby (1909). A more detailed description is here given. According our observations the larva of this species is similar to the larva of M. pistaciae, except in the following diagnostic features: Larger size, with a body length of 3.3 mm, and a body width of 1.5 mm. The integument of the body, including the first thoracic segment and the head, are smooth (Fig. 1 F). The body (lateral view) (Fig. 2 D) has visible antero-dorsal protuberances between body segments 3���8 and spiracles present from T 2 ���A 7. Head (anterior view) (Fig. 3 F) 1.2 �� as wide as high. Antennae appear as irregular, rounded, protruding areas situated closer to the vertex than to the clypeus. Upper margin of vertex entire; a groove and a medial frontal pit absent. Distance between the antero-medial setae of vertex 1.8 �� as distance between antennae; antero-medial setae of antennal area situated at the level of the antennae; the clypeal setae and latero-clypeal setae are visible. Labrum rectangular, about 3 times as wide as long, its anterior margin has about 20 small irregular acute lobes, disposed in 2���3 rows (Figs 3 F, 4 F). Maxillae are well differentiated from labium, not divided into parts or lobes; one third of the inner surface of the maxillae is composed of many small irregular protuberances (Fig. 4 F). Mandibles have four blunt teeth (Fig. 5 F). Material examined: ex seeds of Rosa sp. (28 seeds dissected): Spain, Madrid, Valle de S. Pedro, 1 /iv/ 2006, JLN-A leg. (n= 1) Remarks. The larva of this species was studied from a single individual extracted from a seed of Rosa in Spain (Fig. 6 H). There are two native species of Megastigmus associated with Rosa recorded from Europe: M. aculeatus Swederus and M. rosae Bouček, 1971, but only the former has been recorded from Spain (Roques & Skrzypczynska 2003). The identity of the species is suggested by rearing of 34 adults from the samples containing infested seeds from which the larva was extracted., Published as part of Nieves-Aldrey, Jos�� Luis, Nieves, Maria Hern��ndez & G��mez, Jos�� F., 2008, Larval morphology and biology of three European species of Megastigmus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae, Megastigminae) parasitoids of gall wasps, including a comparison with the larvae of two seed-infesting species, pp. 46-60 in Zootaxa 1746 on pages 53-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181647, {"references":["Crosby, C. R. (1909) On certain seed infesting chalcis-flies. Bulletin of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, 265, 367 - 388.","Roques, A. & Skrzypczynska, M. (2003) Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution. Journal of Natural History, 37, 127 - 238."]}

Megastigmus pistaciae Walker, 1871 Description: Body length: 1.7 mm, body width, 0.9 mm. Body (ventral view) (Fig. 1 E) composed of head and 13 body segments. T 1 ���T 3 have no more than 12 short setae, shorter than half length of thoracic segment; the abdominal segments appear almost bare, with only three or four setae visible on the last body segments. The integument is mostly smooth, with the first body segment slightly rugose in the anterior view. Head (anterior view) (Fig. 3 E) more or less hemispherical or slightly trapezoidal, smooth and approximately as high as wide. Antennae small and button-like, situated at a middle distance between the vertex and the clypeus. Upper margin of vertex entire, lacking medial groove or medial frontal pit. Vertex setae, antero-medial setae of the antennal area, genal setae, latero-clypeal setae and hypostomal setae are present and short, measuring less than 1 / 5 of the separation of the antennae. Vertex setae situated at the margin of vertex, with a distance between vertex setae 1.5 times the distance between antennae; antero-medial setae of the antennal area situated clearly above antennae, with a distance between antennal setae of 0.4 times the distance between antennae. Clypeal setae very short, less than 0.1 as long as distance between antennae. Hypostomal setae 0.4 x as long as distance between antennae. Clypeus large, its anterior margin indistinct and unmarked. Labrum rectangular, with three irregular rows of flaps or lobes, which are more dense and acute on the anterior margin (Fig. 4 E). Maxillae well differentiated from labium, divided into three more or less discernable parts or lobes; two pairs of maxillary palps more or less visible (Fig. 4 E). Labium slightly depressed, with two pairs of labial setae visible. Mandibles hidden by the labrum, with only the tip of first tooth being visible. The right mandible (Fig. 5 C) has four acute, triangular teeth. Remarks: The larva of M. pistaciae is similar to the larvae of the parasitic species of Megastigmus in shape and general appearance. However, the larva of M. pistaciae can be readily distinguished by its narrower head, the entire vertex, and the absence of a medial frontal pit. Furthermore, the shape of the labrum and the maxillae is different and the relative length of setae on the head and thoracic segments is shorter than in the Megastigmus species associated with oak gall-wasps. Biology: The larva of M. pistaciae feed only within seeds of Pistacia species (Anacardiaceae). Megastigmus pistaciae reproduces by thelythokous parthenogenesis, distributed from the western Mediterranean to Afghanistan and China, and has also been introduced in Mexico and USA (Roques & Skrzypczynska 2003). Materials examined. ex seeds of Pistacia lentiscus, Spain, C��diz, Aguilillas, 15 /x/ 2005. JLN-A leg. (n= 1)., Published as part of Nieves-Aldrey, Jos�� Luis, Nieves, Maria Hern��ndez & G��mez, Jos�� F., 2008, Larval morphology and biology of three European species of Megastigmus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae, Megastigminae) parasitoids of gall wasps, including a comparison with the larvae of two seed-infesting species, pp. 46-60 in Zootaxa 1746 on pages 52-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181647, {"references":["Roques, A. & Skrzypczynska, M. (2003) Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution. Journal of Natural History, 37, 127 - 238."]}

The morphology of the terminal larvae of three species of Megastigmus parasitoids of gall-wasps (Hym., Cynipidae) in Europe, M. dorsalis, M. stigmatizans and M. dumicola, is described for the first time based on SEM images. Larvae of two phytophagous, seed-infesting species of this genus, M. pistaciae and M. aculeatus, are also described and compared with the larvae of the parasitoid species. The morphological characters that differentiate larvae of Megastigmus from other torymid larvae include: strong mandibles bearing four or five teeth, labrum fringed on the anterior margin, and reduced pilosity on the body and head. A key for the identification of the larvae of the five study species is presented. The larvae of the entomophagous Megastigmus species share an important diagnostic character, a deep medial frontal pit not present in the larvae of the seed-infesting species. Biological data of the species studied are discussed and illustrated with digital photographs. While the larvae of M. dumicola are parasitic in twig galls of species of Plagiotrochus on evergreen oaks of the section Ilex, M. dorsalis and M. stigmatizans are associated with galls of many cynipid genera induced on Quercus of the section Quercus.

Colombia ha vivido las consecuencias de la violencia por más de 50 años y en ese sentido, la firma del acuerdo de paz firmado entre el gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos y la Guerrilla de las FARC supone unos desafíos al sistema educativo del país. Por ende, la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada tiene la responsabilidad social educativa de promover una Cultura de Paz que facilite la construcción de paz en el marco del pos-acuerdo. Partiendo de esto, la percepción de los estudiantes y docentes es fundamental para alinear estratégicamente las acciones de la institución y alcanzar dicho propósito, sin dejar de lado los avances que ha realizado para convertirse en la Universidad del posconflicto. Del mismo modo, la investigación se concentra en el diseño de una propuesta para la UMNG desde las percepciones de estudiantes de la cohorte 2017- II de la Maestría en Educación de la Facultad de Educación y Humanidades de la sede Campus Cajicá, así como de algunos docentes que hacen parte de esta. Para lo cual, primero se hizo una descripción de los procesos llevados a cabo en el territorio colombiano desde la década de los 80´s, los aportes académicos de la institución referentes al tema y avances en la materia desde lo estratégico. Se sustento el trabajo a partir de tres categorías como son: pensamiento crítico, Cultura de Paz y democracia deliberativa, que se asumen son determinantes para alcanzar el objetivo planteado. La metodología se basó en un enfoque holístico bajo el paradigma crítico social, el cual se materializó a través de la utilización de fuentes primarias y secundarias para luego, aplicar encuestas a una muestra de docentes y estudiantes de la maestría, cuyas respuestas fueron sistematizadas, analizadas e interpretadas para dar fundamento a la propuesta. CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN 1 1. CAPITULO I 3 1.1 Planteamiento del problema 3 1.1 Antecedentes 6 1.1.1 Procesos de Paz Colombianos a partir de la década de los 80s 6 1.1.2 Aportes académicos de la UMNG para la construcción de paz 16 1.1.3 Avances institucionales con miras al posconflicto 21 1.1.4 Estado del arte 25 1.1.5 Descripción del contexto 29 1.1.6 Pregunta problema 30 1.2 Objetivo General 30 1.2.1 Objetivos específicos 30 1.3 Alcances y limitaciones de la investigación 31 1.4 Justificación 32 CAPÍTULO II 36 2.1 Marco teórico 36 2.1.1 Pedagogía crítica: un factor protagónico para el cambio de pensamiento de la sociedad colombiana a partir del acuerdo de paz 36 2.1.2 La Cultura de Paz como pilar fundamental de la educación actual: una acción necesaria a partir del posconflicto colombiano. 47 2.1.3 Democracia deliberativa: un camino irrenunciable en medio del posacuerdo 56 2.2 Marco legal 61 CAPITULO III 64 3.1 Marco Metodológico 64 3.1.1 Enfoque metodológico 68 3.1.2 Paradigma de investigación: 69 3.1.3 Tipo de investigación: 70 3.1.4 Diseño de investigación 70 3.1.5 Fuentes de información 71 3.1.6 Técnicas de recolección de la información 71 3.1.7 Instrumentos de recolección de datos 73 3.1.8 Población y muestra 73 3.1.9 Procesamiento y análisis de datos 74 CAPÍTULO IV 75 4.1 Análisis de resultados 75 4.1.1 Encuesta estudiantes 75 4.1.2 Encuesta docentes 87 CAPITULO V 99 5.1 Propuesta educativa para el fomento de la Cultura de Paz en la UMNG 99 Conclusiones 124 CAPITULO VI 130 6.1 Anexos 130 6.1.1 Encuesta de percepción aportes de la UMNG al pos-acuerdo colombiano 130 6.1.2 Encuesta aportes de la UMNG al pos-acuerdo colombiano 137 Referencias 142 Colombia has lived the consequences of violence for more than 50 years and in that sense, the signing of the peace agreement signed between the government of Juan Manuel Santos and the FARC guerrilla poses challenges to the country's education system. Therefore, the New Granada Military University has the educational social responsibility to promote a culture of peace that facilitates the construction of peace in the framework of the post-agreement. Based on this, the perception of students and teachers is essential to strategically align the actions of the institution and achieve that purpose, without neglecting the progress made to become the post-conflict university. In the same way, the research focuses on the design of a proposal for the UMNG from the perceptions of students of the 2017- II cohort of the Master's Degree in Education of the Faculty of Education and Humanities of the Campus Cajicá, as well as of some teachers who are part of this. For which, first a description was made of the processes carried out in the Colombian territory since the decade of the 80's, the academic contributions of the institution referring to the subject and advances in the matter from the strategic point of view. The work is based on three categories such as: critical thinking, peace culture and deliberative democracy, which are assumed to be decisive for achieving the stated objective. The methodology was based on a holistic approach under the social critical paradigm, which materialized through the use of primary and secondary sources and then applied surveys to a sample of teachers and students of the master's degree, whose answers were systematized, analyzed and interpreted to give foundation to the proposal.