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This article examines how perceiving concealment in close relationships influences marital well-being. It suggests that the perception of concealment from a partner signals separateness from one's partner and contributes to feelings of perceived partner exclusion. These feelings of exclusion, in turn, should negatively affect relational quality. These predictions are tested in a prospective study among 199 newlywed couples. Results suggest that perceiving concealment reduced marital adjustment and trust and increased conflict over time. Importantly, change in perceived partner exclusion mediated these effects. This article demonstrates that the perception of concealment (a) has deleterious effects on relational well-being in the long run and (b) is harmful in part because it elicits feelings of exclusion. © 2009 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

Although the co-occurrence between adolescent depression and delinquency has been well-studied, the nature of the longitudinal associations is not yet clear. To clarify this we examined whether personality type is a moderator in the longitudinal co-occurrence of depression and delinquency. A total of 338 young and middle adolescents completed questionnaires about depression, delinquency and personality in 3 yearly waves of the CONflict And Management Of RElationships (CONAMORE). We found that the stable overcontrollers showed the highest mean level on depression and that the stable undercontrollers showed the highest mean level on delinquency. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the longitudinal co-occurrence between depression and delinquency was best described by means of a stability model, in which personality type membership proved to be an important moderator. The three personality types differed significantly on the rank-order stability of both depression and delinquency. Copyright#2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key words: co-occurrence; depression; delinquency; person-centred approach; personality prototypes

In the Netherlands, about 20% of children do not have any contact with their non-resident parent after parental divorce. There are often many reasons underlying the broken contact, but one might well be the process of parental alienation, when the child denigrates and excludes the non-resident parent. This article presents the results of two studies conducted among divorce experts and divorced, non-resident parents. A total of 138 respondents co-operated in our studies. Of the respondents, 58% thought PAS either does not, or rarely occurs in the Netherlands, and 42% thought it does occur. The extent of parental alienation was classified as mild (33%) or moderate (9%). From our factor analysis, it became clear that Gardner's classification of eight separate symptoms of parental alienation was not evident in our research data. We were able to distinguish four separate aspects: two of them concerning alienation due to the resident parent and two concerning alienation due to the child. Our results underpin th...

Contains fulltext : 64085.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Background: Siblings may support each other, but also reveal fierce rivalry and mutual aggression. Supportive sibling relationships have been linked to the development of psychosocial competence of children. In the present longitudinal study, we will focus on the development of perceived support in sibling dyads and on the influence of sibling support and sibling problem behavior on psychosocial adjustment in adolescence. Method: In a three-wave longitudinal sample of 285 Dutch families with two adolescent children (11 - to 15-year-olds), these two siblings judged the support perceived from each other. In addition, they themselves and their parents judged their internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. The relation of sibling support and sibling problem behavior with internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors was examined while controlling for support from parents and friends and, over time, controlling for the autoregressive effects of problem behavior. Results: Support perceived from a sibling is mostly negatively related to externalizing problems; sibling problem behavior is strongly related to internalizing problems. Differential developmental trajectories of adolescents' adjustment are associated with siblings' support and problem behavior. Conclusion: The results indicate that adolescents' relationships with both older and younger siblings are characterized by modeling processes.

The effects of variables derived from a work stress theory (the effort-reward imbalance theory) on the power in the high frequency (HF_HRV) band of heart rate (0.14-0.40 Hz) throughout a work day, were determined using multilevel analysis. Explanatory variables were analysed at two levels: at the lowest level (within-day level), the effects of positive mood, negative mood, demand, satisfaction, demand-satisfaction ratio, and time of day were assessed. At the highest level (the subject level), the effects of sleep quality, effort, reward, effort-reward imbalance, need for control, type of work (profession), negative affectivity, gender and smoking on HF_HRV were assessed. Need for control has a negative effect on HF_HRV after controlling for time of day effects, i.e. subjects with a high need for control have a lower vagal control of the heart. In the long run, these subjects may be considered to be at increased health risk, because they have less of the health protective effects of vagal tone. The interaction between effort-reward imbalance and time of day has a positive effect on HF_HRV, i.e, the cardiac vagal control of subjects with a high effort-reward imbalance increases as the day progresses. It is discussed that this probably reflects reduced effort allocation, ensuing from disengagement from the work demands. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an ATP-regulated, cAMP-activated chloride channel located in the apical membrane of many epithelial secretory cells. Here we report cloning of a cAMP-activated epithelial basolateral chloride conductance regulator (EBCR) that appears to be a basolateral CFTR counterpart. This novel chloride channel or regulator shows 49% identity with multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) and 29% identity with CFTR. On expression in Xenopus oocytes, EBCR confers a cAMP-activated chloride conductance that is inhibited by the chloride channel blockers niflumic acid, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamine)benzoic acid, and 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. Northern blot analysis reveals high expression in small intestine, kidney, and liver. In kidney, immunohistochemistry shows a conspicuous basolateral localization mainly in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, distal convoluted tubules and to a lesser extent connecting tubules. These data suggest that in the kidney EBCR is involved in hormone-regulated chloride reabsorption.

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The readiness potential preceding voluntary movement is modulated by the mode of movement selection, i.e. it has a higher amplitude preceding freely selected than before prescribed movements (Praamstra, P., Stegeman, D.F., Horstink, M.W.I.M., Brunia, C.H.M. and Cools, A.R. Movement-related potentials preceding voluntary movement are modulated by the mode of movement selection. Exp. Brain Res., 1995, 103: 429-439). One cortical area that is likely to be involved in this modulation is the supplementary motor area (SMA). Recent attempts to elucidate the neural generators of the readiness potential using spatiotemporal dipole source analysis, however, failed to establish a significant SMA contribution to the readiness potential. This might be explained by a failure of the proposed analyses to discriminate between SMA and motor cortex contributions to the readiness potential. We applied a dipole source analysis approach that better separates these overlapping source activities. The resulting source model includes an SMA source generating pre-movement activity consistent with evidence from intracranial recordings in humans. The SMA source accounts almost completely for the modulation of the readiness potential by different modes of movement selection. On the basis of these results, the relation between scalp-recorded movement-related activity, intracranially recorded potentials, and findings from functional imaging studies of voluntary movement, appears more transparent than suggested by previous dipole source analyses of premovement potentials.

Previous studies have shown that stressors attenuate LiCl-induced conditioned taste aversions (CTA) but not morphine-induced CTA. The current studies examined the effects of footshock on the acquisition and extinction of amphetamine-induced CTA. Experiment 1 demonstrated that exposure to 30 footshocks between saccharin consumption and amphetamine injections did not alter either the acquisition or the extinction of amphetamine-CTA. Experiment 2 demonstrated that exposure to the same shock parameters 2 and 4 days before saccharin-amphetamine pairing increased the magnitude of amphetamine-CTA after one saccharin-amphetamine pairing and delayed the recovery from the CTA. Experiment 2 also demonstrated that footshock increased the initial neophobic response to novel saccharin but did not alter subsequent saccharin consumption among saline-injected animals. These results indicate that stress-induced facilitation of amphetamine CTA are time-dependent and contrast with reports that stressors attenuate LiCl CTA. They also add support to the contention that CTAs induced by self-administered drugs like amphetamine are qualitatively different from CTAs induced by toxic substances like LiCL.

The present study explores the significance of brain dopamine phenotype for individual variation in the neuroendocrine stress response of the rat. For this purpose, we used two Wistar rat lines previously selected for high or low responsiveness of the dopamine system to apomorphine using the gnawing response as the selection criterion. Systemic administration of the drug evoked in apomorphine-susceptible (apo-sus) rats a vigorous gnawing response, whereas apomorphine-unsusceptible (apo-unsus) rats did not gnaw under these conditions. These two rat lines represent individuals displaying extreme differences in gnawing behavior that otherwise coexist in a normal Wistar population. In this study basal and stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity and PRL release were measured in chronically cannulated, freely moving rats that endured a conditioned emotional response. Tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA (mRNA), corticosteroid receptor mRNA, and in vivo retention of [3H]corticosterone were measured in rat brain sections using in situ hybridization and in vivo autoradiography. The result show that 1) apo-sus rats had a markedly reduced PRL response to stress compared to apo-unsus animals, whereas basal levels were not significantly different. A12 dopaminergic neurons in the arcuate nucleus expressed significantly higher levels of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in apo-sus rats, suggesting that the reduced stress-induced PRL release could be due to an increased inhibitory control by dopaminergic neurons; 2) in apo-sus rats, stress resulted in a sustained elevation of ACTH and free corticosterone levels, whereas the total corticosterone levels were not different between the two rat lines; 3) under basal morning conditions, apo-sus rats had significantly higher plasma ACTH, but, in contrast, lower free corticosterone than apo-unsus rats; total plasma corticosterone levels were not different; 4) the basal evening ACTH level was elevated in apo-sus rats; after removal of the adrenals in the morning, this increased ACTH level in apo-sus rats persisted into the afternoon 6 h postadrenalectomy; and 5) hippocampal mineralocorticoid (MR), but not glucocorticoid (GR), receptor capacity for the ligand comparable between the groups; the MR of apo-sus rats displayed an increased retention of [3H]corticosterone in all hippocampal cell fields measured 24 h adrenalectomy; MR and GR mRNA in hippocampus as well as GR mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus were not significantly different in the two rat lines. In conclusion, the data suggest a common genetic background for individual variation in stress responsiveness and dopamine phenotype. High dopamine reactivity is linked to a reduced PRL and an increased ACTH response after stress. These high dopamine responders display a hyporesponsive adrenal cortex and corticosteroid feedback resistance associated with altered brain corticosteroid receptor properties.

The pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia still suffers from two major problems: (1) most antipsychotic drugs still induce severe neurologic (extrapyramidal) side effects; (2) few antipsychotic drugs are effective in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. In the present study, we have evaluated the effects of ICI 204,636 in the rat paw test and the amphetamine-induced social isolation in monkeys and compared them with the effects of clozapine. The paw test has been shown to be a valid model for differentiating classic and atypical neuroleptic drugs. The monkey social isolation model seems to represent one of the few animal models with validity for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The results show that both ICI 204,636 and clozapine had the profile of an atypical antipsychotic in the paw test, suggesting a reduced propensity to induce extrapyramidal side effects in humans. Likewise, ICI 204,636 and clozapine were found to prevent the amphetamine-induced social isolation in monkeys, suggesting a good therapeutic effect mitigating the negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Overall, the data suggest that ICI 204,636 may represent a new and interesting antipsychotic drug, closely resembling clozapine.

The goal of this study was to determine whether dopamine D2 and/or D1 receptors in the shell and the core of the nucleus accumbens of rats have a differential role in turning behaviour. Unilateral injection of a mixture of the dopamine D2 receptor agonist quinpirole (10 micrograms) and the dopamine D1 receptor agonist 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7, 8-diol (SKF 38393, 5 micrograms) into the shell of the nucleus accumbens produced contralateral turning, when doses which per se were ineffective were injected. This effect was far greater than that found after similar injections into the core of the nucleus accumbens. The effect elicited from the shell was significantly attenuated by prior administration of either the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist l-sulpiride (25 mg/0.5 microliters) or the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist (8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine-7-ol (SCH 23390, 0.5 micrograms/0.5 microliters) into the same region. These data together with the fact that l-sulpiride is known to be a valid tool to differentiate the involvement of distinct regions within the shell underlie the conclusion that dopamine D2 and D1 receptors in the shell, but not the core, of the nucleus accumbens play a critical role in the contralateral turning induced by unilateral injection of dopamine receptor agonists into this nucleus. The results are discussed in view of the known output pathways of the shell.

Movement-related potentials were recorded preceding self-paced voluntary movements in patients with Parkinson's disease and in healthy subjects of the same age group. We compared the Readiness Potential preceding joystick movements in a fixed direction and preceding joystick movements in freely selected directions. In normal subjects the Readiness Potential amplitude was higher preceding freely selected movements than preceding movements in a fixed direction. The Readiness Potential in Parkinson patients failed to be modified by the different modes of movement selection. The modulation of the Readiness Potential by different ways of preparing for movement might be due to the supplementary motor area (SMA) being more strongly engaged by tasks requiring internal control of movements than by tasks that are externally structured. The results suggest that this task-dependent variation of SMA activity is reduced in Parkinson's disease. A failing capacity to adapt SMA activity to different task demands has previously been suggested by evidence from positron emission tomography studies using similar tasks.

The present study analyzed the effect of intra-accumbens administration of the stereoisomers of sulpiride upon (3,4-dihydroxyphenylimino)-2-imidazoline (DPI)-induced changes in oral behaviours and electromyographic patterns of jaw muscles. In line with earlier findings, DPI (5 μg) administered into the nucleus accumbens increased chewing and tremor. I -Sulpiride (2–50 ng) had no effect on DPI-induced oro-facial behaviours. d -Sulpiride (10–50 ng) significantly antagonized the DPI-induced increase in chewing and had a biphasic effect on tremor with potentiation (10 ng) followed by attenuation (50 ng). When administered alone, I - or d -sulpiride did not affect oro-facial behaviours. The electromyographic signals, which were analyzed according to a previously described method, were described with the help of three classes: A (the seconds marked by frequency 3 Hz), B (the seconds marked by the frequencies 4–6 Hz); C (the seconds marked by the frequencies 7–15 Hz). DPI enhanced Class B and C of the masseter muscle but did not significantly affect any frequency class of the digastric muscle. I -Sulpiride (2–50 ng) had no effect on DPI-induced (5 μg) changes in electromyographic signals. d -Sulpiride (50 ng) antagonized the effects of DPI on Class B of the masseter muscle. Furthermore, d -sulpiride had a biphasic effect on Class C with potentiation (10 ng) followed by attenuation (50 ng). When administered alone, I - or d -sulpiride did not affect the frequency classes of the jaw muscles. It is concluded that d -sulpiride inhibits DPI-induced changes in oral behaviour and electromyographic patterns. It is suggested that d -sulpiride may be effective in the pharmacotherapy of oro-facial dyskinesias in man.

Data from three studies were used to investigate whether the establishment of a no-smoking agreement is related to lower odds of adolescent smoking. The prevalence of a no-smoking agreement was first explored by using a national sample involving 4,501 Dutch adolescents. Second, data from a longitudinal study among 595 early adolescents and their parents were used to test whether establishing a no-smoking agreement prevents adolescents from smoking. Third, the authors tested among 856 early-and mid-adolescents and their parents, whether in addition to the establishment of a no-smoking agreement, the frequency and quality of communication on smoking issues had an effect on adolescent smoking. The findings do not support that establishing a no-smoking agreement is an effective deterrent with regard to adolescent smoking. Parents who want to prevent smoking might consider focusing their efforts on establishing a good quality of communication on smoking issues whereas parents who just talk a lot about smoking issues without considering the quality of their communication might do more harm than good.

Conflict is an inevitable feature of social relationships. When people interact, disagreements may arise. Especially in close relationships, people sometimes disagree. Although conflict might jeopardize relationships, conflict is not necessarily detrimental. The way conflicts are handled is important in determining whether conflicts are functional or dysfunctional. Moreover, the way conflicts are handled might reveal information about the nature of relationships and their developmental status. In the current dissertation, the role of conflict resolution in adolescents’ relationships with their parents and friends was investigated in four empirical studies. Data of 323 adolescents and their both parents –that participated in the longitudinal project called CONAMORE (CONflict And Management Of RElationships) – are used. In the first study, we demonstrated the importance of investigating combinations of conflict resolution styles by parents and adolescents. We found that adolescents who used an aggressive conflict resolution style with parents reported higher levels of delinquency, but only when their mothers also used this aggressive conflict resolution style or when their fathers withdrew from conflicts. In the second study, we showed that parents and adolescents change the way they handle conflicts with each other over time towards more positive conflict resolution and less negative conflict resolution, reflecting a realignment of these relationships towards greater egalitarianism. In addition, we found two types of parent-adolescent dyads, one characterized by positive conflict resolution and one characterized by negative conflict resolution by both parents and adolescents. These either positive or negative pathways of conflict resolution were maintained by both parents and adolescents. The third study examined whether transmission of conflict resolution styles from the marital relationship to the adolescent-parent relationship occurred and we indeed found that conflict resolution styles in the marital relationships predicted conflict resolution styles in the adolescent-parent relationship two years later. Finally, in our fourth study, we were able to investigate the daily dynamics of conflict and conflict resolution in adolescent relationships with parents and friends by means of a daily diary method. We demonstrated that perceived relationship satisfaction was highest in a particular relationship on days on which no conflict occurred, second highest on days on which constructive conflict occurred and lowest on days on which unconstructive conflict occurred. Moreover, we demonstrated that whereas unconstructively handled conflict with best friends was related to higher relationship satisfaction the next day, conflict with parents was not related to relationship satisfaction the next day.

Conflict is an inevitable feature of social relationships. When people interact, disagreements may arise. Especially in close relationships, people sometimes disagree. Although conflict might jeopardize relationships, conflict is not necessarily detrimental. The way conflicts are handled is important in determining whether conflicts are functional or dysfunctional. Moreover, the way conflicts are handled might reveal information about the nature of relationships and their developmental status. In the current dissertation, the role of conflict resolution in adolescents’ relationships with their parents and friends was investigated in four empirical studies. Data of 323 adolescents and their both parents –that participated in the longitudinal project called CONAMORE (CONflict And Management Of RElationships) – are used. In the first study, we demonstrated the importance of investigating combinations of conflict resolution styles by parents and adolescents. We found that adolescents who used an aggressive conflict resolution style with parents reported higher levels of delinquency, but only when their mothers also used this aggressive conflict resolution style or when their fathers withdrew from conflicts. In the second study, we showed that parents and adolescents change the way they handle conflicts with each other over time towards more positive conflict resolution and less negative conflict resolution, reflecting a realignment of these relationships towards greater egalitarianism. In addition, we found two types of parent-adolescent dyads, one characterized by positive conflict resolution and one characterized by negative conflict resolution by both parents and adolescents. These either positive or negative pathways of conflict resolution were maintained by both parents and adolescents. The third study examined whether transmission of conflict resolution styles from the marital relationship to the adolescent-parent relationship occurred and we indeed found that conflict resolution styles in the marital relationships predicted conflict resolution styles in the adolescent-parent relationship two years later. Finally, in our fourth study, we were able to investigate the daily dynamics of conflict and conflict resolution in adolescent relationships with parents and friends by means of a daily diary method. We demonstrated that perceived relationship satisfaction was highest in a particular relationship on days on which no conflict occurred, second highest on days on which constructive conflict occurred and lowest on days on which unconstructive conflict occurred. Moreover, we demonstrated that whereas unconstructively handled conflict with best friends was related to higher relationship satisfaction the next day, conflict with parents was not related to relationship satisfaction the next day.

When studying family relationships, researchers often are interested in relational phenomena at an individual level, such as whether an individual child thrives in a particular family context; relational phenomena at the dyadic level, such as whether the mother is more committed than the father to the relationship; and relational phenomena at the familial level, such as whether some families are more satisfied with their relationships than other families. These three levels of relational phenomena, that is, individuals, dyadic relationships, and groups have to be distinguished and are reciprocally related within the family system (Hinde, 1997; Laursen & Bukowski, 1997). However, their theoretical and methodological interdependence represents a challenge for empirical investigation. The family as a group includes the individual family members and relationships, but these parts combine in such a way that new structures emerge which have their own meaning and are more than a collection of its members and relationships and which may affect relationships and the relationship partners (Reis, Collins, & Berscheid, 2000). Both statistical methods and theoretical frameworks are needed that allow us to disentangle the three levels and the influence they exert on each other and to capture the truly social nature of family relationships.

When studying family relationships, researchers often are interested in relational phenomena at an individual level, such as whether an individual child thrives in a particular family context; relational phenomena at the dyadic level, such as whether the mother is more committed than the father to the relationship; and relational phenomena at the familial level, such as whether some families are more satisfied with their relationships than other families. These three levels of relational phenomena, that is, individuals, dyadic relationships, and groups have to be distinguished and are reciprocally related within the family system (Hinde, 1997; Laursen & Bukowski, 1997). However, their theoretical and methodological interdependence represents a challenge for empirical investigation. The family as a group includes the individual family members and relationships, but these parts combine in such a way that new structures emerge which have their own meaning and are more than a collection of its members and relationships and which may affect relationships and the relationship partners (Reis, Collins, & Berscheid, 2000). Both statistical methods and theoretical frameworks are needed that allow us to disentangle the three levels and the influence they exert on each other and to capture the truly social nature of family relationships.

The aim of this study is to examine the role of parental support and control on young adolescent smoking initiation, increase, continuation, and cessation. Longitudinal data gathered every 6 months over a one-year period were collected in Utrecht, The Netherlands, for 1,012 adolescents in 2000. Logistic regressions demonstrated that low parental control predicted adolescent smoking initiation but neither support nor control predicted adolescent smoking increase or continuation. Parental smoking status was important in adolescent smoking continuation and cessation. Suggestions based on these findings are made for prevention programs. A limitation is that the study only utilized adolescent reports.

Om te onderzoeken waarom conflicten tussen adolescenten en hun ouders soms wel maar soms niet samenhangen met problematische psychosociale aanpassing van adolescenten, werd de modererende rol van conflictoplossing op deze samenhang onderzocht. Respondenten waren 1.313 Nederlandse jongeren in de vroege en middenadolescentie (12 en 17 jr.), die vragenlijsten invulden over hun conflicten en conflictoplossing met vader en moeder en verschillende aanpassingsproblemen. Vijf typen adolescenten konden worden onderscheiden die gekenmerkt waren door verschillende patronen van conflictoplossing. Deze typen verschilden betekenisvol van elkaar in conflicten met ouders en in aanpassingsproblemen. Bovendien waren conflicten sterker gerelateerd met externaliserend probleemgedrag voor een type dat gekenmerkt werd door terugtrekken en laag positief probleemoplossen en sterker gerelateerd aan internaliserend probleemgedrag voor een type dat voornamelijk negatieve manieren gebruikte om conflicten met ouders op te lossen.

Although the stability and changeability of personality has long been debated, many studies now agree that personality changes over the life course. Although the changes in rank-order and mean-level stability are well established, the stability in personality type membership during adolescence is not yet clear. Little research has been conducted on the associations between change in personality type membership and anxiety. A total of 827 adolescents (10-20 years) completed personality and anxiety questionnaires on 2 waves of the CONflict And Management Of RElationships study (CONAMORE). We found that the stability in personality type membership was moderate. The change from undercontroller to overcontroller was the most frequently occurring change. Furthermore, the stability in type membership was related to stability in anxiety level and change in type membership was related to anxiety change. More specifically, the resilient-overcontroller group demonstrated an increase in anxiety level, whereas the overcontroller-resilient group demonstrated a decrease.

Dit onderzoek richt zich op ontwikkeling van de persoonlijkheid tijdens de adolescentie. Twee adolescente kinderen uit 285 twee-oudergezinnen beoordeelden in drie meetronden met tussenpozen van een jaar hun eigen en elkaars persoonlijkheid. Ook beide ouders beoordeelden de persoonlijkheid van de adolescenten. Persoonlijkheid bleek gemiddeld stabiel over tijd, maar voor een aanzienlijke subgroep was er sprake van een aanzienlijke intra-individuele verandering. Versnelde groeicurveanalyses toonden aan dat Aangenaamheid en Openheid toenamen bij adolescenten van elf tot zeventien jaar en dat voor meisjes Zorgvuldigheid toenam en Emotionele stabiliteit afnam. Resultaten bevestigden dat er gedurende de adolescentie persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling plaatsvindt, maar dat de aard van deze veranderingen ook afhangt van het type beoordelaar.

The authors examined aspects of reliability and validity of the Goodenough-Harris Draw-A-Person Test (DAP; D. B. Harris, 1963). The participants were 115 seven- to nine-year-old students attending regular or special education schools. Three judges, with a modest degree of training similar to that found among practicing clinicians, rated the students' human figure drawings on developmental and personality variables. The authors found that counting details and determining developmental level in the DAP test could be carried out reliably by judges with limited experience. However, the reliability of judgments of children's social and emotional development and personality was insufficient. Older students and students attending regular schools received significantly higher scores than did younger students or students attending special education schools. The authors found that the success of the DAP test as an indicator of cognitive level, socioemotional development, and personality is limited when global judgments are used. The authors concluded that more specific, reliable, valid, and useful scoring systems are needed for the DAP test.

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Contains fulltext : 54488.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Do more agreeable individuals perceive more support, and are they perceived as more supportive, across all family relationships or only within specific relationships? In a study of 256 Dutch two-parent families with two adolescents, we examine whether links between Agreeableness and support are generalised across relationships or occur within specific relationships. Social Relations Model analyses showed that individuals who perceive their family members as more agreeable perceive more support from family members across relationships. Also, individuals who are perceived as more agreeable are perceived as more supportive across relationships, except for mothers. In addition, individuals who perceive specific family members as more agreeable perceive these specific members as more supportive. However, individuals who are perceived as more agreeable perceive more support only within specific relationships. Thus, agreeable family members are supportive across relationships, but agreeable family members perceive support only within specific relationships.

Contains fulltext : 54518.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The present study examined the relation between perceived justice and trust within family relationships and adolescent internalizing and externalizing problem behavior. Data were gathered from the father, the mother, and two of their adolescent children in 288 families. The social relations model was used to assess perceived justice and trust at the family level and the individual level. Adolescent internalizing and externalizing problem behavior turned out to be best predicted at the family level. Adolescents from families with less just or trustworthy climates showed more of these problem behaviors. Also associations between adolescent problem behavior and individual characteristics of the adolescents were found: adolescents who were generally viewed as less just/trustworthy were reported to have more problems. Our findings suggest that processes at different levels of family functioning (i.e., individual, whole-family) should be taken into account when investigating associations between family characteristics and children's outcomes.

Contains fulltext : 55696.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) In family research, bidirectional influences between the family and the individual are usually analyzed in discrete time. Results from discrete time analysis, however, have been shown to be highly dependent on the length of the observation interval. Continuous time analysis using stochastic differential equations has been proposed to circumvent this problem. The present study examined the bidirectional influences between family relationships and adolescent problem behavior by means of both discrete- and continuous-time cross-lagged panel analysis. The effect of the length of the observation interval on the results from both procedures was investigated. Data were collected from a community sample of 288 Dutch families consisting of a father, a mother, and two of their adolescent children. Whereas results from discrete time analyses differed considerably when a 2-year instead of a 1-year interval between measurements was used, results from continuous time analysis appeared to be less affected by the length of the observation interval. Continuous time analysis revealed family relationship characteristics and levels of adolescent problem behavior to be highly stable over time. Relatively small cross-lagged effects were found between family relationships and adolescent problem behaviors.

Contains fulltext : 55706.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Similarity in personality between adolescents and their parents may have considerable implications for adolescent well-being. We studied how the similarity in personality between 288 adolescents and their parents is linked to adolescent problem behaviour, and whether this link is mediated by warmth and control in the parent–child relationship and moderated by the personality type of the adolescent. Similarity in personality between adolescents and their parents was negatively related to internalizing and externalizing problem behaviour, both concurrently and over time. This relation was not mediated by the parent–child relationship. The effects were present for overcontrolled but not for resilient or undercontrolled adolescents.

Background: This study sought the answer to three questions: 1. Is having an intimate partner associated with the level of delinquency? 2. Does the quality of the relationship with an intimate partner, operationalised as partner support, predict the level of delinquency? 3. Does a relationship with an intimate partner or age moderate the association between parental support and delinquency? Method: Data from a three‐wave, six‐year longitudinal study of 1302 adolescents and young adults, aged 12–23 at wave 1, were used. Results: 1. Univariate latent growth curve analysis showed that, as predicted, having an intimate partner does not lead to less criminality among young adults over the age of 20. We found no support for the hypothesis among the group of 12‐ to 20‐year‐old adolescents, since the group of mid‐adolescents who consistently have a partner is more criminal than the other groups. 2. Our findings show that partner support is negatively related to criminality in both 12‐ to 20‐year‐olds and 21‐ to 23‐year‐olds. The longitudinal effect of partner support is also uni‐directional: partner support T1 certainly has an impact on criminality T3, but the reverse is not true. In both groups the influence of partner support is also greater than that of parental support. 3. Having an intimate partner moderates the association between parental support and delinquency, but in an age‐specific manner. Parental support has no bearing on criminality when adolescents and young adults continuously have an intimate partner. Parental support does, however, cause a reduction in the level of criminality in adolescents and young adults who have never had a partner and adolescents who only have a partner at time 3. Conclusions: We interpret our results in terms of shifts in the relational system: if an adolescent finds a partner, that partner takes over the role of the parents in reducing criminality; if not, the parents remain important in doing so.