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There has been a significant increase in the number of reported human cryptosporidiosis cases in recent years. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild rodents and shrews, and investigate the species and genotype distribution to assess zoonotic risk. Partial 18S rRNA gene nested-PCR reveals that 36.8, 53.9 and 41.9% of mice, voles and shrews are infected with Cryptosporidium species. The highest prevalence occurred in the Microtus agrestis (field vole) and Myodes glareolus (bank vole). Interestingly, bank voles caught in fields were significantly more often Cryptosporidium-positive compared to those caught in forests. The proportion of infected animals increases from over-wintered (spring and summer) to juveniles (autumn) suggesting acquired immunity in older animals. Based on Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, Apodemus flavicollis (yellow-necked mouse) is commonly infected with zoonotic C. ditrichi. Voles carry multiple different Cryptosporidium sp. and genotypes, some of which are novel. C. andersoni, another zoonotic species, is identified in the Craseomys rufocanus (grey-sided vole). Shrews carry novel shrew genotypes. In conclusion, this study indicates that Cryptosporidium protozoan are present in mouse, vole and shrew populations around Finland and the highest zoonotic risk is associated with C. ditrichi in Apodemus flavicollis and C. andersoni in Craseomys rufocanus. C. parvum, the most common zoonotic species in human infections, was not detected.

Final report of the project "Impact of pests on persistence and spearing of zoonotic bacteria on production farms (PESTANIMAL)" ., FI; PDF; efsafocalpoint@ruokavirasto.fi, {"references":["Andrés-Barranco S et al (2014). Role of wild bird and rodents in the epidemiology of subclinical salmonellosis in finishing pigs.","Backhans A et al (2013). Occurrence of pathogens in wild rodents caught on Swedish pig and chicken farms.","Healing TD ja Greenwood MH. (1991). Frequency of isolation of Campylobacter spp., Yersinia spp. and Salmonella spp. from small mammals from two sites in southern Britain.","Meerburg BG et al (2006). Presence of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. in wild small mammals on organic farms."]}

Source at http://doi.org/10.1080/17518369.2017.1319109 Climate change can have a marked effect on the distribution and abundance of some species, as well as their interspecific interactions. In 1992, before ecological effects of anthropogenic climate change had developed into a topical research field, Hersteinsson and Macdonald published a seminal paper hypothesizing that the northern distribution limit of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is determined by food availability and ultimately climate, while the southern distribution limit of the Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) is determined by interspecific competition with the larger red fox. This hypothesis has inspired extensive research in several parts of the circumpolar distribution range of the Arctic fox. Over the past 25 years, it was shown that red foxes can exclude Arctic foxes from dens, space and food resources, and that red foxes kill and sometimes consume Arctic foxes. When the red fox increases to ecologically effective densities, it can cause Arctic fox decline, extirpation and range contraction, while conservation actions involving red fox culling can lead to Arctic fox recovery. Red fox advance in productive tundra, concurrent with Arctic fox retreat from this habitat, support the original hypothesis that climate warming will alter the geographical ranges of the species. However, recent studies show that anthropogenic subsidies also drive red fox advance, allowing red fox establishment north of its climate-imposed distribution limit. We conclude that synergies between anthropogenic subsidies and climate warming will speed up Arctic ecosystem change, allowing mobile species to establish and thrive in human-provided refugia, with potential spill-over effects in surrounding ecosystems.

Paranoplocephala longivaginata Chechulin & Gulyaev, 1998 P. longivaginata was described from Myodes rutilus and, secondarily, from Sciurus vulgaris L., in Buryatia and the neighbouring Amurskaya Oblast (Chechulin and Gulyaev 1998). In addition to Buryatia and adjacent regions, it has been found from Myodes rutilus in north-eastern Siberia (Magadan region; Haukisalmi et al. 2007a). However, P. longivaginata does not occur in M. rutilus in north-western North America (unpublished BCP data). P. longivaginata occurred at five of the seven study sites, but always at a low prevalence. Voucher specimen: MSB Endo 156 from Myodes rutilus (Verhnaya Berezovka)., Published as part of Haukisalmi, Voitto, Henttonen, Heikki, Hardman, Lotta, Hardman, Michael, Laakkonen, Juha, Murueva, Galina, Niemimaa, Jukka, Shulunov, Stanislav & Vapalahti, Olli, 2009, Review of tapeworms of rodents in the Republic of Buryatia, with emphasis on anoplocephalid cestodes, pp. 1-18 in ZooKeys 8 (8) on page 9, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.8.58, http://zenodo.org/record/576440, {"references":["Chechulin AI, Gulyaev VD (1998) Paranoplocephala longivaginata sp. n. (Cyclophyllidea: Anoplocephalidae) - novaya cestoda ot gryzunov Vostochnoi Sibiri. Parazitologiya 32: 352 - 356.","Haukisalmi V, Hardman LM, Hardman M, Laakkonen J, Niemimaa J, Henttonen H (2007 a) Morphological and molecular characterisation of Paranoplocephala buryatiensis n. sp. and P. longivaginata Chechulin & Gulyaev, 1998 (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) in voles of the genus Clethrionomys. Systematic Parasitology 66: 55 - 71."]}

Rodentolepis sp. Rodentolepis sp. from Cricetulus barabensis was characterized by 22-24 fraternoid hooks. In this respect it resembles Rodentolepis fraterna (Stiles, 1906) (see Genov 1984) and R. sinensis (Oldham, 1929) (see Ryzhikov et al. 1978), although the hooks of the present species are somewhat longer (0.020 -0.032 mm) than those of R. fraterna. In addition, the scolex of the present cestode is significantly larger (0.24-0.26 mm) than that of R. sinensis, and its eggs are significantly longer (0.060 -0.075 mm) than those of R. fraterna. It is probable that Rodentolepis sp. from Buryatia represents an undescribed, host-specific species of C. barabensis. The high variation in hook length suggests that the material may include more than one species. Zhaltsanova (1992) reported R. straminea (Goeze, 1782) from C. barabensis and Myodes rufocanus from Buryatia, but that identification is dubious, because many forms, including R. fraterna and R. nana (Siebold, 1852), have been synonymized with R. straminea in the Soviet/Russian literature (see Ryzhikov et al. 1978). Voucher specimen: MSB Endo 163 from C. barabensis (Sharaldai)., Published as part of Haukisalmi, Voitto, Henttonen, Heikki, Hardman, Lotta, Hardman, Michael, Laakkonen, Juha, Murueva, Galina, Niemimaa, Jukka, Shulunov, Stanislav & Vapalahti, Olli, 2009, Review of tapeworms of rodents in the Republic of Buryatia, with emphasis on anoplocephalid cestodes, pp. 1-18 in ZooKeys 8 (8) on page 11, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.8.58, http://zenodo.org/record/576440, {"references":["Genov T (1984) Helminti na nasekomoyadnite bozajnici i grizachite v Bulgariya (Helminths of insectivorous mammals and rodents in Bulgaria). Izdatelstvo na Bulgarskata Akademiya na Naukite, Sofia, 348 pp.","Ryzhikov KM, Gvozdev EV, Tokobaev MM, Shaldybin LS, Macaberidze GV, Merkusheva IV, Nadtochii EV, Hohlova IG, Sharpilo LD (1978) Opredelitel' gelmintov gryzunov fauny SSSR. Cestody i trematody. Nauka, Moskva, 231 pp.","Zhaltsanova D-SD (1992) Gel'minty mlekopitayuschih basseina Ozera Baikal. Nauka, Moskva, 204 pp."]}

Paranoplocephala buryatiensis Haukisalmi, Hardman, Hardman, Laakkonen, Niemimaa & Henttonen, 2006 P. buryatiensis, described from Buryatian material, is primarily a parasite of Myodes rufocanus (Haukisalmi et al. 2007a), although it was found occasionally in Microtus fortis in the present material. Its known range spans from Buryatia to north-eastern Siberia. However, it does not occur in the westernmost populations of Myodes rufocanus in northern Fennoscandia (Haukisalmi et al. 2007a). P. buryatiensis is morphologically and genetically closely related to P. longivaginata Chechulin & Gulyaev, 1998 from Myodes rutilus (below); they form a strongly supported clade in the mtDNA phylogenies (Fig. 2 and Haukisalmi et al. 2007a). Haukisalmi et al. (2007a) provided evidence for phylogenetic codivergence of P. buryatiensis and P. longivaginata with their primary hosts. P. buryatiensis occurred in Myodes rufocanus at four of the eight study sites, the prevalence in Pasolskaya (43%) being higher than in the other sites (0-10%). It also occurred in Microtus fortis at two study sites, where it also parasitized the primary host Myodes rufocanus. Type specimen: USNPC 97137 from Myodes rufocanus (Pasolskaya); paratype specimen: USNPC 97138 from M. rufocanus (Pasolskaya); voucher specimen: US- NPC 97139 from Microtus fortis (Kamensk)., Published as part of Haukisalmi, Voitto, Henttonen, Heikki, Hardman, Lotta, Hardman, Michael, Laakkonen, Juha, Murueva, Galina, Niemimaa, Jukka, Shulunov, Stanislav & Vapalahti, Olli, 2009, Review of tapeworms of rodents in the Republic of Buryatia, with emphasis on anoplocephalid cestodes, pp. 1-18 in ZooKeys 8 (8) on page 9, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.8.58, http://zenodo.org/record/576440, {"references":["Haukisalmi V, Hardman LM, Hardman M, Laakkonen J, Niemimaa J, Henttonen H (2007 a) Morphological and molecular characterisation of Paranoplocephala buryatiensis n. sp. and P. longivaginata Chechulin & Gulyaev, 1998 (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) in voles of the genus Clethrionomys. Systematic Parasitology 66: 55 - 71.","Chechulin AI, Gulyaev VD (1998) Paranoplocephala longivaginata sp. n. (Cyclophyllidea: Anoplocephalidae) - novaya cestoda ot gryzunov Vostochnoi Sibiri. Parazitologiya 32: 352 - 356."]}

Paranoplocephala feodorovi (Gulyaev & Chechulin, 1996) Paranoplocephala feodorovi was originally described as Parandrya feodorovi Gulyaev & Chechulin, 1996 from Arvicola terrestris (L.) (primary host), Microtus agrestis and M. maximowiczii from the Novosibirsk region in the south of West Siberia (type locality) and Zabaikalsk in Buryatia (Gulyaev and Chechulin 1996; see Chechulin 1998 for further records in the latter region). Only a single specimen from Microtus fortis conforming to the description of P. feodorovi was encountered during the present study, which supports the secondary role of Microtus spp. in the epidemiology of this cestode. Morphologically, P. feodorovi is closely related to P. blanchardi, the main difference being the antiporal extent of the testes (extending across the antiporal ventral longitudinal osmoregulatory canal in P. blanchardi, but not in P. feodorovi). However, P. feodorovi is not genetically related to P. blanchardi. In the COI phylogram, P. feodorovi was associated with P. oeconomi, appearing as one of the basal lineages within Paranoplocephala (Fig. 2). The phylogenetic position of P. feodorovi supports the hypothesis that Parandrya Gulyaev & Chechulin, 1996 is a synonym of Paranoplocephala s.l., as suggested by Haukisalmi and Henttonen (2000) and Haukisalmi and Wickstr��m (2005). Voucher specimen: MSB Endo 155 from M. fortis (Maloje Kolesova)., Published as part of Haukisalmi, Voitto, Henttonen, Heikki, Hardman, Lotta, Hardman, Michael, Laakkonen, Juha, Murueva, Galina, Niemimaa, Jukka, Shulunov, Stanislav & Vapalahti, Olli, 2009, Review of tapeworms of rodents in the Republic of Buryatia, with emphasis on anoplocephalid cestodes, pp. 1-18 in ZooKeys 8 (8) on page 8, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.8.58, http://zenodo.org/record/576440, {"references":["Gulyaev VD, Chechulin AI (1996) Parandrya feodorovi gen. n., sp. n. - novaya cestoda (Cyclophyllidea: Anoplocephalidae) ot polevok Sibiri. Parazitologiya 30: 132 - 140.","Haukisalmi V, Henttonen H (2000) Description and morphometric variability of Paranoplocephala serrata n. sp. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) in collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx spp., Arvicolinae) from Arctic Siberia and North America. Systematic Parasitology 45: 219 - 231.","Haukisalmi V, Wickstrom LM (2005) Morphological characterisation of Andrya Railliet, 1893, Neandrya n. g. and Paranoplocephala Luhe, 1910 (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) in rodents and lagomorphs. Systematic Parasitology 62: 209 - 219."]}

Anoplocephaloides cf. dentata (Galli-Valerio, 1905) The names Paranoplocephala dentata (Galli-Valerio, 1905), Anoplocephaloides dentata (Galli-Valerio, 1905) and Paranoplocephala brevis Kirshenblat, 1938 have been variously used for small, wedge-shaped cestodes parasitizing voles of the genera Microtus and Chionomys Miller (and occasionally other hosts) in the Palaearctic region. The position of A. dentata within the genus Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1923, as suggested by Rausch (1976), has been generally accepted. Following Spasskii (1951), P. brevis has been consistently regarded as a junior synonym of A. dentata. Thus, all A. dentata -like cestodes in the Palaearctic voles have been considered a single species, with the exception of Anoplocephaloides dentatoides Sato, Kamiya, Tenora & Kamiya, 1993 from Myodes rufocanus from Hokkaido, Japan (see Sato et al. 1993). A recent molecular phylogenetic analysis (Haukisalmi et al. 2009) suggested that A. dentata -like cestodes include at least five species (plus A. dentatoides) in the Holarctic region: four species in western Eurasia and one in the rest of Eurasia and Beringia (north-eastern Siberia and Alaska). Based on the cytochrome oxidase I (mtDNA) sequences, the A. dentata -like cestodes from Buryatia (hosts Myodes rufocanus and Microtus fortis) group strongly, and are therefore conspecific, with the Holarctic species (Haukisalmi et al. 2009). However, it is not yet known if this Holarctic species is conspecific with either of the two related species described in North America, i.e. Anoplocephaloides infrequens (Douthitt, 1915) and A. troeschi (Rausch, 1946) from Geomys bursarius (Shaw) (Geomyidae) and Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord), respectively. In the Palaearctic, A. dentata -like cestodes are characteristically parasites of voles of the genera Microtus and Chionomys. However, in addition to Microtus gregalis (Pallas), M. maximowiczii and M. oeconomus, Machul���skii (1958) and Zhaltsanova (1992) reported P. brevis or P. dentata from Myodes rufocanus, M. rutilus, Apodemus peninsulae and Cricetulus barabensis in Buryatia. In the present study, A. cf. dentata was found from Microtus fortis and Myodes rufocanus. It is probable that all A. dentata -like cestodes in Buryatia represent a single species, with the occurrences in Myodes, Apodemus and Cricetulus being accidental. Because there are few morphological features useful for the diagnosis of A. dentata - like cestodes, sequence data (COI, 28S rRNA) have proved to be necessary tools in the taxonomy of this species complex (Haukisalmi et al. 2009). Anoplocephaloides cf. dentata was significantly more prevalent in Nesteriha (23%) than in the other study sites (0-6%) (Table 1). Voucher specimen: MSB Endo 152 from Microtus fortis (Nesteriha)., Published as part of Haukisalmi, Voitto, Henttonen, Heikki, Hardman, Lotta, Hardman, Michael, Laakkonen, Juha, Murueva, Galina, Niemimaa, Jukka, Shulunov, Stanislav & Vapalahti, Olli, 2009, Review of tapeworms of rodents in the Republic of Buryatia, with emphasis on anoplocephalid cestodes, pp. 1-18 in ZooKeys 8 (8) on pages 5-7, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.8.58, http://zenodo.org/record/576440, {"references":["Rausch RL (1976) The genera Paranoplocephala Luhe, 1910 and Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1923 (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae), with particular reference to species in rodents. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee 51: 513 - 562.","Spasskii AA (1951) Anoplocephalate tapeworms of domestic and wild animals (English translation). The Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 783 pp.","Sato H, Kamiya H, Tenora F, Kamiya M (1993) Anoplocephaloides dentatoides sp. n. from the gray-backed vole, Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae, in Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 60: 105 - 110.","Haukisalmi V, Hardman LM, Henttonen H, Laakkonen J, Niemimaa J, Hardman M, Gubanyi A (2009) Molecular systematics and morphometrics of Anoplocephaloides dentata (Galli- Valerio) (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) and related species in voles and lemmings. Zoologica Scripta 38: 199 - 220.","Machul'skii SN (1958) Gel'mintofauna gryzunov Buryatskoj ASSR. In: Raboty po gel'mintologii (K 80 - letiyu akad. Skryabina K. I.). 219 - 224.","Zhaltsanova D-SD (1992) Gel'minty mlekopitayuschih basseina Ozera Baikal. Nauka, Moskva, 204 pp."]}

Paranoplocephala cf. omphalodes (Hermann, 1783) It has been recently shown that P. omphalodes sensu stricto is primarily a parasite of Microtus agrestis (L.) and M. arvalis (Pallas) in Europe and probably elsewhere in western Eurasia (Haukisalmi et al. 2004). There is another, rather host-specific species in M. oeconomus (i.e. Paranoplocephala jarrelli Haukisalmi, Henttonen & Hardman, 2006) that occurs in the root/tundra vole throughout its Holarctic range. The P. omphalodes - like taxon occurring in the eastern Beringian endemic Microtus miurus Osgood is also specifically distinct (i.e. Paranoplocephala batzlii Haukisalmi, Henttonen & Hardman, 2006; see Haukisalmi et al. 2006). The present molecular phylogenetic analysis shows unequivocally that the P. omphalodes -like cestodes in Buryatia do not represent the true P. omphalodes (Fig. 1). The Buryatian specimens form a monophyletic group that is sister to the divergent North Alaskan subclade of P. jarrelli. The topology and high statistical support of the tree suggests that these two clades are both independent species, forming a sister group for the true, Holarctic P. jarrelli. In the present material, the Buryatian P. cf. omphalodes occurred exclusively in Microtus fortis and M. oeconomus. Paranoplocephala omphalodes has earlier been report- ed from M. maximowiczii, M. oeconomus, Myodes rufocanus and Apodemus peninsulae in Buryatia and adjacent regions (Machul���skii 1958; Zhaltsanova 1992). The earlier Buryatian records of P. omphalodes from Myodes rufocanus probably represent another, recently described species (i.e. Paranoplocephala buryatiensis Haukisalmi, Hardman, Hardman, Laakkonen, Niemimaa & Henttonen, 2006; see below). Paranoplocephala cf. omphalodes from Buryatia may be primarily associated with the Asian Microtus species, i.e. M. fortis and M. maximowiczii, because it is not known from M. oeconomus outside Buryatia. Paranoplocephala cf. omphalodes will be later described as a new species. Paranoplocephala cf. omphalodes was present in seven of the 12 study sites, highest prevalences being 20-23% (Table 1). Voucher specimen: MSB Endo 153 from M. oeconomus (Nizhnaya Ivolga)., Published as part of Haukisalmi, Voitto, Henttonen, Heikki, Hardman, Lotta, Hardman, Michael, Laakkonen, Juha, Murueva, Galina, Niemimaa, Jukka, Shulunov, Stanislav & Vapalahti, Olli, 2009, Review of tapeworms of rodents in the Republic of Buryatia, with emphasis on anoplocephalid cestodes, pp. 1-18 in ZooKeys 8 (8) on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.8.58, http://zenodo.org/record/576440, {"references":["Haukisalmi V, Wickstrom LM, Henttonen H, Hantula J, Gubanyi A (2004) Molecular and morphological evidence for multiple species within Paranoplocephala omphalodes (Cestoda, Anoplocephalidae) in Microtus voles (Arvicolinae). Zoologica Scripta 33: 277 - 290.","Haukisalmi V, Henttonen H, Hardman LM (2006) Taxonomy and diversity of Paranoplocephala spp. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) in voles and lemmings of Beringia, with a description of three new species. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 89: 277 - 299.","Machul'skii SN (1958) Gel'mintofauna gryzunov Buryatskoj ASSR. In: Raboty po gel'mintologii (K 80 - letiyu akad. Skryabina K. I.). 219 - 224.","Zhaltsanova D-SD (1992) Gel'minty mlekopitayuschih basseina Ozera Baikal. Nauka, Moskva, 204 pp."]}

Arostrilepis horrida (von Linstow, 1901) s.l. In the present material, Arostrilepis horrida -like cestodes occurred commonly in all Microtus and Myodes species and accidentally in C. barabensis but were absent in A. peninsulae. The data of Zhaltsanova (1992) show an equally wide host spectrum for Arostrilepis horrida -like cestodes in Buryatia. Three species have been described within the A. horrida -complex, i.e. A. horrida from an unknown rodent host, A. beringiensis Kontrimavichus & Smirnova, 1991 from Lemmus sibiricus and A. microtis Gulyaev & Chechulin, 1997 from Microtus spp. (see Kontrimavichus and Smirnova 1991 and Gulyaev and Chechulin 1997). However, applying molecular methods, the BCP has demonstrated a complex of at least 10 species of A. horrida -like cestodes that are poorly differentiated morphologically (Cook et al. 2005, and K. Galbreath and E. P. Hoberg, unpublished). For example, there may be five Arostrilepis -species in Myodes spp. (species previously assigned to Clethrionomys) and two species in Microtus spp. in the Holarctic region. The situation is complicated by the fact that it is not known which one (if any) of them is the true A. horrida. Therefore, it is not possible to assign the present specimens to a particular species of Arostrilepis. However, it is probable that the Buryatian material includes at least one undescribed species, i.e. that/those occurring in Myodes spp. Voucher specimens: MSB Endo 159 from Microtus fortis (Kamensk), MSB Endo 160 from M. oeconomus (Nizhnaya Ivolga), MSB Endo 161 from Myodes rufocanus (Kamensk), MSB Endo 162 from Myodes rutilus (Muhorshibir)., Published as part of Haukisalmi, Voitto, Henttonen, Heikki, Hardman, Lotta, Hardman, Michael, Laakkonen, Juha, Murueva, Galina, Niemimaa, Jukka, Shulunov, Stanislav & Vapalahti, Olli, 2009, Review of tapeworms of rodents in the Republic of Buryatia, with emphasis on anoplocephalid cestodes, pp. 1-18 in ZooKeys 8 (8) on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.8.58, http://zenodo.org/record/576440, {"references":["Zhaltsanova D-SD (1992) Gel'minty mlekopitayuschih basseina Ozera Baikal. Nauka, Moskva, 204 pp.","Kontrimavichus VL, Smirnova LV (1991) Hymenolepis beringiensis n. sp. ot Sibirskogo lemminga (Lemmus sibiricus Kerr) i problema vidov-dvoinikov v gel'mintologii. In: Krasnoshchekov GP, V. A. R, Sonin MD, Chesnova LV (Eds) Evoljutsija parazitov. Materialy pervogo Vsesojuznogo Simpoziuma. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Tol'yatti, 90 - 104.","Gulyaev VD, Chechulin AI (1997) Arostrilepis microtis n. sp. (Cyclophyllidea: Hymenolepididae), a new cestode species from Siberian rodents. Research and Reviews in Parasitology 57: 103 - 107.","Cook JA, Hoberg EP, Koehler A, Henttonen H, Wickstrom L, Haukisalmi V, Galbreath K, Chernyavski F, Dokuchaev N, Lahzuhtkin A, MacDonald SO, Hope A, Waltari E, Runck A, Veitch A, Popko R, Jenkins E, Kutz S, Eckerlin R (2005) Beringia: Intercontinental exchange and diversification of high latitude mammals and their parasites during the Pliocene and Quaternary. Mammal Study 30: S 33 - S 44."]}

Catenotaenia sp. 2 The cestodes from Apodemus peninsulae had 29-34 uterine branches, which corresponds with Catenotaenia afghana Tenora, 1977, C. californica Dowell, 1953, C. neotomae Babero & Cattan, 1983 and C. peromysci Smith, 1954. However, the cestodes found by us have a clearly divided testicular field, a feature which occurs in C. californica but not in the three other species mentioned above. Compared with the present material, C. californica has markedly wider body (0.75-0.83 mm in the present specimens) and smaller scolex (ca. 0.38 mm in the present specimens). Since C. californica, C. neotomae and C. peromysci are Nearctic parasites of heteromyid and sigmodontid (Neotominae) rodents, it is unlikely that they would occur in a murid rodent in Eurasia. The brief original description of C. afghana was based on material from two unrelated host species, Cricetulus migratorius (Pallas) and Alticola sp. from Afghanistan, and it was not stated which was the type host. Moreover, no type specimen was designated (Tenora 1977). Ganzorig et al. (1999) later redescribed C. afghana from Lasiopodomys brandtii (Radde) from Mongolia but it is probable that the specimens assigned to C. afghana include more than one species. The specimens from Buryatian A. peninsulae may therefore represent another undescribed species of Catenotaenia. Voucher specimen: MSB Endo 158 from A. peninsulae (Kamensk)., Published as part of Haukisalmi, Voitto, Henttonen, Heikki, Hardman, Lotta, Hardman, Michael, Laakkonen, Juha, Murueva, Galina, Niemimaa, Jukka, Shulunov, Stanislav & Vapalahti, Olli, 2009, Review of tapeworms of rodents in the Republic of Buryatia, with emphasis on anoplocephalid cestodes, pp. 1-18 in ZooKeys 8 (8) on page 10, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.8.58, http://zenodo.org/record/576440, {"references":["Tenora F (1977) Reorganization of the system of cestodes of the genus Catenotaenia Janicki, 1904. Evolutionary implications. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae, Brno 25: 163 - 170.","Ganzorig S, Tenora F, Kamiya M (1999) New records of catenotaeniid cestodes from rodents in Mongolia, with notes on the taxonomy of the Catenotaenia Janicki, 1904 and Hemicatenotaenia Tenora, 1977 (Cestoda: Catenotaeniidae). Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 47: 33 - 38."]}

Paranoplocephala blanchardi (Moniez, 1891) Paranoplocephala blanchardi (Moniez, 1891) sensu Tenora et al. (1985b) is primarily a parasite of Microtus spp. in Europe (Haukisalmi et al. 1994; Tenora et al. 1985b) and western Siberia, extending at least to the Novosibirsk region in the east (Chechulin 1998). The conspecificity of two Buryatian specimens of P. blanchardi (from Microtus fortis) with the European specimens is confirmed by the present molecular phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 2). The Buryatian records thus represent the easternmost finding of this species. Despite considerable sampling effort, P. blanchardi has not been found in north-eastern Siberia (Magadan region, Chukotka; unpublished BCP records). P. blanchardi was found at a single study site (prevalence 17%) (Table 1). Voucher specimen: MSB 154 from M. fortis (Maloje Kolesova)., Published as part of Haukisalmi, Voitto, Henttonen, Heikki, Hardman, Lotta, Hardman, Michael, Laakkonen, Juha, Murueva, Galina, Niemimaa, Jukka, Shulunov, Stanislav & Vapalahti, Olli, 2009, Review of tapeworms of rodents in the Republic of Buryatia, with emphasis on anoplocephalid cestodes, pp. 1-18 in ZooKeys 8 (8) on page 8, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.8.58, http://zenodo.org/record/576440, {"references":["Tenora F, Murai E, Vaucher C (1985 b) On some Paranoplocephala species (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) parasitizing rodents (Rodentia) in Europe. Parasitologica Hungarica 18: 29 - 48.","Haukisalmi V, Henttonen H, Pietiainen H (1994) Helminth parasitism does not increase the vulnerability of the field vole Microtus agrestis to predation by the Ural owl Strix uralensis. Annales Zoologici Fennici 31: 263 - 269."]}