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Plastic pollution is one of the major global environmental challenges and is therefore attracting increased societal attention. This has resulted in the adoption of a long array of national and international policies, targeting plastic pollution. Whereas early plastic pollution regulation focused mainly on banning specific plastic products such as plastic bags, more recent focus has been devoted to the full plastic value chain. The aim of this focus is to facilitate a transition towards a circular plastic economy. This review first describes the historical development of policy initiatives targeting plastic pollution, followed by a review of key legislations at each step of the plastic value chain. Finally, the review introduces policy measures most often used since 2018 to target plastic pollution and discuss the importance of regulation that facilitate the transition towards a circular plastic economy.

BACKGROUND: Ischaemia-reperfusion injury in kidney transplantation leads to delayed graft function (DGF), which is associated with reduced long term graft function. Remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) improved early kidney graft function in a porcine model of donation after brain death and was associated with improved long-term cardiac outcome after myocardial ischaemia. This randomised, double-blinded trial evaluated the effect of RIC on kidney graft outcome in the first year, and examined the predictive value of a new measure of initial kidney graft function, i.e. the estimated time to a 50% reduction in plasma creatinine post-transplantation (tCr50). METHODS: A total of 225 patients undergoing deceased donor kidney transplantation were randomised to RIC or a sham procedure performed prior to kidney reperfusion. Up to four repetitive cycles of five minutes of leg ischaemia and five minutes of reperfusion were given. GFR, plasma creatinine, cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) were measured at three and twelve months and estimated GFR was calculated using four different equations. Other secondary outcomes were identified from patient files. RESULTS: RIC did not affect GFR or other outcomes when compared to the sham procedure at three or twelve months. tCr50 correlated with one year graft function (p<0.0001 for both mGFR and eGFR estimates). In contrast, DGF i.e. "need of dialysis the first week" did not correlate significantly with one year GFR. CONCLUSION: RIC during deceased donor kidney transplantation did not improve one year outcome. However, tC

Contains fulltext : 200674.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 176266.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 134827.pdf (preprint version ) (Open Access)

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the interobserver and intraobserver agreement of two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) anal endosonography for the detection of local recurrence anal carcinoma. METHODS: Thirty-six patients were treated for anal carcinoma, and seven had recurrent disease. They were investigated by using 3-D endosonography at Rigshospitalet from July 2001 to January 2005 because of suspected local recurrence. The 3-D endosonographic examinations were reviewed from the hard disc by two observers who twice reviewed all 2-D examinations (the axial projection) as well as all 3-D examinations (the axial, as well as the reconstructed coronal and sagittal projections). The observers scored each examination according to the following scale regarding presence of local recurrence: 1 = no finding/benign findings; 2 = properly benign findings; 3 = suspicious findings/malignant findings. Kappa statistic-statistic was used to evaluate interobserver and intraobserver variation. RESULTS: Three-dimensional endosonography achieved better interobserver agreement than 2-D endosonography: kappa 3-D 0.34-047 vs. kappa 2-D 0.15-0.28 and better intraobserver agreement: kappa 3-D 0.34-0.62 vs. kappa 2-D 0.22-0.28. These differences showed P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional endosonography proved to have significantly better interobserver and intraobserver agreement than 2-D endosonography concerning detection of recurrent anal cancer. Three-dimensional endosonography seems to be less dependent of the individual examiner than 2-D endosonography Udgivelsesdato: 2009/3

Noninvasive evaluation of the coronary arteries by multi-detector row computed tomography is a promising new alternative to conventional invasive coronary angiography. This article describes the technical background, methods, limitations and clinical applications and reviews current literature that compares the diagnostic accuracy of multi-detector row computed tomography with that of coronary angiography Udgivelsesdato: 2009/4/6

Udgivelsesdato: 2009/3/23

Conventional Doppler methods for blood velocity estimation only estimate the velocity component along the ultrasound beam direction. This implies that a Doppler angle under examination close to 90 degrees results in unreliable information about the true blood direction and blood velocity. The novel method transverse oscillation (TO), which combines estimates of the axial and the transverse velocity components in the scan plane, makes it possible to estimate the vector velocity of the blood regardless of the Doppler angle. The present study evaluates the TO method with magnetic resonance phase contrast angiography (MRA) by comparing in vivo measurements of stroke volume. Eleven healthy volunteers were included in this prospective study. From the obtained data sets recorded with the 2 modalities, vector velocity sequences were constructed and stroke volume calculated. Angle of insonation was approximately 90 degrees for TO measurements. The correlation between the stroke volume estimated by TO and MRA was 0.91 (p < 0.01) with the equation for the line of regression: MRA = 1.1.TO-0.4. A Bland-Altman plot was additionally constructed where the mean difference was 0.2 ml with limits of agreement at -1.4 ml and 1.9 ml. The results indicate that reliable vector velocity estimates can be obtained in vivo using the presented angle-independent 2-D vector velocity method. The TO method can be a useful alternative to conventional Doppler systems by avoiding the angle artifact, thus giving quantitative velocity information Udgivelsesdato: 2009/1

Udgivelsesdato: 2009