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Baits laden with oral rabies vaccines are important for the management of wildlife rabies in the United States. In August 2012, the Wildlife Services program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service began a field trial involving limited distribution of a new oral rabies vaccine bait in five states, including Ohio. The vaccine consisted of live recombinant human adenovirus type 5 vector, expressing rabies virus glycoprotein (AdRG1.3) (Onrab). A previously used oral rabies vaccine consisting of a live recombinant vaccinia vector, expressing rabies virus glycoprotein (V-RG) (Raboral V-RG), was distributed in other areas of Ohio. To monitor human contacts and potential vaccine virus exposure, surveillance was conducted by the Ohio Department of Health, local Ohio health agencies, and CDC. During August 23-September 7, 2012, a total of 776,921 baits were distributed in Ohio over 4,379 square miles (11,341 square kilometers). During August 24-September 12, a total of 89 baits were reported found by the general public, with 55 human contacts with baits identified (some contacts involved more than one bait). In 27 of the 55 human contacts, the bait was not intact, and a barrier (e.g., gloves) had not been used to handle the bait, leaving persons at risk for vaccine exposure and vaccine virus infection. However, no adverse events were reported. Continued surveillance of human contacts with oral rabies vaccine baits and public warnings to avoid contact with baits are needed because of the potential for vaccine virus infection.

Testing hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs), like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in aquatic toxicity tests is difficult due to compound losses through volatilization, sorption to the test vessel and culture medium constituents. This results in poorly defined exposure, the bioavailable concentration is reduced and concentration-effect-relation might be underestimated. Passive dosing can overcome these problems by the continual partitioning of HOCs from a dominating reservoir loaded in a biologically inert polymer such as silicone. This procedure provides defined and constant freely dissolved concentrations and eliminates spiking with cosolvents. Passive dosing using silicone Orings as donor and PAHs as test substances (fluoranthene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, acenaphthene, fluorene, benzo[a]pyrene, anthracene and pyrene) were applied in the marine algal growth inhibition test with Phaeodactylum tricornutum (based on ISO EN 10253) in 24-well microtiter plates. The O-rings were loaded by partitioning from methanol solutions or suspensions of the respective PAHs (1), and these loaded O-rings were added to the wells in test media before the beginning of the test. Agitation of the plates was used to speed up the release from the O-rings. The toxicity of the individual PAHs was investigated at controlled concentrations up to their aqueous solubility in artificial seawater. The concentration-dependent growth inhibition of Phaeodactylum tricornutum was then compared for passive dosing and standard dosing according to the standard marine algae test procedure on microtiter plates. A comparison of the EC50 values of passive dosing vs. EC50 values of standard dosing showed an underestimation of the effects when using nominal standard dosing probably due to sorption, evaporation and limiting dissolution kinetics. Furthermore, passive dosing concentration-response curves were more reproducible and shifted towards lower concentrations. Results show that the response is clearly not only dependent on the potency of the compounds, but also on its supply, sorption and consumption during the assay. Passive dosing is a practical and economical way of improving the exposure of HOCs inaquatic toxicity or bioconcentration tests like the algae growth inhibition test. \n (1) K. E.C. Smith, N. Domb, R. Blust, P. Mayer (2010) Controlling and maintaining exposure of hydrophobic organic compounds in aquatic toxicity tests by passive dosing.