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Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is defined as the non-invasive delivery of medications through the skin surface. The present study was planned to evaluate the efficacy of transdermal drug delivery system to alleviate the post-operative pain after abdominal surgery. Twelve clinical cases of dogs presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, VCC, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Mhow were selected for the study and divided into two groups. In group I (n=6) ketoprofen transdermal patch and in group II (n=6) buprenorphine transdermal patch was applied to the skin. The Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale was used to assess the pain pre-operatively (1 hour before surgery), complete post recovery, 24, 48 and 72 h post operatively. The mean total pain score was maximum in ketoprofen group than the buprenorphine group. Serum glucose and serum cortisol values increased significantly (P

INTRODUCTION: Bleaching, although considered as the first choice of treatment for discoloured teeth, can be utilized in conjunction with composite resin bonding or veneering and porcelain laminate veneers, to provide a more esthetic result. AIM: The aim of the ex-vivo study is to obtain a comparative analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of antioxidants on the immediate composite bond strength on bleached enamel surface.MATERIALS AND METHOD: Freshly extracted human permanent maxillary central incisors were selected and prepared for the respective study. All the specimens then were randomly divided into two control groups and three experimental groups, each group consisting of 20 specimens each. Among these were three experimental groups 10% Sodium Ascorbate, 5% Grape Seed extracts (Proanthocyanidin, PA) & 10% Green tea extracts (catechins and epigallocatechin gallate, CA and EG) and two control groups (Positive control & Negative control).RESULTS: When compared to Group 1 (positive control, 26.24 ± 0.90 MPa ), Group 3 (5%Grape seed extract; 32.17 ± 1.52 MPa), Group 4 (10% Sodium Ascorbate; 28.91 ±1.50 MPa ) and Group 5 (5% Green tea extract; 24.10 ± 1.21MPa ) showed significantly higher shear bond strength values.CONCLUSION: The present study indicated that the shear bond strength of the antioxidant group (Group3) is higher than all three experimental groups. In addition, the shear bond strength of the bleached group (Group 2) is significantly lower than all the other groups. This implies that immediate use of antioxidants, contributes in reversal the bond strength of bleached enamel.

In an op-ed, Leslee Udwin, the filmmaker of the controversial but meaningful documentary, India’s Daughter speaks of the tensions she faced in India amidst her film’s release. After her movie was banned in India, she abruptly left the country to avoid arrest. Her film explores the complexities and nuances of the 2012 Delhi rape case. It drew criticism when the trailer was released because it allegedly focused on the rapist’s narrative. Drawing upon my interview with Udwin and archival research, I explore the multitude of ways in which Leslee’s position as a powerful storyteller and an outsider influenced her documentary’s success within and outside of India. A medium of social change, Udwin’s documentary underscores the patriarchal and misogynistic attitudes that continue to exist while simultaneously challenging the role of the state, politicians and law enforcement who are in charge of protecting women’s rights.

Upon observation of the steep rise in Covid cases patients all over the world, it seems to be clear that along with conventional methods for prevention and cure of this unpredictable disease, something more requires employment. This paper proposes that the concept of ’Yamdanshtra’ (described in Sharangdhar Samhita)1/ ”Ritusandhi”(described in Charak Samhita)2 is a viable solution. A specific ’diet modification pattern’(Padanshik Tyag vidhi) is recommended for better immunity. Detailed graphical studies have been shown about rela- tionship of the number of cases of Covid and the periods of Yamdanshtra or Ritusandhi(cusp between two seasons) in Bharat and three more countries viz. USA,UK and Russia. It was concluded in the study that a positive relation between Covid cases and transition periods can be established. In countries other than Bharat, the rise in Covid cases was present but not significant. It is hypothesized that that may be because the seasons do not show much differ- ence in climatic conditions or in other parameters. For Bharat, the Padanshik Tyag3 method of diet modification during transition periods may work,while other countries may prefer taking a lighter diet during them.

The aim of this study is to compare oral-health knowledge, attitude and self-care practice behavior among medical students. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out on 1st year MBBS students. All the students present on the day of data collection were included in the study. Data was collected by pretested questionnaire and analysed using percentages. Results: Awareness among students about oral hygiene was good. All students in our study were brushing the teeth at least daily with toothbrush and paste. Only few students (6.92%) were using fluoride toothpaste and 93.07% were unaware of fluoride content. Nearly all students restrained from Alcohol Consumption and Tobacco Use. About 23.84% students had Pain /Discomfort in Past 12 Months and 16.15% consulted dentist. About 57% students visited dentist in last 5 years and most common reason was toothache.Conclusions: The better result among medical students could be due to their better knowledge and socioeconomic conditions. Developing countries show lack of awareness and poor oral hygiene habits among large sections of the population, increasing the risk of oral health problems. More awareness should be created among general population to improve the oral health.

Background: Fractures are a major concern in Veterinary orthopedic surgery because they are often complicated into non unions. The present study was planned to evaluate the fracture healing by using hydroxyapatite-collagen (HAp-Col) as a bone graft substitute and autologous bone marrow concentrate, after the internal fixation by titanium elastic pin. Method: The present work was conducted on 12 clinical cases of dogs having diaphyseal fracture of long bones. In group I (6 animals) fractures were immobilized by an internal fixation technique. In group II fracture was immobilized as in group I with use of autologous bone marrow concentrate along with Hydroxyapatite-collagen at the fracture site. The weight bearing and the progress of fracture healing were recorded. Result: Study showed early weight bearing and no observable lameness in group II as compared to group I animals. Fracture union was earlier and with minimum periosteal callus formation in one animal, five animals at 45 days and 60 days respectively while in group I fracture healing was observed in one animal, two animals at 60 day and 90 days respectively. On basis of result, it is concluded that Hydroxyapatite-collagen composite can be used as along with autolologus bone marrow concentrate as alternative therapy to bone graft in clinical cases to enhance the fracture healing. The use of autogenous and allogenic bone graft having some advantages which is overcome by this present technique.

Compelling evidence implicates self-assembly of amyloid-β (Aβ1–42) peptides into soluble oligomers and fibrils as a major underlying event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Herein, we employed amyloid-degrading keratinase (kerA) enzyme as a key Aβ1–42-binding scaffold to identify five keratinase-guided peptides (KgPs) capable of interacting with and altering amyloidogenic conversion of Aβ1–42. The KgPs showed micromolar affinities with Aβ1–42 and abolished its sigmoidal amyloidogenic transition, resulting in abrogation of fibrillogenesis. Comprehensive assessment using dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that KgPs induced the formation of off-pathway oligomers comparatively larger than the native Aβ1–42 oligomers but with a significantly reduced cross-β signature. These off-pathway oligomers exhibited low immunoreactivity against oligomer-specific (A11) and fibril-specific (OC) antibodies and rescued neuronal cells from Aβ1–42 oligomer toxicity as well as neuronal apoptosis. Structural analysis using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed two preferred KgP binding sites (Lys16–Phe20 and Leu28–Val39) on the NMR ensembles of monomeric and fibrillar Aβ1–42, indicating an interruption of crucial hydrophobic and aromatic interactions. Overall, our results demonstrate a new approach for designing potential anti-amyloid molecules that could pave way for developing effective therapeutics against AD and other amyloid diseases.

The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a central player in neurodegenerative diseases caused by protein misfolding, such as prion diseases or Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Expression levels of this GPI-anchored glycoprotein, especially at the neuronal cell surface, critically correlate with various pathomechanistic aspects underlying these diseases, such as templated misfolding (in prion diseases) and neurotoxicity and, hence, with disease progression and severity. In stark contrast to cell-associated PrPC, soluble extracellular forms or fragments of PrP are linked with neuroprotective effects, which is likely due to their ability to interfere with neurotoxic disease-associated protein conformers in the interstitial fluid. Fittingly, the endogenous proteolytic release of PrPCby the metalloprotease ADAM10 (‘shedding’) was characterized as a protective mechanism. Here, using a recently generated cleavage-site specific antibody, we shed new light on earlier studies by demonstrating that shed PrP (sPrP) negatively correlates with conformational conversion (in prion disease) and is markedly redistributed in murine brain in the presence of prion deposits or AD-associated amyloid plaques indicating a blocking and sequestrating activity. Importantly, we reveal that administration of certain PrP-directed antibodies and other ligands results in increased PrP shedding in cells and organotypic brain slice cultures. We also provide mechanistic and structural insight into this shedding-stimulating effect. In addition, we identified a striking exception to this, as one particular neuroprotective antibody, due to its special binding characteristics, did not cause increased shedding but rather strong surface clustering followed by fast endocytosis and degradation of PrPC. Both mechanisms may contribute to the beneficial action described for some PrP-directed antibodies/ligands and pave the way for new therapeutic strategies against devastating and currently incurable neurodegenerative diseases.

Aberrant misfolding and amyloid aggregation, which result in amyloid fibrils, are frequent and critical pathological incidents in various neurodegenerative disorders. Multiple drugs or inhibitors have been investigated to avert amyloid aggregation in individual peptides, exhibiting sequence-dependent inhibition mechanisms. Establishing or inventing inhibitors capable of preventing amyloid aggregation in a wide variety of amyloid peptides is quite a daunting task. Bleomycin (BLM), a complex glycopeptide, has been widely used as an antibiotic and antitumor drug due to its ability to inhibit DNA metabolism, and as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. In this study, we investigated the dual inhibitory effects of BLM on Aβ aggregation, associated with Alzheimer's disease and hIAPP, which is linked to type 2 diabetes, using both computational and experimental techniques. Combined results from drug repurposing and replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that BLM binds to the β-sheet region considered a hotspot for amyloid fibrils of Aβ and hIAPP. BLM was also found to be involved in β-sheet destabilization and, ultimately, in its reduction. Further, experimental validation through in vitro amyloid aggregation assays was obtained wherein the fibrillar load was decreased for the BLM-treated Aβ and hIAPP peptides in comparison to controls. For the first time, this study shows that BLM is a dual inhibitor of Aβ and hIAPP amyloid aggregation. In the future, the conformational optimization and processing of BLM may help develop various efficient sequence-dependent inhibitors against amyloid aggregation in various amyloid peptides.

The development of digital libraries, using data warehousing and data mining techniques.

The aggregation of the protein α-synuclein (α-Syn) leads to different synucleinopathies. We recently showed that structurally distinct fibrillar α-Syn polymorphs trigger either Parkinson’s disease or multiple system atrophy hallmarks in vivo. Here, we establish a structural-molecular basis for these observations. We show that distinct fibrillar α-Syn polymorphs bind to and cluster differentially at the plasma membrane in both primary neuronal cultures and organotypic hippocampal slice cultures from wild-type mice. We demonstrate a polymorph-dependent and concentration-dependent seeding. We show a polymorph-dependent differential synaptic redistribution of α3-Na+/K+-ATPase, GluA2 subunit containing α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors, and GluN2B-subunit containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, but not GluA1 subunit containing α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 receptors. We also demonstrate polymorph-dependent alteration in neuronal network activity upon seeded aggregation of α-Syn. Our findings bring new, to our knowledge, insight into how distinct α-Syn polymorphs differentially bind to and seed monomeric α-Syn aggregation within neurons, thus affecting neuronal homeostasis through the redistribution of synaptic proteins.

Lectins are diverse group of carbohydrate binding proteins distributed ubiquitously in plant species. Lectins are the subject of intense investigation. Therefore, in the past few years studies on legume lectins with respect to their biochemical and pharmacological properties have been extensively carried out. Legume lectins are reported to contain antifungal, mitogenic, immunomodulatory, and antitumor properties. Some of the lectin also display anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and antineoplastic activities. Plant lectins are expected to open new vistas for the design and development of drugs to be used against different serious diseases. This article aims to review up-to-date advances of legume lectins vis-a-vis structure, biological properties, and their practical applications.

It is commonly observed all throughout history, felt all throughout our lives, that often, the achievements gained by people are not really tantamount to the amount of effort they have put in to try to achieve the same. This raises doubts on the saying ‘Hard work is the key to success’ as some people don’t work hard at all but achieve greater than those who have bet their lives on the same goal. To these conflicts that arise in our minds, causing depression and anxiety symptoms in some people can all be answered by a quarter of a verse found in the ancient text of Ayurveda, Charak Samhita. It also provides reasoning and solutions about the daily conflicts in society to some extent. Six principles were extracted from the same quarter of the verse by the author. It was concluded that people should: remain in present time and perform duties with utmost of precaution, not get discouraged by failures as they do not always imply that their present actions are incorrect, keep in mind that what they get is due to the balance of duties that they have performed, remember that whether the duties were performed in present or past, no one else is responsible for anyone else’s agony or pleasure.

Alzheimer's disease is a severe brain illness that causes vast numbers of nerve cells in the brain to die, driven by the production and deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) generally lack stable structures and are abundant in nature. Aβ peptide is a well-known IDP with a wide range of oligomeric forms. Dysfunctions in Aβ lead to oligomerization, formation of fibrils, and neurodegenerative disorders or other forms of dementia. In this study, we used replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) to elucidate the roles of different osmolytes, particularly urea and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), to study shifts in IDP populations. REMD samples the conformational space efficiently and at physiologically relevant temperatures, compared to conventional molecular dynamics that sample at a constant temperature. Urea is known to minimize the aggregation process, while TMAO is beneficial for its stabilizing action. The two osmolytes displayed characteristic effects on Aβ peptides and resulted in progressive modulation of conformations. The present study underlines the hypothesis of "modulation of conformational ensembles" to explain the regulation and aggregation of IDPs.

As a response to the emerging discourse on violence against women in the aftermath of the heinous 2012 Delhi gang-rape case, filmmaker Ram Devineni and his collaborators Dan Goldman and Lin...

An outbreak of pasteurellosis in goats was investigated at an organized goat farm from Nimar region of Madhya Pradesh. The farm visited to investigate the cause of deaths in goats which exhibited the signs like dullness, lethargy, high fever, dyspnea and profuse salivation and death. Post-mortem examination revealed lesions like haemorrhagic tracheitis, lung emphysema, pin point haemorrhages on myocardial surface, congestion in abomasum, small intestine with pin point haemorrhages, oedematous mesenteric lymph nodes and friable liver. Blood smear examination of morbid goats revealed presence of Pasteurella multocida. Hence, therapeutic management with oxytetracycline resulted in recovery of infected animals

In this chapter, cellular imaging is considered from Medical Biometrics of cells. In particular, the chapter brings together different aspects of the cellular imaging from microscopy to cell biology, and from image processing to genomics.

Neuronal Na+/K+-ATPase is responsible for the maintenance of ionic gradient across plasma membrane. In doing so, in a healthy brain, Na+/K+-ATPase activity accounts for nearly half of total brain energy consumption. The α3-subunit containing Na+/K+-ATPase expression is restricted to neurons. Heterozygous mutations within α3-subunit leads to Rapid-onset Dystonia Parkinsonism, Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood and other neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Additionally, proteins such as α-synuclein, amyloid-β, tau and SOD1 whose aggregation is associated to neurodegenerative diseases directly bind and impair α3-Na+/K+-ATPase activity. The review will provide a summary of neuronal α3-Na+/K+-ATPase functional properties, expression pattern, protein-protein interactions at the plasma membrane, biophysical properties (distribution and lateral diffusion). Lastly, the role of α3-Na+/K+-ATPase in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders will be discussed. This article is part of the special issue entitled ‘Mobility and trafficking of neuronal membrane proteins’.

The multifactorial neurological condition called Alzheimer's disease (AD) primarily affects elderly individuals. Despite the calamitous consequences of AD, curative strategies for a regimen to apply remain inadequate as several factors contribute to AD etiology. Drug repurposing is an advance strategy prior to drug discovery as various effective drugs perform through alteration of multiple targets, and the present "poly-pharmacology" can be a curative approach to complex disorders. AD's multifactorial behavior actively encourages the hypothesis for a drug design approach focused on drug repurposing. In this study, we discovered that an antifungal drug, Caspofungin (CAS) is a potent Aβ aggregation inhibitor that displays significantly reduced toxicity associated with AD. Drug reprofiling and REMD simulations demonstrated that CAS interacts with the β-sheet section, known as Aβ amyloid fibrils hotspot. CAS leads to destabilization of β-sheet and, conclusively, in its devaluation. Later, in vitro experiments were acquired in which the fibrillar volume was reduced for CAS-treated Aβ peptide. For the first time ever, this study has determined an antifungal agent as the Aβ amyloid aggregation's potent inhibitor. Several efficient sequence-reliant potent inhibitors can be developed in future against the amyloid aggregation for different amyloid peptide by the processing and conformational optimization of CAS.

α-Synuclein (α-syn) is the principal component of Lewy bodies, the pathophysiological hallmark of individuals affected by Parkinson disease (PD). This neuropathologic form of α-syn contributes to PD progression and propagation of α-syn assemblies between neurons. The data we present here support the proteomic analysis used to identify neuronal proteins that specifically interact with extracellularly applied oligomeric or fibrillar α-syn assemblies (conditions 1 and 2, respectively) (doi: 10.15252/embj.201591397 [1]). α-syn assemblies and their cellular partner proteins were pulled down from neuronal cell lysed shortly after exposure to exogenous α-syn assemblies and the associated proteins were identified by mass spectrometry using a shotgun proteomic-based approach. We also performed experiments on pure cultures of astrocytes to identify astrocyte-specific proteins interacting with oligomeric or fibrillar α-syn (conditions 3 and 4, respectively). For each condition, proteins interacting selectively with α-syn assemblies were identified by comparison to proteins pulled-down from untreated cells used as controls. The mass spectrometry data, the database search and the peak lists have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium database via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifiers PRIDE: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD002256 to PRIDE: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD002263 and doi: 10.6019/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD002256 to 10.6019/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD002263. Keywords: Parkinson׳s disease, Alpha-synuclein assemblies, Proteomic Analysis, Pull down

Summary GABAergic synaptic transmission regulates brain function by establishing the appropriate excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance in neural circuits. The structure and function of GABAergic synapses are sensitive to destabilization by impinging neurotransmitters. However, signaling mechanisms that promote the restorative homeostatic stabilization of GABAergic synapses remain unknown. Here, by quantum dot single-particle tracking, we characterize a signaling pathway that promotes the stability of GABAA receptor (GABAAR) postsynaptic organization. Slow metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling activates IP3 receptor-dependent calcium release and protein kinase C to promote GABAAR clustering and GABAergic transmission. This GABAAR stabilization pathway counteracts the rapid cluster dispersion caused by glutamate-driven NMDA receptor-dependent calcium influx and calcineurin dephosphorylation, including in conditions of pathological glutamate toxicity. These findings show that glutamate activates distinct receptors and spatiotemporal patterns of calcium signaling for opposing control of GABAergic synapses., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • Bidirectional synaptic control system by glutamate and Ca2+ signaling • Stabilization of GABA synapses by mGluR-dependent Ca2+ release from IP3R via PKC • Synaptic GABAAR clusters stabilized through regulation of GABAAR lateral diffusion • Competition with an NMDAR-dependent Ca2+ pathway driving synaptic destabilization, Bannai et al. characterize bidirectional regulation of synaptic GABAAR stability by glutamate and Ca2+. Environmental glutamate continuously stabilizes synaptic GABAAR clusters through mGluR-dependent Ca2+ release through IP3Rs and PKC activation. In contrast, massive glutamate induces GABAAR dispersion through the activation of NMDA receptor and calcineurin.

Neuronal Na

It is commonly observed all throughout history, felt all throughout our lives, that often, the achievements gained by people are not really tantamount to the amount of effort they have put in to try to achieve the same. This raises doubts on the saying ‘Hard work is the key to success’ as some people don’t work hard at all but achieve greater than those who have bet their lives on the same goal. To these conflicts that arise in our minds, causing depression and anxiety symptoms in some people can all be answered by a quarter of a verse found in the ancient text of Ayurveda, Charak Samhita. It also provides reasoning and solutions about the daily conflicts in society to some extent. Six principles were extracted from the same quarter of the verse by the author. It was concluded that people should: remain in present time and perform duties with utmost of precaution, not get discouraged by failures as they do not always imply that their present actions are incorrect, keep in mind that what they get is due to the balance of duties that they have performed, remember that whether the duties were performed in present or past, no one else is responsible for anyone else’s agony or pleasure.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Ciprofloxacinin in 20 infectious repeat breeder crossbred cows brought to the AI centre of Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow and nearby Government AI centers. Animals were divided into two groups ten in each .The animals in first group were treated with Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride @ 4 mg/kg BW IU. The animals in control group were infused with 30 ml saline IU. Bacterial count, total Cellular count and PMNs values were reduced highly significantly (P Lass Than 0.01) in Ciprofloxacin treated group than in control group. 90.00 % cows under Ciprofloxacin treatment became negative to White side test. An overall conception rate of 70.00 per cent was found in Ciprofloxacin treated repeat breeder cross bred cows.

Tau assemblies have prion‐like properties: they propagate from one neuron to another and amplify by seeding the aggregation of endogenous Tau. Although key in prion‐like propagation, the binding of exogenous Tau assemblies to the plasma membrane of naïve neurons is not understood. We report that fibrillar Tau forms clusters at the plasma membrane following lateral diffusion. We found that the fibrils interact with the Na+/K+‐ATPase (NKA) and AMPA receptors. The consequence of the clustering is a reduction in the amount of α3‐NKA and an increase in the amount of GluA2‐AMPA receptor at synapses. Furthermore, fibrillar Tau destabilizes functional NKA complexes. Tau and α‐synuclein aggregates often co‐exist in patients’ brains. We now show evidences for cross‐talk between these pathogenic aggregates with α‐synuclein fibrils dramatically enhancing fibrillar Tau clustering and synaptic localization. Our results suggest that fibrillar α‐synuclein and Tau cross‐talk at the plasma membrane imbalance neuronal homeostasis.

Extracellular α-synuclein (α-syn) assemblies can be up-taken by neurons; however, their interaction with the plasma membrane and proteins has not been studied specifically. Here we demonstrate that α-syn assemblies form clusters within the plasma membrane of neurons. Using a proteomic-based approach, we identify the α3-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) as a cell surface partner of α-syn assemblies. The interaction strength depended on the state of α-syn, fibrils being the strongest, oligomers weak, and monomers none. Mutations within the neuron-specific α3-subunit are linked to rapid-onset dystonia Parkinsonism (RDP) and alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC). We show that freely diffusing α3-NKA are trapped within α-syn clusters resulting in α3-NKA redistribution and formation of larger nanoclusters. This creates regions within the plasma membrane with reduced local densities of α3-NKA, thereby decreasing the efficiency of Na+ extrusion following stimulus. Thus, interactions of α3-NKA with extracellular α-syn assemblies reduce its pumping activity as its mutations in RDP/AHC.

The study was undertaken to assess the incidence of subclinical and clinical paratuberculosis in slaughtered buffaloes of Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh. They were unproductive buffaloes (1- 10 years old) slaughtered in Mhow and Indore examined for subclinical and clinical Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. Study of gross lesions of intestine and respective mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) showed overall 87.33% (131/150) incidence of paratuberculosis. Out of these 131 cases of paratuberculosis, 18.21% (24/131) buffaloes suffered from subclinical and 81.68% (107/131) from clinical paratuberculosis, whereas impression smear examination revealed clinical and subclinical paratuberculosis up to 25.77 and 74.33% in intestine and 13.51 and 86.49% in MLNs, respectively.