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Entrapment neuropathies of the lower limb are a misunderstood and underdiagnosed group of disorders, characterized by pain and dysesthesia, muscular weakness, and specific provoking movements on physical examination. The most frequent of these syndromes encountered in clinical practice are fibular nerve entrapment, proximal tibial neuropathy, sural nerve neuropathy, deep gluteal syndrome or sciatic nerve entrapment, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve entrapment, also known as meralgia paresthetica. These are commonly mistaken for lumbar plexopathies, radiculopathies, and musculotendinous diseases, which appear even more frequently and have overlapping clinical presentations. A comprehensive anamnesis, physical examination, and electrodiagnostic studies should help clarify the diagnosis. If the diagnosis is still unclear or a secondary cause of entrapment is suspected, magnetic resonance neurography, MRI, or ultrasonography should be conducted to clarify the etiology, rule out other diseases, and confirm the diagnosis. The aim of this narrative review was to help clinicians gain familiarity with this disease, with an increase in diagnostic confidence, leading to early diagnosis of nerve damage and prevention of muscle atrophy. We reviewed the epidemiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, etiology, clinical presentation, and EDX technique and interpretation of the entrapment neuropathies of the lower limb, using articles published from 1970 to 2022 included in the Pubmed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases.

POEMS syndrome is a paraneoplastic disorder manifested by peripheral neuropathy and monoclonal plasma cell dyscrasia. Due to its clinical and electrophysiological aspect, POEMS syndrome is often mistaken as a chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) [1]. Its acronym is derived from its principal characteristics: polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M proteins, and skin changes [2]. The purpose of this paper is to present the case of a patient who was lately diagnosed with POEMS syndrome after he was mistreated for CIDP in order to show the importance of a complete physical examination.

Abstract Cervical myelopathy is part of ALS mimic syndrome and should be considered in patients with clinical signs of motor neuron disease.

Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most frequent complication of diabetes. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), one of the most common neuropathies, is a chronic compression of the median nerve at the wrist. In our prospective cross-sectional study, we enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes presenting with signs and symptoms suggestive of DPN (n = 53). We aimed to compare two clinical scales: the Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire (BCTQ) and the six-item CTS symptoms scale (CTS-6), with nerve conduction studies (NCS) for detecting CTS in patients with DPN. Carpal tunnel syndrome and DPN were clinically evaluated, and the diagnosis was confirmed by NCS. Depending on the NCS parameters, the study group was divided into patients with and without DPN. For each group, we selected patients with CTS confirmed through NCS, and the results were compared with the BCTQ and CTS-6 scales. The clinical evaluation of CTS performed through BCTQ and CTS-6 was statistically significantly different between patients with and without CTS. When comparing the BCTQ questionnaire with the NCS tests, we found area under the curve (AUC) = 0.76 (95% CI 0.65–0.86) in patients with neuropathy and AUC = 0.72 (95% CI 0.55–0.88) in patients without neuropathy. At the same time, the AUC values of the CTS-6 scale were 0.76 (95% CI 0.61–0.88) in patients with neuropathy and 0.70 (95% CI 0.51–0.86) in patients without neuropathy. Using multiple logistic regression, we demonstrated that DPN increased the chances of detecting CTS using the two questionnaires. The Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and CTS-6 questionnaires can be used in the diagnosis of CTS in diabetic patients with and without DPN but with moderate AUC. The presence of DPN increased the chances of detecting CTS using the BCTQ questionnaire and the CTS-6 scale.

Background and objectives: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common pathology, but sometimes the diagnosis is delayed in patients with diabetic neuropathy (DN). The aim of the study is twofold: first, to compare the accuracy of ultrasound (US) with that of electroneurography (ENG) in the diagnosis of CTS associated with DN, using the clinical diagnosis as a reference standard, and second, to investigate the correlation between morphological US parameters and electrodiagnosis (EDX) measurements in patients with CTS and DN. Materials and Methods: This study included patients with DN. They were divided into two groups: Control (patients without CTS) and Cases (patients with CTS). We performed US and ENG in both hands, totaling 56 wrists, with 28 wrists in each group. Results: We found that the difference in the sensory distal latencies between the median and the ulnar nerves (ring finger) exhibited the highest diagnostic accuracy of all the US and ENG parameters, areas under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) = 0.99 (95% CI 0.97–1), and it was significantly different from the best US diagnostic method. The wrist cross-sectional area (CSA) had the most accurate US diagnosis, while the wrist-to-forearm ratio had the worst AUC. Moreover, in the group of CTS and DN patients, the wrist CSA enlargement was statistically directly proportional to the median compound muscle action potential (CMAP) distal latency and inversely proportional to the antidromic median nerve conduction study (NCS) and the orthodromic median palm–wrist NCS. Conclusions: Both examinations can be used with confidence in the diagnosis of CTS overlapping with DN, but the EDX examination seems to be more accurate. Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between the US and EDX parameters.

In this analysis, we aimed to investigate the effect of COVID-19 disease on eating behavior. A total of 55 right-handed adults, p < 0.001; NPY 128.0 pg/mL vs. 84.5 pg/mL, p = 0.005). The NPY levels positively correlated with the DC and ReHo in the left lingual (r = 0.67785 and r = 0.73604, respectively). Similar scores were noted for cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating in both groups according to the TFEQ-18 questionnaire results (p > 0.05 for all). Our data showed increased levels of appetite-related hormones, correlated with activity in brain regions involved in appetite regulation, persisting long after COVID-19 infection.