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16. Combining Frequent Alcohol Testing with Swift-Certain-Fair Sanctions: Summary of the Peer-Reviewed Literature on 24/7 Sobriety and Ideas for Future Research.

Author

Kilmer, Beau, Midgette, Greg, and Nicosia, Nancy

Subjects
ALCOHOL drinking, PUBLIC safety, SERIOUSNESS (Attitude)
Abstract

24/7 Sobriety programs largely focus on reducing alcohol consumption among justice-involved individuals whose alcohol use has led them to repeatedly threaten public safety. Participants are ordered to abstain from alcohol use and subject to frequent alcohol testing (e.g., twice daily breathalyzers, remote alcohol monitoring); those testing positive face an immediate sanction, typically a night or two in jail. Unlike drug courts and other forms of coerced substance use disorder treatment, 24/7 does not require participants to enter a treatment program or attend self-help group meetings; however, these approaches are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The empirical evidence suggests that participants largely abstain from heavy drinking while in the program and that 24/7 participation is associated with lower probability of criminal legal involvement and mortality. This evidence is largely based on research in the Great Plains states with large rural populations. Several questions remain about these programs (e.g., optimal program length, possible benefits of incorporating positive incentives, efficacy of different alcohol testing technologies), many of which can best be answered in an experimental setting. In addition to reviewing the existing research on 24/7, this paper highlights additional research questions and ideas for conducting randomized controlled trials with the program, especially in more urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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30. The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of Gun Policies in the United States

Author

Morral, Andrew, primary, Ramchand, Rajeev, primary, Smart, Rosanna, primary, Gresenz, Carole, primary, Cherney, Samantha, primary, Nicosia, Nancy, primary, Price, Carter, primary, Holliday, Stephanie, primary, Petrun Sayers, Elizabeth, primary, Schell, Terry, primary, Apaydin, Eric, primary, Traub, Joshua, primary, Xenakis, Lea, primary, Meyers, John, primary, Karimov, Rouslan, primary, Ewing, Brett, primary, and Griffin, Beth Ann, primary

Published
2018
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31. Junk Food in Schools and Childhood Obesity

Author

Datar, Ashlesha and Nicosia, Nancy

Abstract

Despite limited empirical evidence, there is growing concern that junk food availability in schools has contributed to the childhood obesity epidemic. In this paper, we estimate the effects of junk food availability on body mass index (BMI), obesity, and related outcomes among a national sample of fifth graders. Unlike previous studies, we address the endogeneity of the school food environment by controlling for children's BMI at school entry and estimating instrumental variables regressions that leverage variation in the school's grade span. Our main finding is that junk food availability does not significantly increase BMI or obesity among this fifth-grade cohort despite the increased likelihood of in-school junk food purchases. The results are robust to alternate measures of junk food availability including school administrator reports of sales during school hours, school administrator reports of competitive food outlets, and children's reports of junk food availability. Moreover, the absence of any effects on overall food consumption and physical activity further support the null findings for BMI and obesity. (Contains 33 footnotes and 16 tables.)

Published
2012
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32. The Economic Cost of Methamphetamine Use in the United States, 2005

Author

RAND, Santa Monica, CA. Drug Policy Research Center., Nicosia, Nancy, Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo, Kilmer, Beau, Lundberg, Russell, and Chiesa, James

Abstract

This first national estimate suggests that the economic cost of methamphetamine (meth) use in the United States reached $23.4 billion in 2005. Given the uncertainty in estimating the costs of meth use, this book provides a lower-bound estimate of $16.2 billion and an upper-bound estimate of $48.3 billion. The analysis considers a wide range of consequences due to meth use, including the burden of addiction, premature death, drug treatment, and aspects of lost productivity, crime and criminal justice, health care, production and environmental hazards, and child endangerment. Other potential harms of meth, however, could not be included due to a lack of scientific evidence or to data issues. Although meth causes some unique harms, many of the primary cost drivers are similar to those identified in economic assessments of other illicit drugs. Among the most costly elements are the intangible burden of addiction and premature death, which account for nearly two-thirds of the economic costs. The intangible burden of addiction measures the lower quality of life experienced by those addicted to the drug. Crime and criminal-justice costs also account for a significant share of economic costs, as do lost productivity, removing a child from the parents' home, and drug treatment. One unusual cost captured in the analysis is that associated with the production of meth, which requires toxic chemicals that can result in fire, explosions, and other negative events. This report contains eight sections: (1) Introduction; (2) The Cost of Methamphetamine Treatment; (3) The Cost of Methamphetamine-Related Health Care Among Methamphetamine Users; (4) Premature Death and the Intangible Health Burden of Addiction; (5) Productivity Losses Due to Methamphetamine Use; (6) The Cost of Methamphetamine-Related Crime; (7) The Methamphetamine-Related Cost of Child Maltreatment and Foster Care; (8) The Societal Cost of Methamphetamine Production; (9) Consideration of Costs Not Included; and (10) Conclusion. [A bibliography is included. Four appendixes include: (1) Supporting Information for Estimating the Cost of Methamphetamine-Related Health Care: Inpatient Days; (2) Additional Calculations to Support Productivity-Loss Estimates; (3) Additional Information to Support the Cost of Methamphetamine-Related Crime; and (4) Deriving Methamphetamine Attribution Factors from the Inmate Surveys. Contains 68 footnotes and 65 tables. Additional funding was provided by the Meth Project Foundation.]

Published
2009

42. Preventing Obesity and Its Consequences: Highlights of RAND Health Research

Author

Sturm, Roland, primary, Cohen, Deborah, primary, Andreyeva, Tatiana, primary, Ringel, Jeanne, primary, Bluthenthal, Ricky, primary, Lara, Marielena, primary, Gilbert, Marylou, primary, Gee, Scott, primary, Datar, Ashlesha, primary, Nicosia, Nancy, primary, Do, D., primary, Dubowitz, Tamara, primary, Bird, Chloe, primary, Lurie, Nicole, primary, Escarce, Jose, primary, Finch, Brian, primary, Dowda, Marsha, primary, McKenzie, Thomas, primary, Scott, Molly, primary, Evenson, Kelly, primary, Bedimo-Rung, Ariane, primary, Voorhees, Carolyn, primary, Almeida, Maria, primary, Heron, Melonie, primary, Basurto-Davila, Ricardo, primary, Hale, Lauren, primary, Fernandes, Meenakshi, primary, Goh, Ying-Ying, primary, Goldman, Dana, primary, Sipple-Asher, Bessie, primary, Lakdawalla, Darius, primary, Griggs, J., primary, Culakova, Eva, primary, Sorbero, Melony, primary, van Ryn, Michelle, primary, Poniewierski, Marek, primary, Wolff, Debra, primary, Crawford, Jeffrey, primary, Dale, David, primary, Lyman, G., primary, Gillespie, Erin, primary, Hanauer, David, primary, Sabel, Michael, primary, Inagami, Sanae, primary, Brown, Arleen, primary, Asch, Steven, primary, Maggard Gibbons, Melinda, primary, Yermilov, Irina, primary, Maglione, Margaret, primary, Newberry, Sydne, primary, Booth, Marika, primary, Hilton, Lara, primary, Santry, Heena, primary, Hutchinson, Paul, primary, Bodor, Nicholas, primary, Swalm, Chris, primary, Farley, Thomas, primary, Rice, Janet, primary, Elder, John, primary, Catellier, Diane, primary, Ashwood, J., primary, Chriqui, Jamie, primary, Overton, Adrian, primary, Chaloupka, Frank, primary, Pearson, Marjorie, primary, Rose, Donald, primary, Wu, Shin-Yi, primary, Shi, Yuyan, primary, Michaud, Pierre-Carl, primary, Zheng, Yuhui, primary, Gailey, Adam, primary, Vaynman, Igor, primary, Herrmann, Emily, primary, Weiser, Laura, primary, Hawes-Dawson, Jennifer, primary, Jagielski, Christina, primary, Uyeda, Kimberly, primary, Bogart, Laura, primary, Olarita-Dhungana, Josephina, primary, Ryan, Gery, primary, Schuster, Mark, primary, Morton, John, primary, Livingston, E., primary, Shekelle, Paul, primary, and Powell, Lisa, primary

Published
2011
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