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L’acqua è un bene prezioso, insostituibile e limitato, che rischia di divenire scarso a causa dell’irrefrenabile aumento di consumo. Numerosi studi hanno più volte evidenziato i rischi connessi all’aggravarsi della crisi idrica, con l’aggravante che l’inquinamento rende inutilizzabile per uso potabile una sempre maggiore quantità di essa. La gestione sostenibile delle risorse idriche è oggi un obiettivo fondamentale per l’Agenda ONU 2030 (Obiettivo 6). Intervenire sul costruito esistente e ripensarlo idoneo al contenimento delle risorse può incidere notevolmente sull’obiettivo di riduzione dell'impatto ambientale, ed in particolare, in riferimento alla gestione circolare dell’acqua, ragionando su un sistema integrato di riutilizzo di quella piovana. Il contributo presenta un possibile ripensamento circolare della risorsa idrica di due piccoli centri urbani densi ad elevata pericolosità idraulica. Si tratta di Altofonte e San Mauro Castelverde, entrambi siti in provincia di Palermo, per i quali un gruppo di lavoro multidisciplinare del Dipartimento di Architettura di Palermo ha ipotizzato una vision del ciclo dell'acqua alternativa a quella attuale con la possibilità di recupero delle acque meteoriche.

This volume is the result of wide-scope research on the application of IEQ (Indoor Environmental Quality) in existing buildings. The examined items are the evaluation methods and standards related to the environmental parameters for the well-being levels required to guarantee suitable livability in indoor environments. An analysis is provided on the state of the art of technological aspects in architecture for the achievement of salubrious and comfortable indoor spaces. The study is focused on passive systems for microclimatic control, with a re-proposition of the most ancient ones. Nowadays, when revisited, they have proven to be effective solutions, especially due to their possibility to be integrated into existing buildings, fulfilling users’ well-being needs. The purpose is to interpret the current performances of the built environment to integrate them without altering present physical and perceptive characteristics. The built environment can be adapted to the climatic context with simple technological solutions, especially in Mediterranean climates, without overusing HVAC systems. The effectiveness of passive technological solutions for microclimatic control in indoor environments has been also demonstrated in the case studies reported in this volume. They represent significant examples and methodological models, which can support the configuration of repeatable and adaptable solutions for similar contexts.

Già da qualche decennio si parla di IEQ (Indoor Environmental Quality) con particolare attenzione sulla salubrità dell’ambiente costruito e alla sua possibile influenza sulla sostenibilità ambientale. Tale interesse si è riversato per lo più sulla qualità dei prodotti e delle tecnologie dell’edilizia, incentrando la questione sulle prestazioni di essi e sugli effetti ambientali che essi generano. Con gli obiettivi previsti dall’Agenda 2030 si supera l’idea che la sostenibilità sia una prerogativa ambientale e si afferma una visione olistica mirata alla salute umana (obiettivo 3), emergendo la necessità di un passaggio da un approccio “Green” al costruito verso un approccio “Human Centred” che vede una progettazione incentrata sulle persone, che per prime sono coinvolte e ascoltate sviluppando anche una “progettazione partecipata”. Il presente contributo si focalizza sui processi standardizzati che possono influire il benessere e la salute dell’uomo negli edifici esistenti. È analizzato il panorama legislativo internazionale e nazionale con particolare riferimento agli aspetti riguardanti l’utente e il suo comfort indoor termoigrometrico, acustico, visivo e relativo alla qualità dell’aria.

Favignana Island, the biggest one among Egadi islands, is well known for its deposits of calcarenite, which has been extracted and used since ancient times. The landscape of the Island is shaped by the widespread presence of quarries that mark the seaside as well. Furthermore, the constant presence of dry-stone walls, made of calcarenite, and of the characteristic architecture of buildings, represents a hallmark for the rest of Egadi islands as well, making it clear how important the presence of this material has been for the architectural and technological culture of these places.Calcarenite itself, exported by this island, is still a constituent material of many buildings in the western part of Sicily, in particular the prestigious buildings of the Baroque period. The presence of calcarenite, while notably all other construction materials, including timber, are absent, has meant that all the construction elements, indoor and outdoor, as well as all settlement types, have been affected by the almost exclusive use of calcarenite, the quarrying methods and the craftsmen’s skills that inevitably derived from this context. Today, masonries, vaults, floors, roofs and all other elements show specific solutions that strongly characterize the buildings and the urban and rural landscape of the island.However, despite the constructive relevance of any elements or entire buildings, the touristic exploitation of the Egadi archipelago has brought to the replacement of buildings, or elements, as well as to a wrong and weak activity of building recovery. The reinterpretation of claddings and exposed masonry, and the replacement of original floors with concrete floors are just some of the many inappropriate interventions. In terms of typologies and morphological models, the study that we present has also dealt with the development of more adequate and relevant intervention techniques and repairs.

Knowledge of the heritage on the part of the visitor is the premise for its conservation and enhancement. In order to appreciate the identity of the site completely, the visitor must enter into an active relationship with the heritage, in a multi-sensorial, safe and comfortable manner. But is this always the case? Archaeological heritage is considered a sort of limited case, in which the general critical conditions of accessibility are emphasized. For this reason, this research, applying a systemic approach, is geared towards evaluating whether, in some of these sites, selected as case-studies, the solutions for accessibility comply with technical and performance features in accordance with the user’s needs. The study intends to develop a repeatable methodology aimed at outlining the foundations for sustainable use and integrated with the management of the archaeological heritage. This methodology is based on indicators identified for evaluating and improving the satisfaction of the user’s needs in respecting the conservation of the site.

La necessità del distanziamento fisico, dettata dall’epoca pandemica in corso, ricade inevitabilmente sulla vivibilità degli spazi urbani e di quelli abitativi. L’esigenza pressante di qualità della vita, nella fisicità e nelle relazioni umane, impone di riguardare con interesse a quei luoghi che ne sono depositari per sedimentazione storica. Una delle risposte è nel riabitare i centri minori dei territori interni, luoghi con bassa densità demografica e costruita, luoghi resilienti alle mutazioni urbane, luoghi salubri. Questi luoghi, di contro, sono affetti da marginalità e carenze di infrastrutture e servizi. Le tecnologie digitali si propongono sempre più come ausilio nel recupero del patrimonio urbano distribuito nei territori interni, implementando nuove performance e contribuendo a preservarne la fisicità. Lo studio è focalizzato sui servizi sanitari in una visione interscalare: dal comprensorio allo spazio abitativo; con l’utilizzo delle tecnologie digitali può ridursi la condizione di marginalità mediante la telemedicina e l’assistenza a rete, con servizi itineranti e on demand, con l’obiettivo di offrire migliori opportunità alle comunità geograficamente disagiate. Parole chiave: centri minori, borghi, aree interne, recupero soft, ICT, smart health, BDC. Bollettino Del Centro Calza Bini, Vol 20 No 2 (2020): Public Spaces, Nature-based Infrastructures and Common Goods

Circular management of resource flows is an operational problem that appears with greater severity in an historical urban landscape due to the constraints generated by road fabrics and by the need to protect its values. It often happens that the degradation generated by the irresolute nature of the technical-environmental issues related to the service management, affects both the vulnerability of the historical city characters and the involvement of different actors. Here, we present the results of a research work that, through a case study, develops the experimentation of a methodology that identifies criteria for a waste collection system planning in an urban landscape of high historical and artistic value. The planning of the operational phase involves the installation of several devices essential for the correct management of waste collection, in terms of comfort for the user who gives the consumed material and for the administration that must dispose of it. The experimented methodology is divided into three phases: analysis, hypothesis and evaluation, each indispensable for the development of the next phase and all complementary to each other. The reading of the urban system brings out the tangible and intangible specificities by which it is characterized and is aimed at their preservation and enhancement. The morphological-structural components are analyzed in their environmental and technological system and the cultural and immaterial components through a qualitative and -quantitative study that assesses the presence and the influence degree on the territory of observation criteria relating to the perceptive, symbolic and cultural areas.Reference is made to an elaborate information system aimed at a preliminary analysis of the morphological and infrastructural characteristics of historical cities both above and below street level. In particular, the knowledge of the place is aimed at preserving the landscape-perceptive factors of the buildings, wishing to have a positive impact on the service management, through occasions of physical recovery of urban spaces as well as infrastructure recovery. If the physical elements of the urban system are objectively visible and measurable, the ideological sphere has been enriched by memories and values in successive events and actions, which today provide a physical space with a concentration of non-tangible, non-visible and therefore non-measurable characters. We use a multi-criteria evaluation that is able to simultaneously consider several evaluation criteria with different dimensions, allowing us to take into account the elements of social impact that cannot be expressed in numeric terms. In an urban area with a strong historical and cultural connotation, in particular, the rethinking of a new waste flow management can become an opportunity for the redevelopment of the area and the context around it, both from a physical-morphological point of view and from a social point of view, involving the user as an active part in a process of environment renewal. These opportunities can be generated upon the condition that the new planning preserves the sensitive characteristics of the urban landscape. The impact of configured scenarios is evaluated using criteria and sub-criteria which aim to ascertain in advance if the necessary transformations for their realization can determine an alteration to the existing site and the possible degree of tolerance for their acceptability.

Esiste una cospicua letteratura internazionale dedicata alle possibili modalità di gestione dei flussi di risorsa urbani. In ambito comunitario gli studi che possono essere considerati un riferimento sono quelli promossi dalla Commissione Europea. Sui risultati di questi studi è in larga parte fondata l’attuale politica di gestione dei servizi urbani che prevede una gerarchia di principi gestionali mettendo al primo posto la riduzione della produzione degli scarti alla fonte, seguita dal riuso, dal riciclo di materiali, dal recupero indiretto di energia o materiali secondari e solo come estrema soluzione, lo smaltimento in discarica. Particolare attenzione, inoltre, è posta sulla trasformazione della materia scartata in una risorsa, favorendo la prevenzione, il riutilizzo e il riciclo e rinunciando a metodi inefficienti e nocivi, come le discariche o l’incenerimento. S’indagano le strategie comunitarie in materia e si confronta lo stato di recepimento della normativa nazionale e regionale. Si delineano i nuovi scenari per la gestione dei RSU In coerenza con i principi comunitari nell’ottica di un sistema di “gestione integrata” mirato ad ottenere il duplice risultato di valorizzare economicamente la risorsa rifiuto e di tutelare la qualità dell’ambiente.

The present study aims at examining the gap between both the exponential openness of Palermo to the international scene, causing a wide acknowledgement of its cultural attractiveness, and itsunflappable management of city services that will face after the consequent increase of tourist andurban flows to the historical and cultural areas of the city. Our interest is especially focused on waste to be intended as resource flows in a circular management system. Compared with the other urban areas, the management of city services in the old town center is characterized by some operative issues to be faced: its specified morphological urban texture and its immaterial, psychological, and symbolical values acquired over the centuries.The overall situation of the old town center of Palermo is featured by a delayed reply to the current emergency that, of course, cannot be considered as a sustainable reaction to the difficulties met.The circular re-organization of a service - such as the management of material flows - is the idealopportunity for a landscape regeneration: in this case, landscape is not just a mere protected site but itis involved in circularity becoming a resource, an attractor, and an active component playing an important role for the local economic development. In other words, it is a resource to be enhanced through a longterm planning and led by a systemic vision where both tangible components(technologies and infrastructures) and intangible ones (socio-cultural identity and relational factors) are boosted and complementary.

La tesi si colloca nell’ambito tematico della gestione circolare dei flussi di risorsa e della modalità d’integrazione all’interno di un consolidato impianto storico-urbano. L’idea di confrontarsi con il quartiere della città storica nasce da un’esistente difficoltà operativa, rispetto ad altri quartieri della città, nella gestione dei servizi. Tale complessità emerge dalla singolarità morfologica propria della sua tessitura urbana, nonché da valori immateriali, psicologici e simbolici, di cui l’ambiente storico si carica nel tempo, in quanto elementi vulnerabili da riconoscere e valorizzare. La problematica è qui studiata in prospettiva di una gestione virtuosa del ciclo dei flussi di risorsa valutando modelli teorici concretizzabili, scenari operativi e strumenti tecnologici integrabili nel particolare ambiente costruito. In una prima fase, la ricerca si orienta verso un’analisi dello stato dell’arte attuale internazionale e nazionale e conduce alla selezione e implementazione di strumenti utili ad una gestione virtuosa e sostenibile. In secondo momento si procede con la definizione di strategie operative per la gestione dei flussi di risorsa che possano essere opportunità di rigenerazione e sviluppo del contesto locale. La ricerca raggiunge come esito l’elaborazione e la sperimentazione di un sistema informativo atto a valutare l’integrabilità degli scenari operativi con i fattori sistemici, quantitativi e qualitativi caratterizzanti il paesaggio di riferimento.

The renewal of the urban look (Urban Facelift), starting from the harbor zones, could play a crucial role for the development of the whole city. This study will analyze the case of Palermo port area, considered as the “face” of the city. Sicily is indeed an island, therefore, because of its natural and infrastructural features, the sea is still the privileged connection with the world. For this reason, the urban renovation in the city of Palermo has begun just with its coast area. The tested methodology will combine the Urban Faces with the present state evaluation criteria by involving different stakeholders. After that, the Urban Faces will be associated with possible and suitable future scenarios. In these way, an Urban Facelift strategy will be set.

The literature offers some studies on the capacity of the greenery apparatus to decrease wind speed and regulate temperatures with the combination of the moisture retained by the plants and the air passing through them, but there is little on the maintenance of performance under particular weather conditions. The aim of this contri- bution is to verify the effectiveness of a vegetal façade in particularly windy conditions combined with rainy and/or high-irradiation events. The subject of the study is the enclosure of the Technology Innovation Centre for Development (itdUPM), on the Polytechnic University of Madrid, where a green wall prototype has been installed. For the purposes of the analysis, the environmental variables are examined and the monitoring data received from sensors positioned at the walls and skin of the insulated envelope are compared with the green face and without, comparing the differences in surface temperatures. These analyses are further examined by considering the correlation with different weather conditions. Experimentation shows a maintenance of per- formance, retaining an insulating capacity in all seasons, in both wind and rain, with results more evident in daylight hours. This contribute want to analyse the subtle variance between the performance of south and west facades. The strongest effect came forward during the summer season because the wall is affected by continuous irradiation on the south that is, also increased by hot weather.

The goal of the present paper is the verification of the improvement of the performance of a building envelope with a green wall also in conditions of high irradiance (≥0.6 kW/m2) and with variable meteorological conditions (sunny, cloudy, and rainy), with a focus on intense rainfall and tempest. The object of the analysis has been the Innovation and Technology for Development Center in the University Campus of the Polytechnics of Madrid, where a modular system of integrated vertical vegetation has been installed on the skin of the South and West prospects. The study is based on the analysis of the effective thermoregulation capacity of the system in different climatic situations and has been allowed by a database covering a 3-year period, which contains data from continuous monitoring of the meteorological variations and thermal flows through a weather station and sensors placed on the external surface of the envelope, and on the external and internal surfaces of the wall. The experimentation shows that the use of a green wall on the West prospect is even more valid in conditions of high irradiance, as it allows reducing the temperature of the wall by 10 °C, compared to the scenario without the green wall. The combined effect of rain and solar radiation produces different results on the exposure of the walls, with a visible effect only on the South side.

A circular process in the case of resource flows can best be expressed according to a plan that takes into account the geographical proximity and synergy between citizens and industries. The study hypothesizes the possibility of anticipating part of the recycling processes in residential urban areas. This streamlines the work phases and consumers become an active part of the process. Circular management of resource flows is an operational problem that emerges with greater severity in an urban landscape, due to the constraints generated by road networks and the need to protect basic values. It often happens that the degradation generated by the irresolute nature of the technical environmental issues related to service management, affects both the vulnerability of the character of the city and the involvement of various stakeholders. Here, we present the results of a research work that identifies criteria for a waste collection system planned in an urban landscape that has highly defined forms and values. In its first phase, the research takes into account the characteristics of the main waste fractions, leading to the selection and implementation of preferred means for sustainable and virtuous management. The second phase features the definition of operative strategies for the management of resource flows, with the objective of regenerating and developing the local context. The investigation’s goal consists of the elaboration of summary sheets that select the operative systems integrable with qualitative and quantitative systemic factors, typical of the environment in which the research is being carried out.

Il contributo si occupa degli aspetti normativi nel campo della produzione e uso di una malta con componenti organici derivanti dal riciclo di scarti agricoli e silvo-pastorali. Viene prestata attenzione alla normativa internazionale più diffusa e nota, a quella europea e a quella italiana. La riduzione del consumo di suolo e di risorse lapidee, degli scarti, la limitazione dell’utilizzo di materiali di cava naturali sono solo alcuni benefici che hanno indotto la comunità scientifica a investire nell’uso di materie prime-seconde di origine vegetale, ecosostenibili; oggi, lo stato dell’arte è molto ricco. Tuttavia, non ci sono ancora normative tecniche e procedurali relative ai materiali che derivano dal riciclo di scarti vegetali; in questo contributo si pone l’attenzione particolarmente su malte da muratura. La normativa esistente non è utilizzabile ed adattabile e rimangono in particolare due aspetti che risultano ancora non definiti quali la vulnerabilità ai fattori di degrado e la tenuta delle prestazioni nel tempo. Ulteriore problematica, rispetto ad una logica di commercializzazione, è la mancanza di normativa di riferimento e, quindi, di indicazioni di processo e test di prodotto, rendendo più complesso il processo di certificazione. Tale circostanza vanifica gli sforzi scientifici e produttivi. La singolarità della questione è accentuata dalla normativa italiana relativa ai Criteri Ambientali Minimi per l'affidamento di servizi di progettazione ed esecuzione di lavori per la nuova costruzione, ristrutturazione e manutenzione di opere pubbliche che impone l’utilizzo del 15% di materiali di materia prima seconda e che potrebbe dare ampio spazio all’uso dei materiali bio-based. Il contributo, a partire dal constatato ritardo della normativa rispetto al progresso scientifico, indica la necessità di prove che possano certificare le qualità specifiche dei bio-based materials relativamente a caratteristiche quali: durabilità, tossicità di fumi, attaccabilità da insetti e parassiti, ecc., e rendere possibile l’applicazione dei materiali sperimentati.

The Covid 19 pandemic and emergency has highlighted the precarious conditions in urban and areas and has bettered opportunities offered by smaller towns and inland areas in which the healthy atmosphere, sparser population and sustainable relational system represent alternative ways of life, guaranteeing physical space and health controls without actually entailing social distancing and isolation. This is even more crucial for the weaker elements, of any age and condition, for whom a different model of living embodies prudence and prevention. The marginality of services represents a limitation on the possibility of transforming villages and small towns into alternatives with regard to quality of life. This research aims to explore the feasibility of a new model of assistance, with the help of new technology now on the market and by integrating local and regional resources, so as to place the patient at the centre of a networked and travelling medical system.

OBJECTIVE:\ud We estimated the cost consequence of Italian National Health System (NHS) investment in direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy according to hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment access policies in Italy.\ud \ud METHODS:\ud A multistate, 20-year time horizon Markov model of HCV liver disease progression was developed. Fibrosis stage, age and genotype distributions were derived from the Italian Platform for the Study of Viral Hepatitis Therapies (PITER) cohort. The treatment efficacy, disease progression probabilities and direct costs in each health state were obtained from the literature. The break-even point in time (BPT) was defined as the period of time required for the cumulative costs saved to recover the Italian NHS investment in DAA treatment. Three different PITER enrolment periods, which covered the full DAA access evolution in Italy, were considered.\ud \ud RESULTS:\ud The disease stages of 2657 patients who consecutively underwent DAA therapy from January 2015 to December 2017 at 30 PITER clinical centres were standardized for 1000 patients. The investment in DAAs was considered to equal €25 million, €15 million, and €9 million in 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. For patients treated in 2015, the BPT was not achieved, because of the disease severity of the treated patients and high DAA prices. For 2016 and 2017, the estimated BPTs were 6.6 and 6.2 years, respectively. The total cost savings after 20 years were €50.13 and €55.50 million for 1000 patients treated in 2016 and 2017, respectively.\ud \ud CONCLUSIONS:\ud This study may be a useful tool for public decision makers to understand how HCV clinical and epidemiological profiles influence the economic burden of HCV.

Italian harbours assume a decisive role in order to develop a Euro-Mediterranean web for maritime transportation. The geostrategic position of the Italian peninsula can be seen as a logistic platform at the centre of the maritime trades in the Mediterranean area, giving to its port cities the role of gateway of economic flows. The port poles, meant as hubs, are able to attract investments and create economic growth and territorial development through new operative models of urban usage and management. The management policies have to consider the environmental characteristics and distinctive features, respecting the identity of the places as concrete evidence of history, a source of intellectual development and therefore, cultural richness. In this sense, the current strategic plan ―Palermo capital of the Euro-Mediterranean area‖ imagines the whole city, and not just its harbour, as a ―gate city‖, a sustainable and cosmopolitan city in the view of a recentralization of the Mediterranean area. The research tests an evaluation method in support of urban planning, which increases the active role of stakeholders in terms of participation and access to the decision-making process of urban renewal strategies for Palermo to the Euro-Mediterranean.

The renewal of the 'urban look' (Urban Facelift) could play a crucial role for the development of the whole city. This study will analyse the case of the Palermo port area, which is considered as the 'face' of the city. Sicily is indeed an island, and therefore, because of its natural and infrastructural features, the sea is still its main connection with the world. For this reason, urban renovation in the city of Palermo has begun first with its coastal area. The tested methodology combines future urban faces with the present–state evaluation criteria by involving different stakeholders. Then, the urban faces are associated with possible and suitable future scenarios. In this way, an Urban Facelift strategy can be designed.