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The present study investigated the chronic effects of different physical exercise and physical activity models on cognitive function, cholinergic activity, and oxidative stress markers in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Eighty 60-day old C57BL/6 mice were divided into the following five groups: Sedentary (SED), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), resistance training (RT), and physical activity (RW, for "running wheel"). Cognitive function (recognition and spatial memory), oxidative stress parameters, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were evaluated. MICT mice exhibited enhanced recognition memory compared to SED mice (p = .046) and other exercised groups (HIIT: p .001; RW: p = .003; RT: p .001). The RT group showed better spatial memory compared to the SED (p = .004), MICT (p = .019), and RW (p = .003) groups. RW, MICT, HIIT, and RT training models reduced nitrites in the hippocampus compared to the SED group. RT led to a significant increase in both lipid peroxidation (p = .01) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p .001) levels compared to the SED group in the hippocampus. MICT promoted an increase in catalase (CAT) activity (p = .002), while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was diminished by RT compared to MICT and HIIT (p = .008). In the cerebral cortex, RT increased ROS levels, but exhibited the lowest lipid peroxidation level among the groups (p .001). The RW group showed an activity-induced increase in lipid peroxidation level compared to the SED group, and the highest level of CAT activity among all groups (p .001). AChE activity was higher in the RT group compared to the SED, MICT, and RW groups (p = .039) in the cerebral cortex. In summary, nitrite levels in the hippocampus were decreased in all intervention groups regardless of activity or exercise model. Likewise, MICT improved recognition memory besides increasing CAT activity. We conclude that the MICT and RT protocols seem to act as oxidative stress regulators and non-pharmacological strategies to improve cognitive function.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo alimentar de escolares conforme o tipo de alimentação consumida em escolas de zona rural. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes de 12 escolas públicas rurais de Canguçu/RS. A investigação está vinculada à intervenção “Educação Física +: Praticando Saúde na Escola”. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado pelos marcadores do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional. A variável independente principal foi o tipo de alimentação consumida (trazida de casa, fornecida gratuitamente e/ou comprada na escola). Foi utilizada a estatística descritiva e o teste de Qui-quadrado com nível de significância de p < 0,05. Participaram do estudo 526 escolares, 51,3% do sexo feminino e 88,0% que consumiram a alimentação gratuita. Entre 15-31% dos adolescentes consumiram mais de três dias na semana anterior alimentos considerados não saudáveis. Os escolares que relataram levar lanche de casa para a escola consumiram com maior frequência salada crua, frutas frescas ou salada de frutas, bolachas/biscoitos salgados e salgadinhos de pacote e refrigerante. Concluiu-se que o consumo de alimentos saudáveis entre os escolares da zona rural foi baixo e intervenções são necessárias a fim de melhorar o quadro atual de práticas inadequadas de alimentação. Abstract The scope of the article was to evaluate food consumption according to the type of food consumed in rural schools. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among adolescents enrolled in 12 rural public schools in Canguçu in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The research was linked to the intervention named “Physical Education +: Practicing Health in School.” Dietary intake was evaluated using consumption markers from the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System. The main independent variable was the type of food consumed at school (brought from home, provided by the school free of charge and/or purchased at school). Descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test were used and the significance level was p

Summary Objectives This study aimed to verify the effects of physical exercise (PE) on myelin sheath regeneration (MSR). News The databases searched were MedLine/PubMed, Lilacs, and Scielo. Articles not related to the effects of PE on MSR, concentration of proteins and other factors linked to myelin regeneration, and studies that used medicine concomitantly with PE were defined as exclusion criteria. After removing duplicates, applying exclusion criteria, and checking the reference lists, 21 studies were added to this review and divided in two groups: i) articles assessing the effect of PE on permissiveness of environment in central nervous system to MSR and ii) articles assessing the effect of PE on regeneration of myelin sheath components. The random effect model was used to the meta-analysis of myelin sheath thickness (MST) and G ratio because Cochran's Q test showed high heterogeneity. In the first group, low-intensity physical training was the most common PE adopted among the interventions and resulted in improvement of permissiveness on central nervous system environment. The studies in the second group, low-to-moderate PE was the most prevalent protocol adopted among interventions. Additionally, this type of training enhanced MST and maturation. Regarding to meta-analysis, PE was associated with the MST [0.11 (0.05–0.17) μm, P Conclusion The results suggest that moderate continuous exercise could potentially enhance MSR and improve concentration of myelination-related proteins and as a result, its practice is encouraged to both prevent and treat demyelination.

RESUMO Objetivou-se verificar o impacto da intervenção “Educação Física+: Praticando Saúde na Escola”, sobre as práticas docentes e conhecimento em saúde de escolares da cidade de Canguçu/RS. Quinze escolas participaram do estudo (grupo 1- escolas que aderiram à intervenção no ano de 2011; grupo 2- escolas que aderiam à intervenção a partir do ano de 2012). O estudo teve duração de dois anos com 883 escolares e 13 professores. Houve aumento do nível de conhecimento dos escolares no pós-intervenção (p

The scope of the article was to evaluate food consumption according to the type of food consumed in rural schools. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among adolescents enrolled in 12 rural public schools in Canguçu in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The research was linked to the intervention named "Physical Education +: Practicing Health in School." Dietary intake was evaluated using consumption markers from the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System. The main independent variable was the type of food consumed at school (brought from home, provided by the school free of charge and/or purchased at school). Descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test were used and the significance level was p0.05. The study enlisted 526 students, 51.3% female and 88.0% consuming food free of charge. From 15% to 31% of adolescents consumed foods considered unhealthy for more than three days in the preceding week. Students who reported taking a snack to school consumed raw salad, fresh fruit or fruit salad, biscuits/crackers and packet snacks and soft drinks more frequently. It was concluded that the consumption of healthy foods among schoolchildren in rural areas was low and interventions are needed to improve the current situation of inadequate feeding practices.Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo alimentar de escolares conforme o tipo de alimentação consumida em escolas de zona rural. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes de 12 escolas públicas rurais de Canguçu/RS. A investigação está vinculada à intervenção “Educação Física +: Praticando Saúde na Escola”. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado pelos marcadores do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional. A variável independente principal foi o tipo de alimentação consumida (trazida de casa, fornecida gratuitamente e/ou comprada na escola). Foi utilizada a estatística descritiva e o teste de Qui-quadrado com nível de significância de p0,05. Participaram do estudo 526 escolares, 51,3% do sexo feminino e 88,0% que consumiram a alimentação gratuita. Entre 15-31% dos adolescentes consumiram mais de três dias na semana anterior alimentos considerados não saudáveis. Os escolares que relataram levar lanche de casa para a escola consumiram com maior frequência salada crua, frutas frescas ou salada de frutas, bolachas/biscoitos salgados e salgadinhos de pacote e refrigerante. Concluiu-se que o consumo de alimentos saudáveis entre os escolares da zona rural foi baixo e intervenções são necessárias a fim de melhorar o quadro atual de práticas inadequadas de alimentação.

The study was conducted with physical education teachers from elementary and high schools in the urban area of Pelotas, southern Brazil, and identified the prevalence of those who taught the association of physical inactivity (PI) with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) during their classes. In addition, the moment when the content was discussed in the class and the length of time used for that purpose were investigated. We used a standardized questionnaire containing questions about the relationship between PI and NCDs, as well as information on demographic and socioeconomic aspects, career time, weekly labor hours and physical activity level. Overall, 188 teachers answered the census. Despite the high percentage of teachers who reported teaching at least one association between PI and NCDs (82.8%), obesity being the disease most frequently mentioned (84.7%), only 17.3% taught the association with cancer, 33% with osteoporosis and 11% of the teachers reported teaching the associations with all NCDs. As for obesity, the youngest age group (19-30 years) was the one that taught this association least frequently (p

RESUMO As mulheres na menopausa sofrem mudanças endócrinas que acarretam uma série de disfunções, inclusive a atenuação da resposta imune. Nesse sentido, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura que objetivou buscar ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR) que verificassem o efeito do exercício físico na imunomodulação em mulheres pós-menopausadas. Utilizaram-se as bases de dados eletrônicas Medline/PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, Lilacs e Bireme, com as seguintes palavras-chave: humans, immune system, physical activity, exercise, physical fitness, postmenopause e postmenopausal period. Utilizou-se como critério de exclusão dos títulos e resumos, os artigos que deixavam claro não tratar do efeito do exercício/atividade física sobre o sistema imune e artigos que estudaram mulheres com câncer e/ou diabetes. Foram incluídos sete artigos para análise. As intervenções duraram de seis meses a 19,9 anos, com amostras variando de 18 a 421 pessoas. Todos os estudos utilizaram o exercício aeróbio moderado como intervenção. Apenas um estudo utilizou medida subjetiva para avaliar o sistema imune, sendo que os demais estudos utilizaram medidas bioquímicas diretas. Com relação ao efeito do exercício sobre a imunomodulação, 57,1% dos ECR concluíram que o exercício físico atuou positivamente sobre o sistema imune de mulheres menopausadas e nenhum mostrou efeito negativo. A proteína C reativa e a contagem de células imunológicas foram as mais pesquisadas, com quatro estudos cada, nos quais, apenas um de cada variável mostrou associação significativa na diminuição desses parâmetros. Três estudos pesquisaram a variável interleucina-6 e dois, a amiloide A, sem demonstrar associação significativa; dos dois estudos que avaliaram imunoglobulinas, apenas um mostrou associação para o aumento da imunoglobulina A. Concluiu-se que é pouco provável que o exercício aeróbio prejudique o sistema imune de mulheres menopausadas e é necessária a realização de novos ECR que objetivem verificar as mudanças na imunomodulação dessa população e que abranjam diferentes volumes e tipos de exercício físico. ABSTRACT Menopausal women undergo endocrine changes that cause multiple disorders, including attenuation of the immune response. In this sense, a systematic review of the literature was conducted aiming to find randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which had studied the effect of physical exercise on immune modulation in postmenopausal women. Electronic databases of Medline/PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, Lilacs, and Bireme were used with the following keywords: humans, immune system, physical activity, exercise, physical fitness, postmenopause and postmenopausal period. The exclusion criteria for titles and abstracts were any article that clearly did not address the effect of exercise/physical activity on the immune system and those that investigated women with cancer and/or diabetes. Seven articles were included for analysis. Interventions lasted from six months to 19.9 years, with samples ranging from 18 to 421 subjects. All studies used moderate aerobic exercise as intervention. Only one study used subjective measure to evaluate the immune system and the remaining studies used direct biochemical measurements. Regarding the effect of exercise on immune modulation, 57.1% of the RCT concluded that physical exercise acted positively on immune system of menopausal women and showed no negative effect. C-reactive protein and immune cell count were the most researched variables, with four studies each, where only one in each variable was significantly associated with decrease in these parameters. Three studies investigated the variable interleukin-6 and two investigated the serum amyloid A, showing no significant association; of the two studies evaluating immunoglobulins, only one showed an association with increased immunoglobulin A. We concluded that it is no likely that aerobic exercise impairs the immune system in postmenopausal women, and is necessary to perform new RCTs to study the changes in immune modulation in this population and to address different volumes and types of exercise. RESUMEN Las mujeres menopáusicas sufren cambios endocrinos que causan una serie de trastornos, incluyendo la atenuación de la respuesta inmune. El objetivo de este estudio fue llevar a cabo una revisión sistemática de los ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA) en la literatura que han estudiado el efecto del ejercicio sobre la inmunomodulación en las mujeres posmenopáusicas. Se utilizaron las bases de datos electrónicas Medline/PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, Llilacs y Bireme con las siguientes palabras clave: humans, immune system, physical activity, exercise, physical fitness, postmenopause y postmenopausal period. De acuerdo con los criterios de exclusión para los títulos y resúmenes, los artículos que no abordaran el efecto de la actividad física/ejercicio físico sobre el sistema inmunológico y los artículos que estudiaron mujeres con cáncer y/o diabetes fueron excluidos. Siete artículos se incluyeron para el análisis. Las intervenciones duraron entre seis meses y 19,9 años, con muestras desde 18 hasta 421 personas. Todos los estudios utilizaron el ejercicio aeróbico moderado como una intervención. Sólo un estudio utilizó medida subjetiva para evaluar el sistema inmune, y los estudios restantes utilizaron mediciones bioquímicas directas. En cuanto a los efectos del ejercicio sobre la inmunomodulación, 57,1% de los ECA llegó a la conclusión de que el ejercicio actuó positivamente sobre el sistema inmunológico de las mujeres menopáusicas y no hubo ningún efecto negativo. La proteína C reactiva y el recuento de células inmunes fueron los más investigados, con cuatro estudios de cada uno, en los cuales sólo uno de cada variable se asoció de manera significativa a la disminución en estos parámetros. Tres estudios investigaron la variable interleucina-6 y dos, la amiloide A, sin demostrar asociación significativa; de los dos estudios que evaluaron las inmunoglobulinas, sólo uno se asoció al aumento de la inmunoglobulina A. Se concluyó que es improbable que el ejercicio aeróbico afecte negativamente el sistema inmunológico de las mujeres menopáusicas. Es necesaria la realización de nuevos ECA que tengan como objetivo verificar los cambios en la inmunomodulación de esta población y que cubran efectos de diferentes volúmenes y tipos de ejercicio.