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ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and autograft on non-critical bone repair. Methods: Four bone defects (8.3 × 2 mm) were produced on the calvarium of 15 rabbits. The surgical defects were treated with either autograft, autograft associated to PRF, PRF alone, and sham. Animals were euthanized on the second, fourth or sixth posteoperative week. Histological analyses for presence of bone development on deffect was evaluated comparing the groups treated with autograft and without the autograft separately within the same period. Mann-Whitney’s tests were used to compare the percentage of bone repair in each post-operative period for autograft × autograft + PRF groups and also for control × PRF groups (α = 5%). Results: No differences were observed between the groups that received autograft and autograft associated to PRF on the second and fourth postoperative week, but areas treated with PRF demonstrated significant osteogenesis when compared to sham group on the fourth and sixth weeks. The groups that received PRF (with autograft or alone) demonstrated an enlarged bone deposition when compared to their control group. Conclusions: The use of PRF may influence bone repair and improve the bone deposition in late period of repair demonstrating osteoconductive and osteogenic properties.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is among the most common malignancies worldwide. Colonoscopy is the examination of choice for the prevention of CRC because of its great diagnostic and, especially, therapeutic capacity in relation to adenomatous lesions. AIMS: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence, macroscopic, and histological characteristics of polypoid rectal lesions resected through endoscopic techniques and assess whether endoscopic therapy is safe and efficient for treating lesions located in the rectum. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study with an analysis of the medical records of all patients undergoing resection of rectal polyps. RESULTS: A total of 123 patients with rectal lesions were evaluated, with 59 men and 64 women of mean age 56 years. All patients underwent endoscopic resection: 70% with polypectomy and 30% with wide mucosectomy. Complete colonoscopy with removal of the entire rectal lesion occurred in 91%, while in 5% the preparation was inadequate and poor clinical conditions were an impeditive factor, and in 4% surgical treatment was indicated because there was an infiltrative lesion with central ulceration. Histological evaluation showed adenomas in 3.25%, hyperplasia in 7.32%, and hamartoma in 0.81%; low-grade dysplasia was identified in 34.96%, high-grade dysplasia in 51.22%, and adenocarcinoma in 1.63%, while one case (0.81%) was classified as erosion. CONCLUSIONS: Polyps in the rectum are common and were found in 37% of these colonoscopies. Adenomas with dysplasia were the most common form of Colorectal cancer . Therapeutic colonoscopy proved to be a safe and efficient method for the complete treatment of rectal lesions.

ABSTRACT Background: The use of polypropylene meshes for surgical repair of the abdominal wall contributes to a reduction of the of recurrence rates of hernias or defects. However, its intra-abdominal use comes along with the formation of adhesions and several complications. The study and the search for alternative materials, including bovine pericardium, have been regarded as an option for the correction and treatment of resulting hernias with better adaptations and effectiveness. Aim: Evaluating the inflammatory process of the bovine pericardium in comparison with the inflammatory process of synthetic polypropylene mesh. Method: Bovine pericardium mesh and polypropylene mesh were placed, both on the same animal. The first group had the mesh removed for analysis on day 20, and the second group on day 40. The variables congestion, granulation, giant cells, necrosis, acute inflammation, chronic inflammation and collagen were analyzed. Results: All variables were found in greater numbers as a response to the polypropylene mesh, except for the collagen, which, on day 40, was greater in response to the bovine pericardium mesh. Conclusion: The data in this study suggest that there is less inflammatory reaction in response to bovine pericardium mesh when compared to polypropylene mesh.

ABSTRACT Background: CD133 and AXL have been described as cancer stem cell markers, and c-MYC as a key regulatory cellular mechanism in colorectal cancer (CRC). Aim: Evaluate the prognostic role of the biomarkers CD133, AXL and c-MYC and their association with clinicopathologic characteristics in colorectal adenocarcinomas and adenomas. Methods: A total of 156 patients with UICC stage I-IV adenocarcinomas (n=122) and adenomas (n=34) were analyzed. Tissue microarrays (TMA) from primary tumors and polyps for CD133, c-MYC and AXL expression were performed and analyzed for their significance with clinicopathologic characteristics. Results: Poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and disease progression were independent risk factors for poor overall survival. The median overall survival time was 30 months. Positive CD133 expression (35.9% of all cases), particularly of right-sided CRCs (44.8% of the CD133+ cases), was negatively correlated with death in the univariate analysis, which did not reach significance in the multivariate analysis. c-MYC (15.4% of all cases) was predominantly expressed in advanced-stage patients with distant (non-pulmonary/non-hepatic) metastasis. AXL expression was found only occasionally, and predominantly dominated in adenomas, with less penetrance in high-grade dysplasia. Conclusions: CD133 expression was not associated with inferior overall survival in CRC. While AXL showed inconclusive results, c-MYC expression in primary CRCs was associated with distant metastasis.

ABSTRACT Background: The surgical treatment of hyperhidrosis by thoracic sympathectomy has brought, in addition to symptomatic relief for many, its main adverse effect: compensatory or reflex sweating. The clipping technique in place of the sympathetic nerve section gave rise to the hope of reversibility, but the positive results showed to be quite divergent, evidencing the academic deficiency regarding the study of this phenomenon. Aim: To observe micro and macroscopic damage caused by the polymer clip on sympathetic nerve of rabbits seven days after their clipping and the findings after three weeks of clip removal. Method: In this experimental study, 20 rabbits were divided into two groups of 10, group 1 (clipping) and group 2 (de-clipping). The right cervical sympathetic nerve of all animals was clamped with polymeric clip, and in group 2 the nerve was unclipped seven days later. Group 1 rabbits were induced to death on the 7th postoperative day, and group 2 on the 21st after removal of the polymer clip. Macroscopic variables were: clip appearance, presence of discontinuity lesion, infection and adhesions around the nerve. H&E was used in the evaluation of the phases and degree of the inflammatory process and presence of necrosis, and picrosirius red F3BA for quantification of collagen. Results: The cervical sympathetic nerve was intact, without necrosis or infection in all animals of the experiment; there were adhesions in both groups, being minimal in eight animals of each group and moderate or intense in two; the clip was completely closed in all animals at the 7th postoperative day; the inflammatory process shown was chronic, with monomorphonuclear predominance. There was no significant difference between groups regarding the intensity the inflammatory process, but the amount of collagen type I and type III was significantly higher in group 2. Conclusions: The injury caused by the polymer clip on the sympathetic nerve may be reversible, allowing functional return in the areas involved in the simulated cervical sympathectomy. Clipping of the cervical sympathetic nerve using a polymer clip does not cause discontinuity injury.

ABSTRACT Background: In the definition of the mesh to be used to correct hernias, porosity, amount of absorbable material and polypropylene should be considered in the different stages of healing process. Aim: To evaluate the inflammatory reaction in the use of macro and microporous meshes of high and low weight in the repair of defects in the abdominal wall of rats. Methods: Ninety Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were used. The animals were submitted to similar surgical procedures, with lesion of the ventral abdominal wall, maintaining the integrity of the parietal peritoneum and correction using the studied meshes (Prolene®, Ultrapro® and Bard Soft®). Euthanasia was performed at 30, 60 and 120 days after surgery. The abdominal wall segments were submitted to histological analysis using H&E, Masson’s trichrome, immunohistochemistry, picrosirius red and tensiometric evaluation. Results: On the 120th day, the tensiometric analysis was superior with Ultrapro® macroporous mesh. The inflammatory process score showed a significant prevalence of subacute process at the beginning and at the end of the study. Microporous meshes showed block encapsulation and in macroporous predominance of filamentous encapsulation. Conclusion: The Ultrapro® mesh showed better performance than the others in healing process of the abdominal wall.

ABSTRACT Background: Intestinal diversions have revolutionized the treatment of morbid obesity due to its viability and sustained response. However, experimental studies suggest, after these derivations, a higher risk of colon cancer. Aim: To analyze the histological and immunohistological changes that the jejunojejunal shunt can produce in the jejunum, ileum and ascending colon. Method: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups, control (n=12) and experiment (n=12) and subdivided into groups of four. Nine weeks after the jejunojejunal shunt, segmental resection of the excluded jejunum, terminal ileum and ascending colon was performed. Histological analysis focused on the thickness of the mucosa, height of the villi, depth of the crypts and immunohistochemistry in the expression of Ki-67 and p53. Results: Significant differences were found between the experiment and control groups in relation to the thickness of the mucosa in the jejunum (p=0.011), in the ileum (p

Pharmacological treatment of osteoarthritis is still inadequate due to the low efficacy of the drugs used. Dexmedetomidine via the intra-articular (i.a.) route might be an option for the treatment of osteoarthritis-associated pain. The present study assessed the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of dexmedetomidine administered via the i.a. route in different doses in an experimental model of rat knee osteoarthritis induced with monosodium iodoacetate. Rats were allocated to four groups with 24 animals in each group. The OA (osteoarthritis), DEX-1 (dexmedetomidine in dose of 1μg/kg) and DEX-3 (dexmedetomidine in dose of 3μg/kg) groups were subjected to induction of osteoarthritis through injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) via the i.a. route on the right knee; the control group was not subjected to osteoarthritis induction. Clinical assessment was performed on day 0 (before osteoarthritis induction) and then on days 5, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after induction. Treatment was performed on day 7 via the i.a. route, consisting of dexmedetomidine in doses of 1 and 3 μg/kg, while group OA received 0.9% normal saline. The animals were euthanized on days 7, 14, 21 and 28. Samples of the synovial membrane were collected for histopathological analysis, and the popliteal lymph nodes were collected for measurement of cytokines (interleukin [IL] IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]). Dexmedetomidine (1 and 3 μg/kg) significantly reduced the animals' weight distribution deficit during the chronic-degenerative stage of osteoarthritis and improved the pain threshold throughout the entire experiment. Histological analysis showed that dexmedetomidine did not cause any additional damage to the synovial membrane. The TNF-α levels decreased significantly in the DEX-3 group on day 28 compared with the OA group. Dexmedetomidine reduced pain, as evidenced by clinical parameters of osteoarthritis in rats, but did not have an anti-inflammatory effect on histological evaluation.

ABSTRACT Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of cancer in the world. Over time, intestinal epithelial cells undergo mutations that may lead to proliferative advantage and the emergence of cancer. Mutations in the beta-catenin pathway are amongst those described in the development of CRC. Aim: To verify the existence of a relation between the presence of Wnt3, beta-catenin and CDX2 in colorectal cancer samples and clinical outcomes such as disease progression or death. Method: Wnt3a, beta-catenin and CDX2 immunohistochemistry was performed on CRC tissue microarray samples (n=122), and analysis regarding the relation between biomarker expression and disease progression or death was performed. Results: No significant difference was found between the presence or absence of CDX2, beta-catenin or Wnt3a expression and clinical stage, tumor grade, disease progression or death. Conclusion: CDX2, beta-catenin and Wnt3a are not useful to predict prognosis in patients with CRC.

ABSTRAT Background: The presence of intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus (Barrett’s esophagus) is an important precursor of adenocarcinoma. Knowledge of the risk factors and the process by which the Barrett develops is very important and Helicobacter pylori (HP) can contribute to this development. Aim: To analyze the impact of HP in the gastric mucosa with intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus in areas of columnar epithelialization smaller than 10 mm in length and epidemiological data on prevalence Method: A retrospective study in which were included 373 consecutive patients diagnosed with columnar epithelium in the distal esophagus was done. In all, HP was investigated by urease and histology, exclusion and inclusion factors were applied and patients were divided into two groups: the first grouping the ones without histological diagnosis of Barrett’s esophagus (235-63%) and the second with it (138-37%). Results: There was no significant difference between HP and non-HP patients in relation to the probability of having intestinal metaplasia (p=0.587). When related to the general group, there was an inverse association between the bacterium and the columnar epithelia in the distal esophagus. Age (p=0.031), gender (p=0.013) and HP (p=0.613) when related together to intestinal metaplasia showed no significant relation. In isolation, when related to age and gender, regardless of HP, results confirmed that patients in more advanced age and women present a higher incidence of intestinal metaplasia. Conclusion: There is an inverse relation between HP and the areas of columnar epithelization in the distal esophagus, regardless of the presence or absence of intestinal metaplasia. Age and gender, regardless of HP, showed higher prevalence in women and in older the number of cases with intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate histological parameters in rat renal tissue after tadalafil use during hot ischemia for 45 minutes and reperfusion for 24 hours. Methods: Twenty rats were divided into 2 groups. In the experimental group 10 mg/kg of tadalafil was used per gavage before the procedure. All cases underwent left partial nephrectomy, followed by 45 minutes of warm ischemia. Left nephrectomy of the remaining kidney was performed after 24 hours from the initial procedure. The histological parameters analyzed were: detachment of tubular cells, accumulation of desquamated cells in the proximal tubule, loss of brush border, tubular cylinders, interstitial edema, leukocyte infiltration, capillary congestion, vacuolization, tubular dilatation, necrosis and collapse of the capillary tuft. Results: Two rats from each group died and were excluded from the study. Tadalafil significantly reduced leukocyte infiltration (p = 0.036). The remaining histological parameters did not show statistical difference between the groups. Conclusion: The use of tadalafil during warm ischemia and reperfusion demonstrates statistically significant reduction of leukocyte infiltration in the renal interstitium.

ABSTRACT Background: Among the various strategies to avoid exaggerated foreign body reaction in the treatment of hernias is the limitation of the amount of polypropylene or the use of absorbable material. Aim: To evaluate the healing of defects in the abdominal wall of rats, comparing microporous polypropylene, macroporous polypropylene and polypropylene/polyglecaprone at the 30º, 60º and 120º postoperative day. Methods: Wistar rats were submitted to defect production in the ventral abdominal wall, with integrity of the parietal peritoneum. Prolene®, Ultrapro® and Bard Soft® meshes were used in the correction of the defect. Nine subgroups of 10 animals were submitted to euthanasia at 30th, 60th and 120th postoperative day. Fragments of the abdominal wall of the animals were submitted to tensiometric analysis. Results: The tensiometry at the 30th postoperative day showed greater resistance of the tissues with Bard Soft® (macroporous mesh) in relation to the tissues with Prolene® (microporous mesh). On the 60th postoperative day Bard Soft® maintained the superior resistance to the tissues comparing to Prolene Mesh®. On the 120th postoperative day the tissues repaired with Ultrapro® (macroporous mesh) proved to be more resistant than the ones by Prolene® (microporous mesh) and Bard Soft® (macroporous mesh). Conclusion: The tissues repaired with macroporous meshes showed greater resistance than with microporous meshes at all stages, and at 120 days postoperative Ultrapro® performed better than the others.

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To assess the capsules formed by silicone implants coated with polyurethane foam and with a textured surface. METHODS: Sixty-four Wistar albinus rats were divided into two groups of 32 each using polyurethane foam and textured surface. The capsules around the implants were analyzed for 30, 50, 70 and 90 days. Were analyzed the following parameters: foreign body reaction, granulation tissue, presence of myofibroblasts, neoangiogenesis, presence of synovial metaplasia, capsular thickness, total area and collagen percentage of type I and III, in capsules formed around silicone implants in both groups. RESULTS: The foreign body reaction was only present in the four polyurethane subgroups. The formation of granulation tissue and the presence of myofibroblasts were higher in the four polyurethane subgroups. Regarding to neoangiogenesis and synovial metaplasia, there was no statistical difference between the groups. Polyurethane group presented (all subgroups) a greater capsule thickness, a smaller total area and collagen percentage of type I and a higher percentage area of type III, with statistical difference. CONCLUSION: The use of polyurethane-coated implants should be stimulated by the long-term results in a more stable capsule and a lower incidence of capsular contracture, despite developing a more intense and delayed inflammatory reaction in relation to implants with textured surface.

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To analyze the influence of chlorpromazine on renal histology of rats submitted to ischemia and reperfusion injury. METHODS: Sixteen Wistar rats - split in two groups - have been used: control group, receiving 3 mg/kg isotonic saline solution through caudal vein, and, the chlorpromazine group, receiving 3 mg/kg-IV of such medication. The nephrectomy of the left kidney lower third was carried out; immediately, the test-drug was administrated. After 15 minutes of test-drug administration, the renal pedicle was clamped; in 60 minutes of ischemia it was released. After 24 hours of the renal reperfusion, the rats were, once more, anesthetized and submitted to total left nephrectomy, and, afterwards, to euthanasia. Histological findings regarding ischemia have been evaluated and compared between the groups. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference related to inferior renal pole histological analysis. Regarding 60-minute renal ischemia, chlorpromazine has statistically reduced the accrual of leucocytes within the vasa recta renis (p=0.036) and the congestion of peritubular capillaries (p=0.041). When conducting joint analysis of histological patterns, the control group showed a median score of 11 and chlorpromazine group of 5.5 (p=0.036). CONCLUSION: Chlorpromazine significantly reduced the occurrence of secondary damage to ischemia and reperfusion process in the overall histological analysis.

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of a knee osteoarthritis model through functional, radiological and microscopic changes of the synovial membrane. METHODS: Forty eight rats were divided randomly into two groups. The first received 0.9% saline in the joint and corresponded to the control group. The second was submitted to experimental osteoarthritis of the right knee induced by monosodium iodoacetate and corresponded to the osteoarthritis group. All animals were subjected to comparative tests of forced ambulation and joint movements, inability to articulate and tactile allodynia on day 1 post-experiment by forced ambulation (Roto-rod test), joint assessment of disability (weight bearing test) and assessment of tactile allodynia (Von Frey test). After inflammatory induction they were divided into four sub-groups corresponding to the scheduled death in 7, 14, 21 and 28 days when they were submitted to radiographic examination of the knee, arthrotomy and collection of the synovial membrane. RESULTS: The osteoarthritis group showed significant differences compared to control group on days 7 and 14 in Roto-rod, in weight bearing and Von Frey tests in all days, and in radiological evaluation. Microscopic examination of the synovial membrane showed abnormalities of inflammatory character at all stages. CONCLUSION: The osteoarthritis induced by intra-articular monosodium iodoacetate in rats knee is a good model to be used in related research, because it provides mensurable changes on joint movements, tactile allodynia, progressive radiological degeneration and microscopic inflammation of the synovial membrane, that represent markers for osteoarthritis evaluation

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To investigate whether there is a difference between Marlex(r) and Dynamesh PP-light Marlex(r) meshes, in the abdominal wall defect correction, on rats in contaminated surgical site. METHODS: Twenty-eight Wistar rats were divided into two groups of 14, and four subgroups of seven animals. All subgroups underwent similar surgical procedure. One group received the mesh Marlex(r) and the other Dynamesh PP-light(r) for correction of the defect. Before implanting, the meshes went through a contamination process, on which was used standard solution containing 10 UFC of Escherichia coli. Fragments of the animal's abdominal wall received macroscopic, microscopic and microbiological analysis. RESULTS: There was no statistical significance in the analysis of macroscopic variables. Accentuated inflammatory process was shown in all subgroups. The foreign body type reaction was mild in all subgroups, except Dynamesh(r)-14, which was moderate with no statistical significance. The microbiological analysis of the meshes was also similar between the subgroups. CONCLUSION: There was no difference between the meshes of Marlex(r) and Dynamesh PP-light(r) in the ventral abdominal wall defect correction on rats in contaminated surgical site.

ABSTRACT Background: Helicobacter pylori has been extensively studied since 1982 it is estimated that 50% of the world population is affected. The literature lacks studies that show the change of its prevalence in the same population over time. Aim: To compare the prevalence of H. pylori in 10 years interval in a population that was submitted to upper endoscopy in the same endoscopy service. Method: Observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study comparing the prevalence of H. pylori in two samples with 10 years apart (2004 and 2014) who underwent endoscopy with biopsy and urease. Patients were studied in three consecutive months of 2004, compared to three consecutive months of 2014. The total number of patients was 2536, and 1406 in 2004 and 1130 in 2014. Results: There were positive for H. pylori in 17 % of the sample as a whole. There was a significant decrease in the prevalence from 19.3% in 2004 to 14.1% in 2014 (p

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira) and Orbignya phalerata Mart. (babassu) in the healing process of cecorrhaphy in rats. METHODS : Fifty four rats were used, distributed into three groups randomly: aroeira, babassu and control, which were divided into three subgroups (six animals) according to the time of the deaths (7, 14, 21 days). All underwent the same surgical procedure, cecotomy and cecorrhaphy. The animals in group aroeira and babassu received daily dose of 100 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract and 50 mg/kg of aquous extract respectively, by gavage. The control group received only saline solution. The parameters evaluated were: macroscopic changes, ,resistance test to air insufflations and histological changes. RESULTS : All animals showed good healing without infection. All groups presented adhesions between cecum and neighboring organs. The resistance test insufflating of atmospheric air showed progressive increase of pressure according to the days in the aroeira group, and decrease in babassu group, without significant difference. Microscopy showed significant difference in the polymorphonuclear, hyperemia, angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation and collagen histological variables in the 14th day. CONCLUSION : Hydroalcoholic extract of aroeira and the aqueous extract of babassu favored the healing process in cecorrhaphy in rats.

Background : Bariatric operations have variable range of complications and postoperative benefits. Gastroesophageal reflux is considered potential factor that may result in damage to the esophageal mucosa and this subject is quite controversial in the literature. Aim: To evaluate patients who underwent to Roux-en-Y gastrojejunal bypass correlating epidemiologic and endoscopic findings in pre and postoperative periods. Method: A retrospective, paired study which evaluated 110 patients. Inclusion criteria were formal indication for bariatric surgery and patients with pre and postoperative endoscopy. Exclusion criteria were previous bariatric surgery, patients subjected to other types of bariatric surgery and those who had no pre or postoperative upper digestive endoscopy. The epidemiological variables were: sex, age, body mass index, type 2 diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance, and preoperative dyslipidemia. Results: The preoperative upper endoscopy was normal in 26.4% of the patients. Among endoscopic alterations, the hiatus hernia was the most prevalent followed by non-erosive gastritis. The postoperative upper endoscopy was normal in 40.9% and stenosis was the most prevalent followed by marginal ulcer. Correlation on pre and postoperative endoscopies, was found 100% reduction of hiatal hernias and 88% of esophagitis. There was no statistical significance in relationship to anastomotic stenosis with preoperative other variables. Conclusions . There was significant decrease in postoperative hiatus hernia, erosive esophagitis, non-erosive esophagitis, erosive gastritis and non-erosive gastritis with the operation. Stenosis of the gastrojejunostomy anastomosis was the most prevalent postoperative complication with no correlation with preoperative variables.

BACKGROUND: The association between obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease has a high incidence and may be present in half of obese patients with surgical indication. Bariatric operations can also induce reflux alone - differently from BMI factors - and its mechanisms are dependent on the type of procedure performed. OBJECTIVE: To perform a literature review comparing the two procedures currently most used for surgical treatment of obesity and analyze their relationship with the advent of pre-existing reflux disease or its appearance only in postoperative period. METHOD: The literature was reviewed in virtual database Medline/PubMed, SciELO, Lilacs, Embase and Cochrane crossing the following MeSH descriptors: gastric bypass AND / OR anastomosis, Roux-en-Y AND / OR gastroesophageal reflux AND / OR gastroenterostomy AND / OR gastrectomy AND / OR obesity AND / OR bariatric surgery AND / OR postoperative period. A total of 135 relevant references were considered but only 30 were used in this article. Also was added the experience of the authors of this article in handling these techniques on this field. CONCLUSION: The structural changes caused by surgical technique in vertical gastrectomy shows greater commitment of antireflux mechanisms predisposing the induction of GERD postoperatively compared to the surgical technique performed in the gastrointestinal Bypass Roux-en-Y.

RACIONAL: A gastrorrafia isolada ou associada ao uso de adesivos biológicos constituiu ao longo da história da cirurgia a forma usual de promover a cicatrização nas lesões gástricas; entretanto, o uso de fitoterápico tem sido cada vez mais empregado para auxiliar o processo cicatrical. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a cicatrização de ferida provocada no estômago de ratos com uso do extrato hidroalcoólico de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi e óleo da Carapa guianensis Aublet. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 90 ratos, adultos, machos, distribuídos em três grupos: grupo aroeira, grupo controle e grupo andiroba, os quais foram subdivididos em três subgrupos de cinco animais conforme o momento da morte induzida (sete, 14 e 21 dias). Todos foram submetidos ao mesmo procedimento cirúrgico (lesão e rafia do estômago) diferindo apenas que os animais dos grupos aroeira e andiroba receberam dose diária de 100 mg/kg do extrato hidroalcoólico e do óleo, via gavagem, enquanto o grupo controle recebeu solução salina isotônica. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: alterações macroscópicas e microscópicas, teste de resistência à insuflação de ar atmosférico e teste pela força de tração. RESULTADOS: Todos os animais demonstraram boa cicatrização da parede abdominal e das gastrorrafias, sem infecção e deiscência. Ambos os grupos apresentaram aderências à superfície das gastrorrafias com órgãos vizinhos. O teste de resistência por insuflação de ar atmosférico mostrou maiores médias de pressão no período de sete dias e o teste de força de tração revelou maiores forças de ruptura no período de sete e 14 dias nos grupos aroeira e andiroba. A intensidade da inflamação crônica revelou diferença estatisticamente significante nas variáveis angiogênese e proliferação fibroblástica. CONCLUSÃO: O uso do extrato hidroalcoólico de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi e do óleo da Carapa guianensis Aublet favoreceu a cicatrização do estômago de ratos.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a tendência da concentração plasmática e do clearance de procalcitonina (PCT-c) como biomarcadores de prognóstico de pacientes com sepse grave e choque séptico, comparado a um outro marcador precoce de prognóstico representado pelo número de critérios de SIRS no momento do diagnóstico da sepse. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectivo observacional onde foram incluídos pacientes com sepse grave e choque séptico. A concentração sérica de procalcitonina foi determinada no momento do diagnóstico da sepse e após 24 e 48 horas. Foram coletados dados demográficos, escore APACHE IV, escore SOFA na chegada, número de critérios de SIRS no momento do diagnóstico, sitio da infecção e resultados microbiológicos. RESULTADOS: Vinte e oito pacientes foram incluídos, 19 clínicos e nove cirúrgicos. Em 13 (46,4%) a fonte da sepse foi pulmonar, em sete abdominal (25,0%), em cinco urinária (17,9%) e de partes moles em três casos (10,7%). Quinze pacientes tinham sepse grave e 13 choque séptico. A mortalidade global foi cinco pacientes (17,9%), três deles com choque séptico. Vinte e oito determinações de PCT foram realizadas no momento do diagnóstico da sepse, 27 após 24 horas e 26 após 48 horas. A concentração inicial não se mostrou expressivamente diferente entre os grupos sobreviventes e não sobreviventes, mas as diferenças entre os dois grupos após 24 e 48 horas alcançaram significância estatística expressiva. Não se observou diferença em relação ao número de critérios de SIRS. O clearance de procalcitonina de 24 horas mostrou-se expressivamente mais elevado no grupo de sobreviventes (-3,0 versus -300,0, p=0,028). Embora o clearance de procalcitonina de 48 horas tenha mostrado resultado mais elevado no grupo de sobreviventes comparado aos não sobreviventes, a diferença não alcançou significância estatística. CONCLUSÃO: Concentrações persistentemente elevadas de procalcitonina no plasma, assim como, redução do PCT-c 24 horas, associaram-se à elevação expressiva da mortalidade de pacientes com sepse grave e choque séptico.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the tendency of the plasma concentration and clearance of procalcitonin (PCT-c) as biomarkers of prognosis of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, compared to another early prognosis marker, the number of SIRS criteria at sepsis diagnosis. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, observational, cohort study, with patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. The serum procalcitonin was determined at diagnosis of sepsis and after 24 and 48 hours. Demographic data, APACHE IV, SOFA score on arrival, number of SIRS criteria at diagnosis, site of infection and microbiological results were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients were included, 19 clinical and nine surgical. In 13 (46.4%) the source of sepsis was pulmonary, abdominal in seven (25.0%), urinary in five (17.9%) and soft tissue in three cases (10.7%). Fifteen patients had severe sepsis and 13 septic shock. Overall mortality was 17.9% (five patients), three with septic shock. Twenty-eight PCT determinations were performed at sepsis diagnosis, 27 after 24 hours and 26 after 48 hours. The initial concentration was not significantly different between survivors and non-survivors groups, but the differences between the two groups after 24 and 48 hours were statistically significant. There was no difference in the number of SIRS criteria. The 24-hour procalcitonin clearance proved to be significantly higher in the group of survivors (-3.0 versus -300.0, p = 0.028). Although the 48-hour procalcitonin clearance has shown to be higher in the group of survivors when compared to non-survivors, the difference did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Persistently high procalcitonin concentrations in plasma, as well as reduced 24-hours PCT clearence, were associated with a significant increase in mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.

PURPOSE: To study the intraperitoneal use of polyester with collagen and polytetrafluoroethylene meshes in the correction of total ventral wall defects in rats. METHODS: Thirty two rats were evaluated and divided randomly into four groups and underwent laparotomy and preparation of total defects of the abdominal wall. Next, the correction of the defect with the intraperitoneal placement of the chosen mesh was performed. The rats were submitted to euthanasia at 30 and 90 days after surgery. Were analyzed the macroscopic adhesions and microscopic aspects, and applied stress rupture test RESULTS: All animals showed intraperitoneal adhesions in varying degrees, with no statistical significance difference. There was no difference also between groups in the evaluation of stress rupture tests. On the microscopic aspect, the A30 group had less inflammatory reaction and less formation of granulomas and foreign body reaction that the B30 group, with significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in intraperitoneal adhesion and tensile rupture strength among groups. Group B30 presented granulomatous inflammatory reaction at the site of mesh attachment to the wall significantly higher than the A30.OBJETIVO: Estudar comparativamente o uso intraperitoneal das telas de poliéster com colágeno e politetrafluoretileno na correção de defeitos totais da parede ventral em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 32 ratos distribuídos em quatro grupos aleatórios e submetidos à laparotomia e confecção de defeitos totais da parede abdominal. Em seguida, foi realizada a correção do defeito com a colocação intraperitoneal das telas. A eutanásia ocorreu aos 30 e 90 dias do pós-operatório. Foram analisadas as aderências macroscópicas, aspectos microscópicos e aplicado teste de tensão de ruptura. RESULTADOS: Todos os animais apresentaram aderências abdominais intraperitoneais em vários graus, sem significância estatística. Não houve diferença entre os grupos na avaliação dos testes de tensão de ruptura. Na análise microscópica o grupo A30 teve menor reação inflamatória e formação de granulomas, e menor reação do tipo corpo estranho quando comparado ao grupo B30, com resultados significativos. CONCLUSÕES: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos tanto em relação à formação de aderências intraperitoneais quanto à tensão de ruptura. O grupo B30 apresentou reação inflamatória e formação granulomatosa no local de fixação na parede significativamente maior que o grupo A30.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the healing process of a defect in the ventral abdominal wall of rats, comparing the polypropylene and polypropylene/poliglecaprone meshes on the 30th and 60th postoperative day. METHODS: Thirty two Wistar rats were submitted to a ventral abdominal wall defect, with integrity of the parietal peritoneum. In the repair, were used polypropylene (group A) and polypropylene/poliglecaprone (group B) meshes. The groups were subdivided into four subgroups of eight animals euthanized on the 30th (A30 and B30) and 60th postoperative day (A60 and B60). Fragments of the abdominal wall of the animals were submitted to macroscopic, tensiometric and histological evaluations. RESULTS: The tensiometry on subgroup A30 showed a mean average break point of 0.78 MPa and in A60, 0.66 Mpa. In subgroup B30 it was 0.84 MPa and in B60, 1.27 Mpa. The score of the inflammatory process showed subacute phase on A30 and B30 sub-groups and chronic inflammatory process in subgroups A30 and 60B. CONCLUSIONS: The tensile strength was higher on the wall repaired by polypropylene/poliglecaprone mesh in the 60th post-operative day. Histology showed higher concentration of fibrosis on the surface of the polypropylene mesh with a tendency to encapsulation. In polypropylene/poliglecaprone subgroups the histology showed higher concentration of fibrosis on the surface of mesh filaments.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a cicatrização de um defeito, na parede abdominal ventral de ratos, comparando-se as telas de polipropileno e polipropileno/poliglecaprone no 30º e 60º dia do pós-operatório. MÉTODOS: Trinta e dois ratos Wistar foram submetidos à produção de defeito na parede abdominal ventral, com integridade do peritônio parietal. Na correção foram utilizadas as telas de polipropileno (grupo A) e polipropileno/poliglecaprone (grupo B). Houve subdivisão em quatro subgrupos (A30, A60, B30 e B60) de oito animais que foram submetidos à eutanásia no 30º e 60º dia do pós-operatório. Fragmentos da parede abdominal foram submetidos à análise macroscópica, tensiométrica e histológica. RESULTADOS: A tensiometria no subgrupo A30 mostrou tensão média de ruptura de 0,78 Mpa e no subgrupo A60 de 0,66 MPa. No subgrupo B30 foi de 0,84 MPa e no B60 de 1,27 MPa. O escore do processo inflamatório mostrou fase subaguda nos subgrupos A30 e B30 e processo inflamatório crônico no subgrupo A60 e B60. CONCLUSÕES: A resistência à tensão foi maior na parede reparada pela tela de polipropileno/poliglecaprone no 60º dia pós-operatório. Na análise histológica houve maior concentração da fibrose na superfície da tela de polipropileno com tendência ao encapsulamento. Nos subgrupos polipropileno/poliglecaprone a análise histológica mostrou maior fibrose entre os filamentos da tela.

RACIONAL: Cálculos metabólicos e de atividade física são realizados a partir do tecido ativo presente no corpo, conhecido como massa corporal magra, que resulta da soma da massa magra isenta de gordura com a gordura essencial. A cinesioterapia é a musculação terapêutica que auxilia na força e flexibilidade. OBJETIVOS: No paciente submetido a tratamento cirúrgico para obesidade mórbida: 1) avaliar o efeito da fisioterapia contra-resistida na massa magra; 2) avaliar os fatores associados às variações de massa corporal magra com tratamento fisioterapêutico; 3) comparar o grupo de pacientes que perdeu com o que ganhou massa magra com o tratamento fisioterapêutico, analisando as co-morbidades que interferiram para esses resultados. MÉTODO: Foram incluídos 100 pacientes operados pela técnica de Fobi-Capella, ou derivação em Y-de-Roux, sem anel e divididos em grupo A composto por pacientes que perderam massa corporal magra nos dois períodos avaliados (entre 30 dias e três meses e entre três meses e seis meses) e o grupo B pelos demais pacientes que apresentaram ganho de massa corporal magra em pelo menos um dos períodos avaliados. A coleta de dados foi realizada através do Protocolo Eletrônico Multiprofissional em Cirurgia Bariátrica e Metabólica com Ênfase em Fisioterapia, identificado pela siga SINPE© (Sistema Integrado de Protocolos Eletrônicos). Os pacientes realizaram avaliação fisioterapêutica pré-operatória e foram acompanhados no período pós-operatório em quatro fases: na internação hospitalar, submetidos à musculação terapêutica em 30 dias após a operação, aos três meses e aos seis meses do pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significativa entre as três avaliações (pBACKGROUND: Calculations of metabolic and physical activity are carried out from the active tissue in the body, known as lean body mass, which is the sum of fat-free lean mass to essential fat. Kinesiotherapy helps in weight strength and flexibility and can be applied in the patients recovery. AIM: In patients undergoing surgical treatment for morbid obesity are the objectives: 1) to evaluate the effect of physiotherapy counter resisted in lean mass; 2) to assess the factors associated with variations in lean body mass with physical therapy; 3) to compare the group of patients who lost lean mass to the one who won using physical therapy, analyzing the co-morbidities that interfered with these results. METHOD: The study included 100 patients operated on by Fobi-Capella technique divided into group A, patients who lost lean body mass measured in two periods (between 30 days and three months between three months and six months) and group B by the patients that gained lean body mass in at least period. Data collection was performed using the Electronic Multiprofessional Protocol of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery with emphasis in Physical Therapy, identified as SINPE© (Integrated Electronic Protocols). The patients were evaluated pre-operatively and followed in the postoperative period in four phases: in the hospital, 30 days, three months and six months after the operation. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the three assessments (p

RACIONAL: O fígado adulto normal é quiescente e apenas uma pequena porcentagem das suas células é submetida à divisão celular em qualquer tempo, mas pode rapidamente iniciar a proliferação celular em resposta a um estímulo. Este processo pode ser desencadeado através da hepatectomia parcial. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o efeito da hipertensão portal provocada pela oclusão parcial da drenagem venosa hepática sobre a regeneração do fígado remanescente de ratos submetidos à hepatectomia parcial. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas hepatectomias a dois terços em 50 ratos Wistar machos adultos. Os animais foram divididos em cinco grupos: um grupo controle e quatro grupos de estudo que foram submetidos a diferentes graus de plicatura da veia cava inferior supra-hepática. Após 240 horas do estímulo para regeneração realizou-se nova laparotomia com aferição das pressões portal e de veia cava inferior, além de biópsia hepática. Analisaram-se os fragmentos por imunoistoquímica para os marcadores Ki-67 e fator de von Willebrand. A deposição de colágeno foi avaliada pela coloração tricrômico de Masson e a função hepática através de marcadores sorológicos. RESULTADOS: A proliferação celular nos animais submetidos à hepatectomia parcial e hipertensão portal de diversos graus persistiu mais elevada quando comparada ao grupo controle. O índice de proliferação para Ki-67 estava mais elevado nos grupos submetidos à elevação da pressão portal. A expressão do fator de von Willebrand estava acentuadamente elevada após a hepatectomia parcial nos grupos com maior grau de hipertensão portal. Houve pouco depósito de colágeno no tecido hepático nos animais dos quatro grupos com plicatura parcial da veia cava inferior supra-hepática, porém a deposição foi mais intensa nos grupos com níveis de pressão portal menores. CONCLUSÕES: Ratos submetidos à hepatectomia parcial a 70% e hipertensão portal, após 240 horas, apresentam: 1. atraso no processo regenerativo diretamente proporcional aos níveis pressóricos no sistema porta; 2. após dez dias, persiste a proliferação de hepatócitos proporcionalmente mais intensa quanto maior a elevação da pressão no sistema porta, porém níveis extremos de pressão portal inibem a proliferação, e, no estímulo para regeneração do fígado, demonstrou-se atraso da angiogênese influenciado pelos valores de pressão portal; 3. hipertensão portal extrema promove elevação da expressão de fator VIII, o que sugere capilarização dos sinusóides; 4. quanto mais elevados os níveis de pressão portal, menor será a quantidade de colágeno depositada, podendo-se inferir que o aumento da pressão portal ocasiona atraso na restauração da matriz extracelular; 5. a análise da função hepática evidenciou que a hepatectomia parcial a 70%, após dez dias, não interferiu com a fisiologia hepática, a qual permaneceu dentro dos limites da normalidade, mas com a hipertensão portal pode haver comprometimento funcional do fígado remanescente durante o processo regenerativo.BACKGROUND: The normal adult liver is quiescent and only a small percentage of its cells is subjected to cell division at any time, but can quickly initiate cell proliferation in response to a stimulus. This process can be triggered by partial hepatectomy. AIM: To evaluate the effect of portal hypertension caused by partial occlusion of hepatic venous drainage on regeneration of remnant liver of rats after partial hepatectomy. METHODS: It was performed two-thirds hepatectomy in 50 adult male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into five groups: a control group and four study groups were subjected to different degrees of plication of inferior vena cava-hepatic above. After 240 hours of the stimulus for regeneration took place relaparotomy with measurement of portal pressure and inferior vena cava, and liver biopsy. Fragments were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the markers Ki-67 and von Willebrand factor. The collagen deposition was evaluated by Masson's trichrome staining and liver function using serological markers. RESULTS: Cell proliferation in animals subjected to partial hepatectomy and portal hypertension persisted in varying degrees higher when compared to the control group. The proliferation index for Ki-67 was higher in the groups submitted to the elevation of portal pressure. The expression of von Willebrand factor was markedly elevated after partial hepatectomy in groups with higher degree of portal hypertension. There was little collagen deposition in liver tissue in animals of the four groups with partial plication of the inferior vena cava above-liver, but the deposition was more intense in the group with lower portal pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Rats underwent 70% partial hepatectomy and portal hypertension, after 240 hours, presented: 1. delay in the regenerative process directly proportional to pressure levels in the portal system; 2. after ten days, there was the proliferation of hepatocytes proportionally more intense the higher the elevation of pressure in the porta, but extreme levels of portal pressure inhibit proliferation and liver regeneration; it has also been shown delayed angiogenesis influenced by the values portal pressure; 3. extreme portal hypertension produces an elevation of expression of factor VIII, suggesting sinusoid capillarization; 4. the higher levels of portal pressure, the lower the amount of collagen deposited, it can be inferred that the increased portal pressure leads to delay in restoration of the extracellular matrix; 5. analysis of liver function showed that 70% partial hepatectomy after ten days, did not interfere with the physiology of the liver, which remained within normal limits; but, with portal hypertension, can happens functional impairment of the remnant liver during the regenerative process.

RACIONAL: O uso de telas cirúrgicas para a correção de defeitos da parede abdominal vem ocupando cada vez mais espaço nas operações no mundo todo. OBJETIVO: Estudar duas telas cirúrgicas distintas (Proceed® e Ultrapro®) na cicatrização de defeito produzido em parede abdominal de ratos avaliando-se macroscopia, tensiometria e microscopia. MÉTODO: A amostra foi constituída por 32 ratos Wistar, divididos em dois grupos de 16 animais e quatro subgrupos de oito, submetidos à eutanásia com 15 dias e 30 dias para avaliação. As variáveis macroscópicas foram: presença de hematoma nos bordos da sutura da tela cirúrgica na parede abdominal, união entre a tela e a borda da ferida, presença de infecção no sítio cirúrgico, presença de fístulas de vísceras com a tela cirúrgica, presença de aderências dentro da cavidade abdominal e presença de hérnia incisional. Na microscopia avaliaram-se as fases do processo inflamatório da cicatrização, e na tensiometria a força tênsil necessária para ruptura do material. RESULTADOS: A união entre a tela cirúrgica e a borda da ferida foi melhor no subgrupo Ultrapro 15 dias que no Proceed 15 dias; com 30 dias foi igual nos dois subgrupos. Não houve diferença significativa quanto às demais variáveis da macroscopia. Os dois grupos nos dois momentos tiveram a mesma proporção de casos com processo inflamatório crônico, mas houve maior escore de inflamação do Ultrapro 15 dias que do Ultrapro 30 dias. O subgrupo Ultrapro 15 dias mostrou força de ruptura maior que o subgrupo Proceed 15 dias, mas em 30 dias não houve diferença. Ultrapro mostrou força de ruptura igual para os dois momentos, mas Proceed 30 dias mostrou força de ruptura maior que Proceed 15 dias. CONCLUSÃO: As telas são semelhantes nas variáveis analisadas.BACKGROUND: The use of surgical meshes for the repair of abdominal wall defects has been increasing its share in surgeries worldwide. AIM: To study two different surgical meshes (Proceed® and Ultrapro®) on the healing of defects produced in abdominal wall of rats evaluating the macroscopic, microscopic and tensiometric parameters. METHOD: Thirty two Wistar rats were divided into two groups of 16 animals and four groups of eight animals euthanized within 15 and 30 days for evaluation. The macroscopic variables were: the presence of hematoma at the edges of the sutures of the surgical mesh in the abdominal wall; the knitting of the surgical mesh and the edge of the wound; presence of infection at the surgical site; presence of viscera fistulas on the surgical mesh; presence of adhesions in the abdominal cavity; presence of incisional hernia. During microscopy the stages of the inflammatory process of healing where evaluated, and tensiometry evaluated the tensile force required to rupture the material. RESULTS: The knitting of the mesh and the edge of the surgical wound was better in the 15 days Ultrapro subgroup than in the 15 days Proceed subgroup; within 30 days the knitting was similar in both subgroups. There was no significant difference for the variable of macroscopy. Both groups in both periods had the same proportion of cases with chronic inflammation, but there were higher scores of inflammation in the 15 days Ultrapro subgroup than the 30 days Ultrapro subgroup. The subgroup 15 days Ultrapro showed greater rupture strength than the subgroup 15 days Proceed, but in 30 days there were no difference. Ultrapro showed equal rupture strength in both periods, but 30 days Proceed showed greater rupture strength than 15 days Proceed. CONCLUSION: The meshes are similar in variables.

INTRODUÇÃO: O uso de telas para a correção cirúrgica de defeito herniários da parede abdominal contribuiu para a acentuada redução dos índices de recidiva das hérnias. Contudo, o seu uso intra-abdominal cursa com a formação de aderências e diversas complicações, dentre elas a obstrução intestinal. MÉTODO: Foram selecionados, nos bancos de dados PubMed e Medline, 27 artigos científicos atualizados e com informações relevantes à respeito das propriedades mais importantes das telas (material, diâmetro dos poros, estrutura tridimensional e peso molecular) para colocação intra-abdominal, evitando-se a formação de aderências e recidiva da hérnia. CONCLUSÃO: Atualmente as telas de dupla-composição são as mais indicadas para uso intra-peritoneal. Estas têm uma face composta por um material (preferencialmente macro poroso e reticular) que fica em contato com a musculatura e tem o objetivo de manter a resistência tênsil da parede abdominal. A outra face, composta por outro tipo de material (preferencialmente micro poroso e laminar), deve ficar em contato com os órgãos intra-abdominais, porém sem induzir a formação de aderênciasINTRODUCTION: The use of meshes to surgical repair of abdominal wall defects has contributed increasingly to reduce the number of incisional hernias. This use, however, in the intraperitoneal position leads to adhesion formation and a great number of complications, as bowel obstruction. METHODS: Twenty seven articles were selected from PubMed and Medline publications with important information about the meshes properties (material, pore size, spacial surface area, molecular weight) and its alocation in intraperitoneal position, preventing adhesion formation and incisional hernia. CONCLUSION: Nowadays, the composite meshes are the most specified to use in the intraperitoneal position. They are composed in one side with a material (macroporous and reticular) that must be in contact with the muscle and has the purpose to maintain the abdominal wall resistence. In the other side, another kind of material (microporous and laminar) that must be in contact with the intra-abdominal organs, however without inducing adhesion formation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the development of Walker 256 tumor in male Wistar rats treated with tacrolimus using an experimental kidney tumor model. METHODS: 40 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Tumor group (TU) (n=10), Tacrolimus-Tumor group (TT) (n=10), Tacrolimus group (TC) (n=10) and Control group (C) (n=10). Treatment with tacrolimus was performed in groups TT and TC. Under anesthesia, the right kidney of each animal of TU and TT was accessed through a supraumbilical incision and inoculated with a 0.1mL solution containing 2x10(6) tumor cells (Walker 256 carcinosarcoma tumor cells). Group TC was treated with a saline solution. All the animals of groups TC and TT were treated with tacrolimus (5mg/kg/day) by gavage for 15 days. TU group animals received saline by gavage for 15 days. On the 15th postoperative day, all animals were submitted to euthanasia and blood sampling for analysis of serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Abdominal gross examination was performed, the right kidney removed and prepared for histological analysis by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The resulting data were submitted to statistical analysis by ANOVA. RESULTS: Statistical significance was found when comparing creatinine level between groups TU, TT and TC -TT group culminated with a marked increased in creatinine levels (Cr=1.013 ± 0.3028 mg/mL), TU group (Cr=0.5670 ± 0.03536 mg/dL) P=0.00256, TC group (Cr =0.711 ± 0.1653 mg/mL) P= 0.02832. Statistical significance was found when comparing BUN levels in TT group (71.32 ± 17.14 mg/mL), compared with TU group (45.83 ± 5.046 mg/dL), P=0.000318. There were no statistically significant differences between groups TT and TC (61.23 ± 9.503 mg/mL) P=0.7242. Histological analysis showed a poor evolution in TT group with multiple foci of hemorrhage and cortical invasion by the Walker tumor. CONCLUSION: The Tacrolimus-treated group developed a more aggressive tumor and a drug-related nephrotoxic effect.OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações na evolução do carcinosarcoma 256 de Walker, inoculado no rim de ratos Wistar, sob tratamento imunossupressor com o tacrolimus. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar, machos divididos em quatro grupos de 10: grupo Tumor (TU), Tumor-Tacrolimus (TT), Tacrolimus (TC) e Controle (C). Os ratos dos grupos TU e TT foram inoculados com 0,1 mL de solução contendo 2x10(6) células do tumor de Walker no parênquima do rim direito. Os dos grupos TC e TT receberam tratamento com tacrolimus na dose de 5mg/kg de peso, via gavagem orogástrica durante 15 dias. Os ratos do grupo TU receberam solução salina isotônica pH 7,2. Ao 15º dia de evolução, todos foram submetidos à eutanásia. Amostras de sangue eram coletadas para dosagem de creatinina (Cr) e uréia (Ur) e posteriormente realizada nefrectomia para avaliação histológica. RESULTADOS: As dosagens séricas de creatinina foram maiores no grupo TT (Cr = 1,013±0,3028 mg/mL), que diferiu significantemente dos grupos TU (Cr=0,5670 ± 0,03536 mg/dL) com p=0,00256 e do TC (Cr=0,711 ± 0,1653 mg/mL) com p=0,02832. As dosagens séricas de uréia foram maiores no grupo TT (71,32 ± 17,14 mg/mL), que diferiu significantemente do grupo TU (45,83 ± 5,046mg/dL) com p=0,000318, mas comparado ao grupo TC (61,23 ± 9,503 mg/mL) não houve diferença significante (p=0,7242). No inventário da cavidade abdominal dos grupos TU e TT, observou-se presença macroscópica de tumor em todos os rins direitos; não foram evidenciadas efusões ascíticas, formação de bridas ou metástases tumorais em outros órgãos ou tecidos adjacentes aos rins direitos. CONCLUSÃO: O tacrolimus exerceu efeito nefrotóxico e induziu exacerbação do crescimento do tumor de Walker 256, quando implantado no rim de ratos Wistar.

PURPOSE: To evaluate swine vocal fold healing in a period of 30 days after topical mitomycin-C application. METHODS: Twelve swine underwent exeresis of mucosal flaps from the free edge of the anterior third of both vocal folds with a cold instrument (laryngeal scissors). The animals were divided into two groups: EG (Experimental Group), consisting of 6 animals undergoing topical MMC application (4 mg/dL) on the operated area for 4 minutes; CG (Control Group), 6 animals undergoing topical saline solution application on the operated area for 4 minutes. After 30 days, the animals were sacrificed and the larynges were collected and examined for the presence of synechiae as well as a histological immunohistochemical assessment of immature and mature collagen deposition, number of blood vessels and myofibroblasts. RESULTS: Mature collagen deposition in the EG was 452.12 μm² and 1332.31μm² in the CG; immature collagen deposition was 1511.73μm² in the EG and 1020.61μm² in the CG. The number of myofibroblasts was 1.556 in the EG and 3.583 in the CG. The number of blood vessels was 2.565 in EG and 6.917 in the CG. There were no synechiae in the two studied groups. CONCLUSIONS: There was an increase in immature collagen deposition in the experimental group when compared with the control group. There was a decrease in mature collagen deposition in the experimental group when compared with the control group. There was a decrease in the number of myofibroblasts in the experimental group when compared with the control group. A decrease in blood vessels was observed in the experimental group when compared with the control group. There was no synechia formation in either studied group.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a cicatrização de pregas vocais de suínos utilizando mitomicina-C tópica, em 30 dias. MÉTODOS: Doze suínos foram submetidos à exérese de mucosa do bordo livre do terço anterior de ambas as pregas vocais com instrumental frio (tesoura curva) e divididos em dois grupos: Grupo E (GE), composto por seis animais com utilização tópica de mitomicina-C(4 mg/dL) na área cruenta por quatro minutos e Grupo Controle (GC), composto por seis animais com utilização tópica de soro fisiológico na área cruenta por quatro minutos. Após 30 dias os animais foram sacrificados e coletadas amostras das pregas vocais para avaliação de sinéquias e análise histológica com quantificação da deposição de colágeno maduro e imaturo, quantificação do número de vasos sanguíneos e miofibroblastos, por método imunoistoquímico. RESULTADOS: A deposição do colágeno maduro no GE foi de 452,12 μm² e 1332,31μm² no GC. A do colágeno imaturo foi de 1511,73μm² no GE e de 1020,61μm² no GC. O número de miofibroblastos foi de 1,556 no GE e de 3,583 no GC. O número de vasos sanguíneos foi de 2,565 no GE e de 6,917 no GC. Não houve formação de sinéquias nos grupo s estudados. CONCLUSÕES: No grupo experimento, quando comparado ao controle, houve significativamente aumento da deposição do colágeno imaturo e diminuição da deposição do colágeno maduro, do número de miofibroblastos e de vasos sanguíneos. Não houve formação de sinéquias em ambos os grupos.

PURPOSE: To compare polyester with absorbable layer prosthesis with collagen-elastin/polypropylene prosthesis in the repair of abdominal wall defects. METHODS: The 16 studied rabbits were divided in groups A and B (euthanized on the 30th and 60th days, after the implant of the mesh). The animals underwent laparotomy and received a 2cm wall "defect" on each side of the Alba linea. The repair was made with the suture of a polyester mesh with absorbable film on the left side of the Alba Linea and with collagen-elastin/polypropylene mesh on the right side. Adherences were classified according to Nair Score and microscopic evaluation observing types I and III collagen formation and other immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in adhesion formation. The collagen type I showed higher deposition in polyester with absorbable layer. In group B, the difference between the meshes was significant, with higher collagen III deposition in polyester with absorbable layer (60º P.O.). About the metalloproteinases, the presence of MMP -1 and MMP-8 were about the same; the expression of MMP-13 increased near to the 60th day. CONCLUSIONS: There is no significant difference between the two meshes in adhesion formation and immunohystochemical evaluation. The polyester mesh resorbable film presented a higher deposition of collagen.OBJETIVO: Comparar a tela poliéster com lâmina absorvível e a confeccionada pela aposição da tela de colágeno-elastina/polipropileno no reparo de lesões da parede abdominal. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 16 coelhos, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos e submetidos a eutanásia no 30º e no 60º dia P.O. Os animais foram submetidos à laparotomia e confecção de dois defeitos triangulares de 2 cm, de espessura total, na parede abdominal ventral. A correção foi realizada através de fixação, na metade esquerda da linha alba, da tela de poliéster com lâmina absorvível e na direita, tela composta por colágeno-elastina/polipropileno. As aderências foram classificadas conforme o escore de Nair e a avaliação microscópica incluiu avaliação do colágeno (tipos I e III) e imunoistoquímica. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença quanto à formação de aderências. O colágeno tipo I apresentou maior concentração com a tela Poliéster com lâmina absorvível. No grupo B foi encontrada diferença significativa entre as telas, com aumento do colágeno tipo III com a tela Poliéster com lâmina absorvível (60º P.O.). A avaliação das metaloproteinases MMP-1 e MMP-8 não apresentaram diferença significativa; a MMP-13 apresentou aumento significativo na imunoexpressão no 60º P.O. CONCLUSÕES: Não há diferença significativa entre as telas quanto às aderências e avaliação imunoistoquímica. A tela de poliéster com lâmina absorvível apresenta maior formação de colágeno.

PURPOSE: To compare the capsular reaction to two different coverings of silicone prosthesis through the biophysical characteristic of adherence and microscopical aspects of the inflammatory reaction and collagen formation. METHODS: Thirty two Wistar rats were used. In the dorsum of each animal a silicone elastomer with a smooth superficies and another coated with texturized silicone (Mentor) was implanted. Another one, with the same smooth superficies and other coated with silicone foam (Lifesil), making up in each side, of the dorsum, the texturized and silicone foam group respectively. The animals were split into four groups to be evaluated at 7, 14, 30 and 60 days. On the evaluation dates the implant adherence was verified witch a tensiometer and the values in kgf were obtained. The material was sent to histological analysis with hematoxilin-eosin and picrosirius colorations, to evaluate the inflammatory reaction and collagen synthesis, respectively. The obtained data were submitted to statistical treatment. RESULTS: There was more adherence of the tissue to the silicone foam (POBJETIVO: Comparar a reação capsular de dois revestimentos de próteses de silicone através da característica biofísica de aderência e dos aspectos microscópicos de reação inflamatória e formação de colágeno. MÉTODOS: Implantaram-se no dorso de 32 ratos duas membranas de silicone ambas possuindo uma superfície lisa e outra diferindo em sua estrutura. Estes revestimentos foram de espuma de silicone (LifeSil) ou silicone texturizado (Mentor). Os dois grupos foram divididos em quatro sub-grupos conforme o tempo de pós-operatório avaliado: 7, 14, 30 e 60 dias. Obteve-se material para análise biofísica de aderência, a qual foi realizada com tensiômetro para obtenção de valores em kgf. O estudo microscópico da reação inflamatória e síntese de colágeno foi realizado com colorações de hematoxilina-eosina e picrosirius. Os dados foram submetidos a testes para avaliação da significância estatística. RESULTADOS: Houve maior aderência do revestimento de espuma de silicone ao tecido capsular, sendo este valor estatisticamente significativo (P

PURPOSE: To evaluate the deposition of collagen fibers at pig's vocal folds after topical use of mitomycin or 5-fluorouracil, when partial exeresis of mucosa layer had been promoted by CO2 laser. METHODS: There were used 18 Larger white pigs which were anesthetized and submitted to mucosa fragment's exeresis, bilaterally, at its free border. The animals were divided into 3 groups, each one with 6 animals: control group, without topical drug application; mitomycin group; and 5-fluorouracil group. After 30 days, the animals were subjected to euthanasia, and samples of the vocal folds were collected and stained by picrosirius red technique with polarization for quantification of total collagen deposition. RESULTS: In control group, the mean rate of right vocal fold's collagen deposition at submucosa consisted in a 3428.66 micrometers area. There was found an area whose size had, in average, 2196.36 micrometers, in mitomycin group, and 2269.19 micrometers, in 5-fluorouracil group. CONCLUSION: Mitomycin and 5-fluorouracil had promoted beneficial change in vocal fold's cicatrization with less collagen deposition, but there was no significant statistically difference when they were compared between themselves.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a deposição das fibras de colágeno total em pregas vocais suínas após o uso tópico de mitomicina ou 5-fluorouracil nas exéreses parciais de mucosa com laser de CO2. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 18 porcos da raça Larger white anestesiados e submetidos à exérese de fragmento de mucosa de borda livre da prega vocal direita e prega vocal esquerda. Os animais foram divididos em 3 grupos com 6 animais cada: grupo controle, sem aplicação de medicação tópica; grupo mitomicina, com uso tópico dessa substância; grupo 5-fluorouracil, uso tópico. Após 30 dias do experimento os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia, coletadas amostras das pregas vocais e coradas pela técnica do picrosirius red com polarização para a quantificação computadorizada da deposição do colágeno total. RESULTADOS: No grupo controle, a média da área do colágeno depositado na submucosa da prega vocal direita foi de 3428,66 micrômetros. No grupo mitomicina a média foi de 2196,36 micrômetros. No grupo 5-fluorouracil, a média foi de 2269,19 micrômetros. CONCLUSÃO: A mitomicina e o 5-fluorouracil promoveram mudança benéfica na cicatrização da prega vocal, com menor deposição de colágeno, porém, quando comparados entre si, eles não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante.

RACIONAL: Muitas dúvidas ainda permanecem no que se refere às ações dos fatores de crescimento e do plasma rico em plaquetas sobre o mecanismo de reparação tissular. Há necessidade de serem esclarecidos pontos controversos ainda existentes. OBJETIVO: Obter o plasma rico em plaquetas em coelhos através de um método simplificado e ao mesmo tempo adequado, introduzindo um modelo experimental que possa ser utilizado em estudos posteriores. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 25 coelhas da raça Nova Zelândia e sem doenças prévias. Quinze mL de sangue de cada animal foi coletado, sendo 10 mL submetidos à dupla centrifugação. Para comprovar a efetividade do método proposto realizou-se contagem mecânica do sangue, bem como do produto final. RESULTADO: Obteve-se uma concentração média de plaquetas no plasma rico em plaquetas 687% maior que a contagem inicial observada no sangue venoso periférico. Para as variáveis: contagem inicial de plaquetas, contagem de plaquetas no plasma rico em plaquetas e enriquecimento, foram obtidos os limites de 95% de confiança para suas médias, sendo que, no que se refere ao percentual de enriquecimento, existe 95% de chance de que o intervalo de (530-844) contenha a média real de enriquecimento de plaquetas. CONCLUSÃO: O método simplificado utilizado permite a obtenção de plasma rico em plaquetas adequado permitindo seu uso em estudos dos fatores de crescimento nos mecanismos de reparação tecidual.BACKGROUND: Multiple uncertainties still exist about the action of the growth factors and the platelet-rich plasma on the mechanism of repair. AIM: To obtain the platelet-rich plasma in rabbits through a simplified and suitable method, creating an experimental model. METHODS: Twenty-five female New Zealand rabbits without previous diseases were used. Fifteen mL of blood of each rabbit was collected and 10 mL of the collected blood were twice centrifugated. To check the effectiveness of the proposed method mechanical counting of the blood and of the final product were performed. RESULTS: The mean platelet concentration was 687% higher than the initial peripheral blood counting. Mean initial platelet counting, platelet-rich plasma platelet counting and enriched were obtained with 95% CI and in terms of enrichment percentage there is a chance that the interval 530 to 844 be the real mean platelet enrichment. CONCLUSION: This simplified method permits to get an effective platelet-rich plasma to be used in trials about growth factors in mechanisms of tissue repair.

RACIONAL: Na cirurgia geral, as correções das hérnias da parede abdominal ocupam lugar de destaque e, cada vez mais, as indicações e usos de telas têm aumentado devido aos melhores resultados. OBJETIVO: Comparar as correções de orifícios produzidos em parede abdominal com telas Parietex® e Surgisis® em contato direto com as vísceras abdominais. MÉTODO: Para os experimentos foram utilizadas 16 coelhas adultas jovens e produção de defeitos triangulares de 2 cm de base por 2,5 cm de altura, comprometendo os planos músculo-aponeurótico-peritoniais da parede abdominal, nos flancos, simétricos à linha média que foram corrigidos com telas retangulares de 3 cm de base por 3,5 cm de altura. No lado direito usou-se tela Parietex® (poliéster/colágeno-polietilenoglicol-glicerol) e no lado esquerdo tela Surgisis® (submucosa intestinal suína). Na avaliação utilizaram-se parâmetros clínico-cirúrgicos, histológicos e imunoistoquímicos. Oito coelhas foram submetidas a eutanásia em 30 dias e as 8 restantes, em 60. Comparou-se a eficiência das duas telas. RESULTADOS: As duas telas provocaram erosões de pele e não ocorreu nenhum caso de hérnia incisional. As aderências ocorreram em todas as telas no primeiro mês e em menor grau e intensidade, no segundo mês; a retração delas foi de 1/3 do tamanho original; a Parietex® provocou menor processo inflamatório; não houve diferença significante de deposição de entre as duas telas; a deposição do colágeno tipo III foi mais intensa no segundo mês em ambas; na remodelação do colágeno a produção da enzima MMP8 foi maior na tela Parietex® no primeiro mês e a enzima MMP13 aumentou no segundo mês em ambas as telas, porém com significância apenas na Parietex®. CONCLUSÃO: As duas telas foram eficientes na correção de hérnias incisionais e com resultados semelhantes, sendo que a Parietex® apresentou menor processo inflamatório, maior quantidade de metaloproteinases MMP8 e MMP13 em relação à Surgisis®.BACKGROUND: In general surgery, the repair of abdominal wall hernias has a prominent place, and the indications and uses of meshes have increased due to better results. AIM: To compare the repair of induced abdominal wall defects with Parietex® and Surgisis® meshes, in direct contact with abdominal viscera (intraperitoneal mesh). METHOD: For the experiments, were used 16 female young adult rabbits. Two full thickness triangular defects of 2 cm base by 2.5 cm high were created, lateral to the linea alba, one at each side. They were repaired with rectangular meshes of 3 cm base by 3.5 cm high, on the right side with Parietex® mesh (polyester/collagen-polyethylenglycol-glycerol), and on the left side with Surgisis® mesh (lyophilized porcine small bowel submucosa). The evaluation included clinical-surgical findings as well as histological and immunohistochemical parameters. Eight rabbits were subjected to euthanasia after 30 days, and the eight after 60 days. RESULTS: Both meshes induced skin erosions, despite the varying levels of mesh undermining evaluated, no incisional hernia occurred. There were peritoneal adhesions to the surface of both types of meshes after 30 days and in a lower extent and intensity after 60 days. Meshes' shrinking correspond to 1/3 of the original size and Parietex® caused less inflammatory process at the histologic evaluation. Deposition of collagen type I presented no significant difference between the meshes, but deposition of collagen type III was more intense after 60 days, in both groups. Regarding collagen's rearrangement, the production of MMP8 was higher on Parietex® after 30 days, and MMP13 enzyme was increased after 60 days, in both meshes (significant only for Parietex®). CONCLUSION: Both meshes were efficient in the correction of abdominal wall defects, and with similar results, but Parietex® presented less inflammatory process and greater amount of matrix-metalloproteinases MMP8 and MMP13 than Surgisis®.

RACIONAL: O câncer gástrico continua sendo objeto de grande número de estudos que tentam entender melhor sua gênese, e conseqüentemente propor novos tratamentos. Na atualidade destaque especial está sendo dado na marcação imunoistoquímica onde estão sendo utilizados marcadores diversos sem se saber ainda qual ou quais são os mais efetivos no diagnóstico. OBJETIVO: Identificar e quantificar por citometria de imagem a expressão dos marcadores de angiogênese Fator VIII e CD-34 em tumores gástricos. MÉTODOS:Foram utilizados 29 casos de adenocarcinomas gástricos, todos oriundos de material arquivado e conservado em blocos de parafina. Após a desparafinização, realizou-se coloração com marcadores imunoistoquímicos de angiogênese Fator VIII e CD-34, e as lâminas coradas foram submetidas a estudo citofotométrico de imagem em sistema informatizado SAMBA 4000. RESULTADOS: Foram comparados os dois parâmetros oferecidos pelo método, índice de marcagem e densidade óptica, apenas nos 17 casos em que ocorreu identificação de ambos marcadores. Observou-se expressão numericamente significativa de ambos, porém o Fator VIII apresentou melhor média de densidade óptica, enquanto o CD-34 melhor resultado quanto ao índice de marcagem. CONCLUSÃO:A citometria de imagem foi capaz de identificar e quantificar a expressão do Fator VIII e CD-34 de maneira confiável e satisfatória demonstrando presença de angiogênese, sendo que o Fator VIII marcou menores áreas com melhor qualidade e o CD-34 marcou maiores áreas com menor qualidade.BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer remains a subject of great interest in several studies searching for understanding its genesis and, therefore, proposing new treatments. Currently special credits have been given to immunohistochemistry as various markers are being tested with uncertain efficacy on diagnosis. AIM: To identify and quantify the expression of Factor VIII and CD-34, angiogenesis markers, in gastric tumors by imaging cytometry. METHODS: Twenty-nine 29 gastric adenocarcinomas sampled-tissue in paraffin blocks underwent immunohistochemical angiogenesis markers evaluation for factor VIII and CD-34 and the marked slides were submitted to SAMBA 4000 reading. RESULTS:The investigation method offered two comparison parameters, marking index and optical density, showing up both in 17 cases. Significant numerical expression had been observed for both markers, but Factor VIII showed a better optical density average while CD-34 presented a better result for marking index. CONCLUSIONS: Image cytometry identified and quantified Factor VIII and CD-34 expressions in a reliable and satisfactory manner, revealing the presence of angiogenesis. Factor VIII enhanced in smaller areas with better quality while CD-34 enhanced greater areas with lower quality.

RACIONAL: O câncer colorretal é uma das causas mais comum de mortes por neoplasias malignas no mundo ocidental, sendo que o adenocarcinoma colorretal representa mais de 90% dos tumores malignos que acometem o intestino grosso. A cisteíno-protease caspase-3, uma das mais participantes enzimas do processo apoptótico, pode ser utilizado como marcador tumoral. OBJETIVO: Identificar e quantificar a expressão da caspase-3 em amostras de adenocarcinomas colorretais através de um sistema computadorizado de análise de imagem, bem como correlacionar a expressão deste marcador. MÉTODOS: Foi estudada por imunoistoquímica a proteína caspase-3 em 55 amostras de adenocarcinoma colorretal parafinizadas. Para analisar os tecidos imunomarcados, o sistema SAMBA 4000 foi utilizado. Avaliaram-se as lâminas com o programa IMMUNO 4.00 através da leitura de 8 a 10 campos, determinando-se dois parâmetros: índice de marcagem (LI, Labeling Index) que descreve a porcentagem de área tecidual especificamente marcada pela prova imunoistoquímica, e a densidade óptica média (MOD, Mean Optical Density), a qual representa a intensidade de coloração do tecido medida por pixels positivos. Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se o teste t-Student e o coeficiente de Pearson para verificar a existência de correlação entre índice de marcagem e a densidade óptica média do mesmo marcador. RESULTADOS: Todas as amostras estudadas apresentaram positividade à caspase-3 (LI médio: 85,24% ± 8,71% de células positivas). Houve correlação estatisticamente significante entre o índice de marcagem e a densidade óptica média deste marcador. CONCLUSÃO: A intensidade da expressão de caspase-3 e o número de células expressando este marcador correlacionam-se positiva e significantemente.BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common causes of death for malignant neoplasm in the Occidental World, corresponding colorectal adenocarcinoma to represent more than 90% of malignant tumors in large bowel. Caspase-3 cysteine protease, one of the most important enzymes related in the apoptosis process, may be used as a tumor marker. AIM: To identify and quantify Caspase-3 expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma samples and to correlate the marker expression using an image computerized analysis system. METHOD: Caspase-3 expressions were studied by immunohistochemistry in 55 colorectal adenocarcinoma sampled-tissues, prepared in paraffin blocks. SAMBA 4000 System was used for the immunostained tissues analysis. Microscopic evaluation was performed by the IMUNNO 4.00 software, which analyzed 8 to 10 fields in order to determine two parameters: Labeling Index (LI), indicating the percentage of cells specifically stained by immunohistochemistry, and Mean Optical Density (MOD), representing enhance intensity, measured by positive pixels. For the statistical analysis, t-Student test and Pearson coefficient verified the possible correlation concerning LI and MOD. RESULTS: All samples presented positivity for Caspase-3 expression (LI 85,24% ± 8,71% positive cells). Caspase-3 expression revealed statistically significance correlation between LI and MOD (P = 0,013). CONCLUSIONS: The intensity of Caspase-3 expression and the number of positive cells expressing such a marker showed a positive and significant correlation.

RACIONAL: O câncer de esôfago está entre as seis neoplasias malignas mais comuns do mundo. Devido à sua grande agressividade clínica, o subtipo carcinoma epidermóide constitui um dos tumores de pior prognóstico, com alto índice de morbi-mortalidade. Marcadores de biologia molecular tem sido apontados como forte coadjuvante no diagnóstico e graduação de tumores. A angiogênese, evento essencial para a progressão tumoral, pode ser estudada pelo marcador CD34. OBJETIVO: Determinar por citofotometria, usando o sistema SAMBA 4000, a expressão do marcador CD34 no carcinoma epidermóide de esôfago e, correlacioná-los com dados clínico-patológicos (idade, sexo, grau de diferenciação do tumor, estadio, tamanho, localização, profundidade e acometimento de linfonodos). MÉTODOS: Avaliaram-se 29 amostras teciduais de carcinoma epidermóide de esôfago utilizando-se coloração imunoistoquímica com marcador anti-CD34. A quantificação da expressão deste marcador foi realizada por citometria de imagem, pelo sistema SAMBA 4000 nas variáveis índice de marcagem e densidade óptica. A correlação entre subgrupos e análise estatística dos resultados foi realizada com o programa SPSS. RESULTADOS: A expressão média do marcador CD34 foi de 73,40% + 15,20 no índice de marcagem e 56,10 + 23,54 na densidae óptica. O CD34 não apresenta correlação estatisticamente significativa com as características clínico-histopatológicas estudadas (idade, sexo, grau de diferenciação do tumor, estadio, tamanho, localização, profundidade e acometimento de linfonodos). CONCLUSÃO: O marcador CD34 apresenta expressão no carcinoma epidermóide de esôfago, com maior valor no índice de marcagem em relação à densidade óptica. Ele4 não apresenta correlação com as características clínico-histopatológicas estudadas.BACKGROUND: Esophagus carcinoma is rated among the six more common malignant neoplasias in the world. Due to its aggressive clinical presentation, squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is well known to have one of the poorest prognoses, exhibiting high morbid-mortality rates. Molecular biology markers have been pointed out as great predictors in tumors diagnoses and staging. Angiogenesis, an essential event for tumor progression, can be studied using CD34 marker. AIM: To determine, by computerized image cytophotometric study, using SAMBA 4000, the expression of CD34 in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and correlate the results with the clinical-pathological data (age, gender, differentiation tumor graduation, staging, size, tumor localization, depth, and lymph node metastases). METHODS: Twenty-nine recovery of sampled-tissue squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus were evaluated using immunohistochemistry staining with anti-CD34 marker. Analysis of tumor expression marker was submitted to SAMBA reading using the following parameters: labeling index and optical density. Correlations among samples and statistical analysis were possible using SPSS program. RESULTS: The average labeling index for CD34 was 73,40% + 15,20 and as for optical density was 56,10 + 23,54 pixels. CD34 doe not show significant statistical correlation with clinical-pathological features considered (age, gender, differentiation tumor graduation, staging, size, tumor localization, depth, and lymph node metastases). CONCLUSION: CD34 marker demonstrates expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, presenting a greater labeling index value than optical density. The respective tumor marker does not show correlation with the clinical-pathological features considered in the study.

RACIONAL: No câncer gástrico, a incidência, o diagnóstico e as opções terapêuticas apresentaram melhorias nas últimas décadas, porém o prognóstico permanece reservado, especialmente devido à maioria dos pacientes procurarem recurso médico com tumores avançados, metastáticos ou cirurgicamente irressecáveis já no diagnóstico. Biologia molecular é área de conhecimento recente com grandes questionamentos a serem respondidos e a atualidade dos fatos científicos mostra que o caminho deverá ser através da identificação de marcadores tumorais. Os grandes avanços na área da informática aprimoraram a análise da imagem celular através da citofotometria de imagem que possibilita através da imunoistoquímica estudar a proliferação celular e a angiogênese que participa em diversos processos tumorais, sendo pesquisadas por vários marcadores. Atualmente estudos são realizados para demonstrar o valor prognóstico de suas expressões, contudo, no adenocarcinoma gástrico resultados têm sido divergentes e estudos escassos. OBJETIVOS: Identificar e quantificar citofotometricamente a expressão dos marcadores da angiogênese através do fator VIII no adenocarcinoma e comparar suas expressões com fa classificação de Bormann, profundidade de invasão tumoral, grau de diferenciação, envolvimento nodal, padrão histológico e idade. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 21 pacientes com adenocarcinoma gástrico, identificados de 1998 a 2006. Para a detecção do Fator VIII foi realizada imunoistoquímica, com anticorpo policlonal para Fator VIII. Foi realizada análise citofotométrica informatizada pelo sistema SAMBA 4000. RESULTADOS: Dos 21 pacientes 61,90% eram do sexo masculino e 38,10% do feminino, com idade mediana de 65 anos e apenas um não marcou para o Fator VIII (95,24% de marcação). As médias dos índices de marcagem para o Fator VIII foram de 61,14% (desvio-padrão de 15,06, variando de 29,16 a 73,91). Tumores com classificação III ou IV apresentaram índice de marcagem maiores do que aqueles com Bormann I ou II, porém sem correlação com a profundidade de invasão tumoral, grau de diferenciação, envolvimento nodal e padrão histológico. CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo identificou e marcou 95,24% das amostras para o Fator VIII. Em relação aos fatores prognósticos não houve correlação significativa exceto entre o Fator VIII e a classificação de Bormann no qual o tipo III ou IV foi maior que o tipo I ou II.INTRODUCTION: Regarding gastric cancer, the incidence, diagnosis and therapeutic options showed improvement in the last decades, but prognosis remains gloomy, specially due the fact that most patients, already diagnosed present advanced tumors, metastatic and not liable to be surgically resected. Molecular biology is an area in science, which can give the answer to many questions and current scientific facts show that the this should be through detection of tumoral markers. The great advances in informatics refined cell image analysis by image cytophotometry makes it possible to study cell proliferation and angiogenesis in various tumor processes using immunohistochemistry and several markers. At present, studies are conducted to demonstrate the prognostic value of their expressions, however, in gastric adenocarcinoma the results have been divergent and studies are scarce. AIM: To identify and quantify the expression of cell proliferation markers using Ki-67 and of angiogenesis with Factor VIII in gastric adenocarcinoma using cytophotometry, and compare their expressions with factors such as Bormanns´ classification, tumor invasion depth, degree of differentiation, nodal involvement, histologic pattern and age. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with gastric adenocarcinoma identified between 1998 and 2006 were studied. Ki-67 and Factor VIII expressions were performed using immunohistochemistry with clone MIB-1 primary antibodies, monoclonal for Ki-67 and policlonal for Factor VIII. Cytophotometric analysis was performed using the SAMBA 4000 system. RESULTS: Of the 21 patients 61.90% were males and 38.10% females, with a median age of 65 years. In our study eight patients had no Ki-67 marking (61,90% marking) and only one had no Factor VIII marking (95,24% marking). Means of Ki-67 labelling index was 33,25% (standard deviation 20,08, varying from 5,43 to 75,10) and of Factor VIII, 61,14% (standard deviation 15,06, varying from 29,16 to 73.91). There was no correlation between the two markers regarding gender and age. When compared between the two markers, expression for angiogenesis was significantly greater than that for cell proliferation with a mean difference between labelling index of 20,89 (p

RACIONAL: O adenocarcinoma de cólon é a segunda causa mais comum de morte por câncer em homens e mulheres, sendo responsável por mais de cinco milhões de mortes por ano. No momento do diagnóstico apenas 70% dos tumores são ressecáveis, 75% são curáveis e 25% poderão ter recorrência da doença. A apoptose é uma das responsáveis pelo equilíbrio homeostático entre as células. Durante o desenvolvimento do processo de degeneração maligna celular o desequilíbrio na apoptose é considerado um dos principais marcos neoplásicos. A caspase-3 é uma das mais importantes moléculas na apoptose, sendo sua efetora principal. Sua expressão e prognóstico têm sido relatados em vários estudos e revisões com seu papel valorizado desde o surgimento do pólipo até a sua transformação maligna, com a taxa de apoptose diminuindo progressivamente. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a expressão citofotométrica computadorizada do marcador Caspase-3 no adenocarcinoma de cólon; avaliá-lo nas fases evolutivas na classificação modificada de Dukes e comparar sua expressão nos tumores do lado direito e esquerdo do cólon. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se 19 casos de câncer recuperados de blocos de parafina confirmados por hematoxilina-eosina e submetidos à técnica imunoistoquímica da estreptavidina-biotina com anticorpo policlonal anti-caspase-3. Após este processo as lâminas marcadas foram submetidas à leitura pelo sistema SAMBA com o software IMUNNO 4.00. Foram analisados três índices: marcagem (Label index), heterogeneidade e densidade óptica. Utilizaram-se a marcagem individual, avaliação da expressão do marcador e grupos definidos de tumores com classificação Dukes e pelo lado do tumor. RESULTADOS: A média do índice de marcagem da caspase-3 foi de 85,24 e da densidade óptica de 39,55. Na classificação Dukes de 12 tipos B tiveram índice de marcagem de 86,20 e a densidade óptica de 37,72 e para os 7 tipos C a área de marcagem foi de 85,66 e a densidade óptica foi de 42,71 não sendo possível identificar diferença em relação a classificação de Dukes. Quanto ao lado do tumor os 11 tumores à esquerda tiveram índice de marcagem de 86,65 e densidade óptica de 43,29 e os 8 à direita tíndice de marcagem de 83,29 e densidade óptica de 39,44 não sendo possível observar diferença estatística significante. CONCLUSÕES: A caspase-3 possui alta expressão individual revelando-se marcador de boa utilidade no estudo do adenocarcinoma de cólon e da fase pró-apoptóica da sua tumorigênese pelo seu alto grau de índice de marcagem e densidade óptica. Em relação à classificação Dukes não houve diferença entre os tipos B e C, como também em relação ao lado direito e esquerdo do cólon.BACKGROUND: Colon adenocarcinoma is the second cause of cancer death in men and women, responsible for more than five million deaths each year. At the diagnosis, only 70% of tumors are resectable, 75% curative and 25% might have disease recurrence. Apoptosis is responsible for homeostatic equilibrium among cells. During the development of the cellular malignant degeneration, an abnormal apoptosis plays an important role in the neoplasm transformation. Caspase-3 is one of the most important molecules in apoptosis, considered as the principal executioner. Caspase-3 expression and its prognosis have been mentioned in a variety of study and revision as its role being emphasized since the onset of polyp formation until the malignant transformation, as apoptosis declines progressively. AIM: To evaluate the computerized image cytophotometric expression of Caspase-3 in colon adenocarcinoma; to evaluate in the respective phases of Dukes-modified Classification and to compare its expression on right-sided and left-sided colon tumors. METHODS: Nineteen recovery of sampled-tissue in paraffin blocks confirmed by hematoxylin-eosin and submitted to immunohistochemistry estreptavidin-biotin method using antibody polyclonal anti-caspase-3. Following this process, marked slides were submitted SAMBA reading using software IMUNNO 4.00. Three indexes were analyzed: label index, heterogeneity and optical density. Individual labeling, marker expression evaluation and predefined tumors groups under Dukes Classification and side of tumor occurrence were considered. RESULTS: The average labeling index for caspase-3 was 85,24, where as for optical density was 39,55 pixels. According to Dukes Classification, 12 type B presented labeling index of 86,20 and optical density of 37,72 and for 7 samples type C labeling index corresponded to 85,66 and optical density equals to 42,71, unable to identify the difference regarding to Dukes Classification. Regarding to the side of tumor occurrence, 11 left-sided tumors had labeling index of 86,65 and optical density of 43,29 and the 8 right-sided tumors had labeling index of 83,29 and optical density of 39,44, unable to observe significant statistical difference. CONCLUSION: Caspase-3 presents a distinct value expression, revealing as useful marker in colon adenocarcinoma study and its proapoptotic phase at the tumorigenesis due to its high labeling index and optical density. Regarding to Dukes Classification there was no difference between types B and C, as well as right and left sided-related colon tumor occurrence.

INTRODUÇÃO: O uso de fitoterápicos na cicatrização de feridas cirúrgicas tem sido incrementado nos últimos anos com a busca de princípios ativos que desempenhe efetivo papel neste processo acelerando a recuperação cirúrgica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os aspectos morfológicos do processo cicatricial de feridas cutâneas abertas de ratos com uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia L. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se 60 ratos da linhagem Wistar. Em cada animal foi realizada uma ferida de 2 cm de diâmetro na região dorsal. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos de 30: grupo Controle - sem tratamento e grupo Jatropha - aplicação de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia L. Cada grupo foi subdividido em três subgrupos de 10 animais e avaliados no 7º, 14º e 21º dias do pós-operatório. Realizou-se estudo comparativo entre os dois grupos através da análise macroscópica, a planigrafia digital e análise histológica tendo como parâmetro a proliferação vascular, polimorfonucleares, mononucleares, proliferação fibroblástica, colagenização e reepitelização. RESULTADOS: Na evolução da ferida cutânea tanto no grupo controle como no grupo Jatropha houve exsudação plasmática com formação de crostas superficiais até o 7º dia. A partir dai houve espessamento da crosta e no 14º dia a crosta se destacou, evoluindo para tecido de granulação e epitelização completa no 21º dia com surgimento de novos pelos ao redor da lesão, em todos os animais. Houve ausência significativa da inflamação aguda no 21º dia pós-operatório do grupo Jatropha. Houve diferença significativa na intensidade da inflamação crônica, sendo mais intensa no 7º dia no grupo controle. A proliferação fibroblástica foi mais acentuada no 7º dia pós-operatório do grupo Jatropha, sendo semelhante no 14º e 21º dias pós-operatórios nos demais. A colagenização foi maior no 7º e 14º dias no grupo Jatropha. A re-epitelização foi significativamente melhor no 7º dia do grupo Jatropha. CONCLUSÃO: Embora mostrando melhora histológica com o uso da Jatropha, não ocorreu diferença significativa entre os grupos nas variáveis analisadas, na cicatrização das feridas cutânea de ratos ao término da avaliação.INTRODUCTION: Phytotherapy is one of the research branches in the healing process of surgical wounds. PURPOSE: To analyze the morphological aspects of the healing process occurring in open skin lesions in rats under administration of raw extract from Jatropha Gossypiifolia L. METHOD: Sixty Wistar rats were utilized. A 2cm wound in diameter was done in each animal at the dorsal region. The animals were divided into two groups, each one consisting of 30 animals. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups of ten. They were analyzed in the 7th, 14th and 21st post-operative day. The two groups were compared through macroscopic analysis using digital planigraphy and histological examination. The microscopic parameters considered were the vascular proliferation, polymorph and mononuclear cells, fibroblastic proliferation, collagen and epithelium formation. RESULTS: Epitelization occurred in a same amount in all animals. There was no chronic inflamation on 21st day in the Jatropha group and also no difference in polimorphonuclear cells between the groups. The fibroblastic reaction was better on the 7th day in the Jatropha group and equal in the remaining ones. Colagenization was greater on 7th and 14th days in Jatropha and better re-epitelization occurred in the same group in the 7th day. CONCLUSION: Although with hystologic aspects favoring the Jatropha, no significant differences concerning to the macroscopic and microscopic aspects were observed among the skin wounds receiving raw extract Jatropha and those that received no treatment in the final evaluation.

INTRODUÇÃO:A cicatrização do trato gastrintestinal é de grande importância na história da cirurgia, buscando-se tipos de fios e pontos apropriados e os diversos fatores que a influenciam. O uso de fitoterápicos como aceleradores da cicatrização tem sido feito por muitos anos sendo objetivo atual de pesquisas para a comprovação científica dessas propriedades terapêuticas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia L. na cicatrização de gastrorrafias em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar, machos, divididos em dois grupos de 20, denominados de grupos controle e Jatropha. Dez animais de cada grupo foram mortos no 3º dia pós-operatório e denominados subgrupos controle e Jatropha do 3º dia e os 10 restantes de cada grupo foram mortos no 7º dia com a mesma denominação do 7º dia. Em cada animal foi realizado gastrotomia e gastrorrafia em plano único com fio polipropileno 6-0 (Prolene®, Ethicon). Os animais do grupo Jatropha receberam dose única de 200mg/Kg do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia L via intraperitoneal no dia do procedimento e os do grupo controle a mesma quantidade em mililitros de solução salina (cloreto de sódio à 0,9%). Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: 1) alterações macroscópicas; 2) a resistência à insuflação de ar atmosférico (pressão de ruptura) da sutura; 3) características histológicas. RESULTADOS: Não houve morte dos animais na evolução clínica, ocorrendo boa cicatrização da parede abdominal, com ausência de sinais de infecção, deiscência, abscessos ou peritonites. A cicatrização da superfície serosa foi considerada boa em todos os animais, não ocorrendo fístulas, porém, as aderências intra-peritoneais ocorreram em sete ratos do subgrupo controle e nove do subgrupo Jatropha do 3º dia pós-operatório e em nove do subgrupo controle e oito do subgrupo Jatropha do 7º dia, não havendo diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos. A cicatrização da superfície mucosa foi classificada como boa em todos os animais. A resistência das gastrorrafias à insuflação de ar atmosférico demonstrou aumento estatisticamente significante da pressão de ruptura no grupo Jatropha do 3º dia de observação. A avaliação histológica demonstrou diferenças estatisticamente significantes, quanto aos critérios, reação inflamatória aguda menor e coaptação das bordas maior no subgrupo Jatropha do 7º dia pós-operatório em relação ao grupo controle do mesmo período. CONCLUSÃO: O extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia L. favorece a cicatrização no 3º dia pós-operatório em relação à maior resistência das gastrorrafias à pressão de ruptura, e no 7º dia com melhor coaptação das bordas e reduzindo reação inflamatória aguda à microscopia.INTRODUCTION: The healing process of the gastrointestinal tract is of huge importance in the surgical field history, as well as the search for appropriate types of threads and suture techniques and the many factors that influence it. The use of phytotherapic drugs as accelerators of the healing process has been done for many years and is one of the current objectives of scientific researches trying to prove its therapeutic properties. PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. extract on the healing process of gastrorraphies in rats. METHODS: Forty wistar male rats were divided in 2 groups of 20 rats, named control and Jatropha groups. Ten animals of each group were killed in the third day post-surgery and were named control and Jatropha groups of the 3rd day. The remaining 10 animals of each group were killed in the seventh day and were named accordingly for the 7th day. In each animal, gastrostomy and gastrorraphy were performed in a single plane using polypropylene thread 6-0 (Prolene). The animals from the Jatropha group were given a single dose of 200 mg/kg of the Jatropha gossypiifolia L. extract intraperitoneally on the same day of the procedure and the ones from the control group were given the same quantity in milliliters (ml), but of saline solution (sodium chloride 0.9%). The following parameters were evaluated: 1) macroscopic alterations; 2) the suture's resistance to atmospheric air insufflation (pressure of rupture); 3) histologic characteristics. RESULTS: No animal died during the clinical follow-up and optimal healing of the abdominal wall was seen without any signs of infection, dehiscence, abscesses or peritonitis. Healing of the serous surface was considered good in all animals, without occurrence of fistulas; however, intraperitoneal adhesions occurred in 7 rats of the sub-group control and 9 of the sub-group Jatropha on the 3rd day post-operative and in 9 of the sub-group control and 8 of the sub-group Jatropha on the 7th day, but the differences were not statistically significant between the groups. Healing of the mucous surface was classified as good in all the animals. The resistance of the gastrorraphies to the atmospheric air insufflation showed statistically significant increase of the rupture pressure in the Jatropha group during the 3rd day of observation. Histologic evaluation showed differences that were statistically significant, considered the criteria, as well as reduced acute inflammatory reaction and better coaptation of the edges in the sub-group Jatropha of 7th post-surgery, when comparet to the sub-group control of the same period. CONCLUSION: The raw extract of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. aids the healing on the 3rd day post-surgery, concerning the enhanced resistance of the gastrorraphies to pressure of rupture, and on the 7th day, presenting better coaptation of the edges and reducing acute inflammatory reaction by microscopic analyses.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a cicatrização de ferida provocada no estômago de ratos com uso do extrato hidroalcoólico de aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi). MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos, adultos, machos, divididos em dois grupos de vinte, denominados: grupo aroeira e grupo controle, cada grupo foi dividido em dois subgrupos de dez animais conforme o momento das mortes (três e sete dias). Em cada animal foi realizado o mesmo procedimento cirúrgico, ou seja, lesão do estômago e rafia com fio polipropileno (Prolene®) 6-0, diferindo apenas que os animais do grupo aroeira receberam dose única de 100mg/kg do extrato hidroalcóolico via intraperitoneal no dia do procedimento e aqueles do grupo controle a mesma quantidade em mililitros de solução salina isotônica. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: alterações macroscópicas, teste de resistência à insuflação de ar atmosférico e alterações microscópicas durante a evolução pós-operatória. RESULTADOS: Todos os animais demonstraram boa cicatrização da parede abdominal, sem sinais clínicos de infecção ou deiscência, isentos de complicações como abscessos e peritonites; ambos os grupos apresentaram aderências à superfície das gastrorrafias com órgãos vizinhos, principalmente com fígado, intestino delgado e parede abdominal. O teste de resistência não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante nos grupos estudados. A análise microscópica evidenciou somente a inflamação crônica como possuidora de diferença significativa entre os grupos aroeira e controle no 3º dia de observação. CONCLUSÃO: O extrato hidroalcoólico de aroeira não alterou o processo de cicatrização do estômago quanto à avaliação macroscópica, tensiométrica e microscópica.PURPOSE: To evaluate the healing process of gastric suture in rats using hydroalcoholic aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) extract. METHODS: Forty adult male rats, divided into two groups of 20 animals were operated and named as follows: aroeira group (Ga), and the control group (Gc). Each group was divided into two subgroups (SG) of 10 animals (SGa and SGc) according to the time of provoked death (three and seven days). The same surgical procedure was performed in all animals consisting in incision and simple suture of the stomach (Prolene® 6-0). The only difference was on the type of medical treatment. The aroeira group received a single 100mg/kg of aroira extract in an intraperitoneal dose and the animals from the control group received the same quantity in milliliters (ml) of the isotonic saline solution. The evaluated parameters were: macroscopic alterations, microscopic healing process and toleration to atmospheric air insufflation. RESULTS: All animals had good healing process of abdominal wall with no clinical evidence of infection, dehiscence, abscesses and peritonitis. Both groups presented adherences to gastric suture line area with surrounding organs, mainly the liver, lower intestines and the abdominal wall. Microscopic analysis showed only chronic inflammation significant difference between the aroeira and control groups on the third day of observation. Resistance tests did not present significant statistical differences in the studied groups. CONCLUSION: The use of aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) hydro-alcoholic extract did not alter the stomach healing process, considered on macroscopic, tensiometric and microscopic assessment.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ação cicatrizante do extrato hidroalcoólico da aroeira em bexigas de ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos machos da linhagem Wistar, divididos em dois grupos de 20, denominados grupo aroeira (GA) e grupo controle (GC). Todos foram submetidos à incisão abdominal mediana com cistotomia de 1 cm, seguida de cistorrafia em plano único com pontos separados de poliglactina 910 5-0 (Vicryl®). Após este procedimento, nos animais GA injetou-se 100mg por quilo de peso de extrato hidroalcoólico da aroeira na cavidade peritoneal e nos GC injetou-se 1 ml por quilo de peso de solução salina a 0,9% . Cada grupo foi dividido em dois sub-grupos de 10 animais de acordo com a data da morte: sub-grupo A3 e C3, sacrificados no 3º dia pós-operatório e sub-grupo A7 e C7, sacrificados no 7º dia. A parede, a cavidade abdominal e a sutura da bexiga foram avaliadas macroscopicamente. Amostras de tecido da bexiga foram retiradas e analisadas histologicamente, utilizando a coloração de Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE) e tricrômio de Masson. RESULTADOS: Na análise macroscópica observou-se infecção na incisão cirúrgica em três ratos do GC e em um do GA, e aderências peritoneais em 29 ratos do GC controle e 17 no GA. A avaliação microscópica mostrou processo inflamatório agudo mais severo no 3° (p=0,045) e no 7° dia (p=0,002). Evidenciou-se ainda diferença estatística nos parâmetros utilizados para a avaliação histológica da cicatrização da bexiga nas variáveis colagenização (p = 0.001), reepitelização (p = 0,046) e neoformação (p = 0) nos subgrupos GC e GA no 3º dia e na variável neoformação vascular (p=0,001) no subgrupo do 7º dia. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de extrato hidroalcoólico de aroeira mostrou efeito cicatrizante favorável nas cistotomias em ratos.PURPOSE: To evaluate the hydroalcoholic aroeira extract in the healing process of surgical incisions in the bladder of rats in an experimental comparative study. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were used. All of them underwent a median abdominal incision, with an 1cm cistotomy, followed by one plan suture with separated stitches of poliglactine 910 5-0. The animals were then divided into two groups of 20 rats each, and named the aroeira group (GA) and the control group (GC). In the first one, 80% hydro-alcoholic plant extract was injected in the peritoneal cavity, in a one dose of 100mg/kg. The second group, a 0.9% saline solution was injected in place of aroeira extract. Each group was divided into two subgroups (SGA and SGC) of 10 animals. According to their scheduled death, they were named subgroups SGA3 and SGC3 when killed in the 3th day after surgery and subgroups SGA7 and SGC7 in the 7th day. The abdominal cavity and the bladder suture were macroscopically evaluated. RESULTS: The microscopic analysis of the surgical incision in the bladder was performed by means of the hematoxilin-eosine stain and the trichrome of Masson. The macroscopic analysis showed an infection in the surgical incision in three rats of the SGC group and in one of the SGA, and peritoneal adhesion in the 26 rats belonging nine to SGC and 17 in the SGA. The microscopic evaluation revealed a more severe acute inflammation process in the SGC on the 3th (p=0.045) and in the 7th (0=0.002) days. In the SGA, a more significant colagenization (p=0.001) could be seen, as far as the evidence of vascular neoformation (p=0.002) on the 3th day. Chronic inflammatory reaction (p=0.006) and a more intense vascular neoformation (p=0.001) were observed in the 7th day. CONCLUSION: The hydroalcoholic aroeira extract have a favorable effect in the healing process of cystotomies done in rats.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito cicatrizante da administração tópica do extrato hidroalcoólico de aroeira em feridas abertas na região dorsocostal de ratos. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se 60 ratos Wistar, machos, que tiveram retirado fragmentos de pele com dois centímetros de diâmetro, sob anestesia inalatória com éter etílico. Foram divididos em dois grupos de 30 animais: o grupo aroeira, que recebeu aplicação do extrato hidroalcoólico da planta, e o grupo controle, que recebeu aplicação de solução salina a 0,9%. Cada grupo foi subdividido em 3 com 10 animais cada para serem observados aos sete, 14 ou 21 dias. As áreas das lesões foram analisadas pelo aspecto macroscópico e por planimetria digital. Os espécimes ressecados das feridas foram analisados por microscopia ótica em colorações de hematoxilina-eosina e tricrômio de Masson. RESULTADOS: Os achados macroscópicos demonstraram reepitelização completa mais precoce no grupo controle aos 14 dias. Pela planimetria digital as áreas médias das feridas dos ratos do grupo controle (0,5278 cm²) foram menores que as das feridas dos ratos do grupo aroeira (0,6897 cm²), com significância estatística aos 14 dias de pós-operatório (p=0,036). O estudo histológico demonstrou diferença estatística (p=0,023) em relação às células mononucleares no 14º dia de avaliação, com maior número no grupo aroeira, não havendo diferenças significantes em relação aos outros parâmetros em nenhum dos dias estudados. CONCLUSÃO: O extrato hidroalcoólico de aroeira retardou a reepitelização das feridas da pele dos ratos.PURPOSE: To evaluate the healing effect of the topic administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of aroeira in open wounds in the dorsocostal region of rats. METHODS: Sixty Wistar rats, males, were used. In all animals one skin fragment was removed, with two centimeters in diameter. Inhalatory anesthesia with ethyl ether was done, The rats were divided in two groups of 30 animals: aroeira group, submitted to an topic application of the hydralcoholic extract of the plant, and control group, with the same process but with 0.9% saline solution. Each group was divided in three sub-groups of 10 animals according to the period of observation: 7, 14 and 21 days. The areas of the injuries were analyzed by the macrocospic aspect and digital planimetry, and the resected segments of the wounds were studied by optic microscopy stainned with hematoxilin-eosine and trichromium of Masson. RESULTS: The macrocospic findings showed early complete reepitelization in the control group by the 14th day. According to the digital planimetry the average wound areas of the rats from the control group (0.5278 cm²) had been smaller than those from the wounds of the rats of the aroeira group (0.6897 cm²), with statistical significance to the 14th day (p=0.036). The hystologic study showed statistical difference (p=0.023) regarding the mononuclear cells in 14th day of evaluation, with larger number in the aroeira group, without significant differences regarding other parameters in all the remaining days. CONCLUSION: The topic use of the hydralcoholic extract of aroeira delayed the reepitelization of the skin wounds in rats.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o processo de cicatrização da parede abdominal de ratos após a injeção intraperitoneal do extrato hidroalcóolico de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se 40 ratos da linhagem Wistar, distribuídos em dois grupos de 20 animais, cada um subdividido em dois subgrupos. Estes ratos foram mortos no 3º e 7º dias após a aplicação intraperitoneal do extrato. No grupo experimento, injetou-se uma única dose de extrato hidroalcoólico de Aroeira (100 mg por quilo de peso do animal) e no grupo controle uma única dose de solução salina isotônica a 0.9%. Após a morte dos animais, realizou-se o inventário da cavidade peritoneal à procura de aderências, seguido da ressecção da parede abdominal anterior englobando a ferida operatória para análise. As aderências foram classificadas pelos critérios de adesão de Nair. Realizou-se avaliação tensiométrica da parede abdominal através da medida da carga máxima suportada e da deformação máxima, medidos em máquina universal de ensaios do tipo Tiratest. Por fim, a avaliação histológica foi realizada através da coloração hematoxilina-eosina, com análise dos parâmetros: inflamação aguda, inflamação crônica, necrose isquêmica, reação gigantocelular do tipo corpo estranho, proliferação fibroblástica, fibrose, reepitelização e coaptação das bordas da sutura. RESULTADOS: A avaliacão macroscópica não revelou presença de aderências significativas entre a linha alba e as vísceras intra-abdominais nos grupos de estudo. A tensiometria demonstrou aumento significativo das variáveis carga máxima e deformação máxima (p=0,006 e p=0,000 respectivamente) entre os grupos controle e experimento de sete dias. A avaliação histológica intergrupos (controle e experimento) de três e sete dias não demonstrou alteração significativa para os parâmetros neoformação vascular, necrose, fibrose, reepitelização e coaptação das bordas da sutura. Notou-se diferença significativa para proliferação fibroblástica (p=0,014) na avaliação intergrupo de três dias, e para inflamação crônica (p=0,023) e reação gigantocelular do tipo corpo estranho (p=0,008) na avaliação intergrupo de sete dias. Na análise intragrupo controle, houve diferença significativa para inflamação crônica no subgrupo três dias, e, finalmente, na análise intragrupo experimento, observou-se diferença significativa para inflamação aguda e proliferação de fibroblastos (p=0,001 e p=0,020) no subgrupo de três dias em relação ao subgrupo de sete. CONCLUSÃO: A injeção intraperitoneal do extrato hidroalcoólico de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi em laparotomias medianas de ratos não alterou a cicatrização na análise macroscópica e induziu a aumento da carga máxima de ruptura e deformação máxima da linha alba na análise tensiométrica. Na análise histológica, determinou efeito cicatrizante no subgrupo de animais experimento de três dias.PURPOSE: To evaluate the healing process in the abdominal wall of rats after the intra-peritoneal injection of the hydro-alcoholic Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi extract. METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were used, distributed in two groups of 20 animals, divided into two subgroups, according to the death day, three or seven, after the intra-peritoneal injection of the extract. The experimental group was injected with only one dose of the hydro-alcoholic Aroeira extract (100mg per animal kilogram); the control group was injected with only one dose of isotonic saline solution at 0.9%. After the animal death, an inventory of the peritoneal cavity was carried out in a careful search for any adhesion, followed by the resection of the anterior abdominal wall encompassing the operating incision in order to examine it for evidence of infection. The adhesions were classified according to the Nair criteria. The tensiometric assessment was performed by means of the measurement of the maximum charge and maximum deformity tolerated, measured in a universal Tiratest type testing machine and, finally, the histological evaluation was performed by means of the hematoxylin-eosine staining in following parameters: severe inflammation, chronic inflammation, ischemic necrosis, gigantocellular reaction of the foreign body type, fibroblastic proliferation, fibrosis, re-epithelization and co-optation of the suture borders. RESULTS: The macroscopic evaluation didn't have any evidence of significant adherence between the alba linea and the intra-abdominal viscera in the study groups. The tensiometry showed significant effect for the Maximum Charge and Maximum Deformity (p=0.006 and p=0.000, respectively) between the 7-day control and experimental groups. The histological 3-day and 7-day control and experimental intergroup evaluation did not show significant alteration for the parameters vascular neoformation, necrosis, fibrosis, re-epithelization and co-aptation. A significant difference was perceived for fibroblastic proliferation (p=0.014) in the 3-day intergroup evaluation and for chronic inflammation (p=0.023) and gigantocellular reaction of the foreign body type (p=0.008) in the 7-day intergroup evaluation. The control intragroup analysis, had a significant difference for chronic inflammation in the 3-day group and, finally, in the experimental intragroup analysis, a significant difference was observed for acute inflammation and fibroblastic proliferation (p=0.001 and p=0.020) in the 3-day regarding the 7-day group. CONCLUSION: The intraperitoneal injection of the Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi hydro-alcoholic extract in median laparotomies in rats has not determined any significant alteration in the macroscopic analysis, but it induced an increase of maximum charge of rupture and maximum deformity of the alba linea in the tensiometric analysis. In the histological point of view, the Aroeira group had a positive healing effect on the 3-day.

INTRODUÇÃO: A sutura dos tecidos e sua cicatrização é um dos fundamentos básicos da cirurgia e a procura de substâncias que melhorem este processo é desafio constante. O uso de substâncias retiradas de plantas tem sido testado há muitos anos, contudo sem ainda terem comprovação científica consolidada. OBJETIVO: Comparar as alterações macroscópicas e histológicas proporcionadas pelo uso do extrato bruto da Jatropha gossypiifolia L. intraperitonial, na cicatrização de suturas realizadas na bexiga urinária de ratos. MÉTODOS: Quarenta ratos da linhagem wistar, adultos, machos foram distribuídos em dois grupos, experimento e controle. Incisão longitudinal de 1cm na parede ventral da bexiga e síntese em plano único com pontos separados de poliglactina 910 5-0 (ethicon) foi realizada nos dois grupos. No controle, instilou-se na cavidade peritoneal água destilada na proporção de 1ml/kg de peso, enquanto no grupo Jatropha utilizou-se o extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia L. na proporção de 1ml/kg, que representava 200mg/kg de peso do fitoterápico. Cada grupo foi subdividido em dois subgrupos de 10 animais, sendo estes submetidos à eutanásia no 3º e 7º dia pós-operatório. Foi feita análise macroscópica e histológica comparativa entre os subgrupos. RESULTADOS: No 3º dia foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante nas variáveis inflamação aguda, neoformação vascular e colagenização, sendo a primeira, maior no grupo controle e as duas últimas no grupo Jatropha; no 7º dia as variáveis inflamação aguda e proliferação fibroblástica apresentaram-se mais intensas, com significado estatístico, no grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: Não se observou efeito favorecedor cicatrizante do extrato bruto da Jatropha gossypiifolia L., intraperitonealmente aplicado, na bexiga urinária de ratos.INTRODUCTION: The suture of tissues and their healing process is one of the basic fundamentals of surgery, and the research on substances which could improve the process is an ongoing challenge. The use of plants has been tested but till nowadays without scientific demonstration. PURPOSE: To compare the macroscopic and histological alterations done by the use of intraperitoneal Jatropha gossypiifolia L. gross extract, in the healing process of sutures performed on the bladder of rats. METHODS: Forty adult, male, Wister rats were distributed into two animal groups. One centimeter longitudinal incision on the bladder ventral wall, and single plane synthesis with separated polyglactine 910 5-0 (Ethicon) stitches was done in all the animals. In the control group an intraperitoneal cavity instillation of distilled water at a ratio of 1ml/kg/weight, and a 1ml/kg/weight of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. extract for the Jatropha group was done representing 200 mg of the substance. Each group was subdivided into two with 10 animals in each, being submitted to euthanasia on 3th and 7th post-operative days. Comparative histological, macroscopic and statistical analysis were undertaken between the subgroups. RESULTS: Statistical significant difference was observed in the acute inflammation changes, vascular neoformation and bonding on day 3; the first one was greater in the control group, and the latter two greater in the Jatropha group; acute inflammation variables and fibroblastic proliferation presented to be more intense on day 7, with statistical significance favoring the control group. CONCLUSION: No favorable healing effect was observed with the administration of single intraperitoneal dose of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. gross extract on the sutures of bladder in rats.

INTRODUÇÃO: A cicatrização é processo complexo, com diferentes fases. Embora exista grande variedade de plantas medicinais poucas têm sido investigadas com intenção de melhorar a cicatrização de órgãos e tecidos, dentre elas, a Orbignya phalerata (babaçu). OBJETIVO: Analisar comparativamente as alterações tensiométricas e histológicas na cicatrização de anastomoses colônicas proporcionadas pelo uso do extrato aquoso do mesocarpo do babaçu (Orbignya phalerata). METODOS: Utilizaram-se 40 ratos Wistar, machos, separados em dois grupos de vinte, denominados grupos controle e experimento, Os ratos de cada grupo foram divididos em dois sub-grupos de 10 animais cada e avaliados no terceiro e sétimo dia de pós-operatório. Realizaram-se colotomia e colorrafia em plano único. Os animais do grupo controle receberam no ato operatório dose única de solução salina isotônica em dose e via de administração semelhantes ao grupo experimento e os do grupo experimento receberam extrato aquoso de babaçu em dose de 50 mg/kg/peso, concentração de 25 mg/ml por via intraperitoneal. Foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: a) avaliação macroscópica da parede e cavidade abdominal; b) avaliação tensiométrica da anastomose (pressão e ruptura); c) características histológicas da anastomose. RESULTADOS: O exame macroscópico evidenciou a presença de aderências em todos os animais, sendo estatisticamente maior no grupo experimento de três dias quando comparados com o grupo controle. Nos animais do grupo de sete dias não houve diferença. Não houve ocorrência de deiscência de anastomose, fístulas, abscessos e/ou hemorragia. Com relação à tensiometria, constatou-se que a média de ruptura dos grupos controle e experimento tanto para os animais do grupo de três dias (25,4 mmHg - 14,8 mmHg) quanto para os de sete dias (183 mmHg - 175 mmHg), foram iguais, não ocorrendo diferença estatisticamente significante. A análise histológica dos animais do grupo de três dias mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante no grupo experimento em relação ao controle na variável mononuclear, enquanto que, no sétimo dia, houve diferença estatisticamente significante favorável ao grupo experimento em todas as variáveis quando comparadas com o de controle. CONCLUSÃO: Ocorreu efeito favorável no uso do extrato aquoso do mesocarpo do babaçu no processo de cicatrização da anastomose colônica, não havendo diferença significante na avaliação tensiométrica entre os grupos controle e experimento.INTRODUCTION: Healing is a highly complex process with different phases. Because some medicinal plants have antiinflamatory properties, they could influence the wound healing process. There are many species of medicinal plants used for research, among them the Orbignya phalerata (Babassu). PURPOSE: To analyze, comparatively, the tensiometric and histologic alterations in the healing process of colon anastomosis with the use of aqueous extract of the babaçu mesocarp. METHODS: Forty Wistar male rats were used, divided in two groups of 20 animals named control and experimental group. Each group was further divided in two sub-groups of 10 animals and evaluated on the third and seventh post-operative days. Colotomy and one suture line coloraphy was performed in all animals. The control group received an intraperitoneal single dose of isotonic saline solution at the time of the surgery. The animals from the experimental group received babassu aqueous extract dose with 50mg/kg/weight, concentration of 25 mg/ml dose, with the same administration method. The following parameters were evaluated: a) macroscopic appearance of abdominal wall and cavity; b) tensiometric evaluation of anastomosis (bursting pressure); c) histologic characteristics of anastomosis. RESULTS: The macroscopic examination showed the presence of adherences in all animals with statistical significance in the ones from the experimental group at third day when compared to the control group. No difference was observed in the seventh-day group. No fistulae, abscesses and/or hemorrhage were observed. In regard to the tensiometric variation, the bursting pressure for the control and experimental groups, both for the third day (25.4 mmHg - 14.8 mmHg) and at seventh (183 mmHg - 175 mmHg), were similar with no significant difference. Histological analysis for the third day showed significant difference in the experimental group in relation to the controls, in regard the presence ofto mononuclear ones whereas at seventh day there was significant statistical difference in all variables from the experimental group compared to the control one. CONCLUSION: A favorable effect with administration of the aqueous extract of the babaçu mesocarp was seen in histological parameters of the healing process of colon anastomosis however there was no difference in the tensiometric evaluation between the control and experimental group.