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In the process of designing, testing and validating the products and technologies within the S&R project, creating a safe and secure environment for first responders is a must. This is all the more so since first responders represent a significant financial, technological and moral investment, both in terms of level of training and duration. The purpose of the D2.4 deliverable is to increase emergency personnel (with priority for first responders) awareness by providing important considerations, relevant risks for the project Use Cases and mitigation measures that aims to improve participants' understanding, knowledge and skills in operational and strategic safety and security management so that they can be better prepared for field operations and also act as security advisers in a response team, providing them with the knowledge and skills needed to act appropriately on safety regulations. Major relevant lessons and training material covering the thematic of the project Use Cases are also provided through an e-learning platform that has been developed as part of T2.4. To this end, Chapter 1 (Literature review), subchapter 1.1 (Task Overview and scope) and subchapter 1.2 (Literature review process), summarizes the relevant specialist documents in the field of safety and security for first responders in the event of natural or man-made disasters. Chapter 2 (Glossary of terms) defines the specialist terms used in the deliverable D2.4, in order to avoid misunderstandings or misunderstandings, taking into account the different approaches that exist in the legislation of EU countries. In Chapter 3 (General considerations about S&R environment) analyzes risks and hazards where response team personnel conducting SAR and support activities are exposed to. Following a catastrophe, rescue workers and emergency responders are the first to arrive on the scene, often in unfamiliar surroundings and adverse weather conditions, ready to save lives and secure the environment to help protect the lives of those to follow. Rescue workers and emergency responders may be involved in emergency medical operations involving victim rescue or body recovery around piles of rubble and other debris, collapsed structures or near structural steel. Therefore, in subchapters 3.1-3.3 we analyzed Safety risks, External risks - related to incident environment, Internal risks - related to correct use of equipment. Chapter 4 (UC analysis in terms of risks for safety and security of for first responders) analyzes the usefulness of using the risk matrix in the analysis of risks for safety and security of first responders (see subchapter 4.1 - Risk Identification - risk matrix regarding safety and security of first responder) and, based on questionnaires completed by end users of the S&R project (see Annex II), addressing the specifics of first responder through an online training platform aiming at ensuring their safety and security depending on the grouping by type of disaster of the scenarios of each UC (see subchapter 4.2 - Scenario description from a first responders safety and security perspective). Chapter 5 (Risk mitigations regarding safety and security for first responders by online platform training) analyzes and proposes a MOODLE type e-learning platform (for text only training without the help of a trainer) for the first response in terms of safety and security (see subchapter 5.1) and the development of training materials (see model in Annex III) and organization of online platform training courses for first responder, both at operational level (see 5.2.1) and at strategic level (see 5.2.2). Annexes IV, V and VI include both computer-based and trainer-led courses (including text only) in order to provide the possibility to first responders in the S&R project for obtaining benefit and relevant training both from the computer-based content in the MOODLE e-platform and trainers that will be available on site for providing relevant training prior to the operationalization of a Use Case.

In UC7, SUMMA 112 and ESDP will prepare a CBRN incident with two separate scenarios. The pilot will be allocated to The National School of Civil Protection, Rivas Vaciamadrid, between October-November 2022. This school is a specific place for the training of both intracommunity and national courses. It has several scenarios where first responders can perform a joint train ad hoc: aquatic rescue, collapsed structures, fire, explosions, CBRN incidents, transport of dangerous goods. The main objective is to delimit the working zones according to the existing risks and toxicity levels, in order to guarantee the safety of the first responders and rescue dogs, and as well indirectly to the safety of the victims of the incident. These safety zones can change due to various circumstances, both environmental and accidental, and it is expected that these changes will be recognised by CONCORDE, and chemical sensors which will send alerts to the first responders in the area warning of new dangers. The weather conditions expected at that time will be 65% humidity and cold temperatures (5ºC -Celsius degrees-). The first scenario will contemplate a collapsed structure of a residential building due to an earthquake grade 5,5 on the Richter scale. A small approximation to the pilot can be as explained: initially, the six gas hazmat monitor will not detect any risk, so it will take place the rescue of two or more trapped victims under the rubble. Firefighters and K9 will work together in this scenario. Ten minutes later, the six gad hazmat monitor will alert of the presence of flammable gas and consequently, the gas leak of scenario 1 after radiating at 50 m will produce a deflagration -second scenario- (the ignition source is a sheet that was left hanging, falls to the ground and causes a spark, which as it is in contact with the propane in the ground produces the deflagration) there is the cistern. This explosion causes a break in an upper part that causes a gaseous leak of the ammonia. These details are under the simulation structure of the pilot.

Use Case 5 is the fifth pilot testing called «Victims trapped under rubbles» that will take place during SnR project. This test will be held on a site of 3 ha/7.5 ac, which is the International Emergency Firefighters’ (PUI) training facility and has been approved by INSARAG in 2015. The place meets the conditions of a real-life situation according to the United Nations INSARAG standards. &nbsp

The pilot shall take place at the Regional Air Services (International Airport Tuzla), located near the Black Sea at about 300 km from Bucharest, tentatively in September - October 2022. The pilot will consist of a practical simulation exercise at the airport, with the operators CBRN team belong to International Airport Tuzla and the medical staffs belong to Central Military Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”. The facility is an important entity from the Transport Sector, which is defined as the Critical Infrastructure sector by the Council Directive 2008/114/EC of 8 December 2008 on the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the assessment of the need to improve their protection. The facility was chosen for the proof of concept regarding resilience support through standardized training. No other aspect regarding the criticality of the facility will be used and as a consequence, there will not be approached sensitive information.

The purpose of this handbook is to provide guidelines and a reference for the design, planning, conduct and evaluation of exercises. Exercising is integral to: the development of capability of personnel to the preparation of personnel to carry out their functions during actual events This handbook is designed to: offer a series of checklists and prompts for exercise managers. illustrate different aspects of the exercise management process. provide a shared understanding of key concepts, principles, and frameworks. provide consistency in the terminology, management structures, and documentation used in exercise management. provide resources that improve the quality of exercises. The use of “Pilot guidelines and User’s Handbook” is mandatory as a guideline for the seven S&R Pilots that will be testing and evaluating the S&R technologies.

Each year, wildfires result to high mortality rates and property losses, especially in the wildland-urban interface (WUI), affecting millions of people and have devastating global consequences on biodiversity and the ecosystems. The pilot will take place in an urban area mixed with the forest that is situated nearby an industrial zone. It has to be considered that wildfire disasters may rapidly change their nature into technological disasters, e.g. in the mixed areas of forest and residential, heavy industrial, or recycle zones. This pilot is based on a real scenario that took place in an Industrial Zone; Greece was indeed in danger during the wildfires that occurred in July 2018 A wildfire is initiated by arson. Due to the strong winds and the dry forest fuel, later caused by prolonged heat waves 10 days before the fire incident, the fire expands rapidly towards the residential area. Huge quantities of smoke are produced and hence the nearby communities are requested by the relevant stakeholders to evacuate. The use of aerial Fire-fighting means is restricted due to the strong winds, so all the forces are operating from the ground. Due to the specific morphology of the area and the extreme meteorological conditions the fire expands and approaches industrial/critical infrastructure facilities. Because of the dense smoke and therefore reduced visibility some of the workers are trapped inside smoke plume and cannot reach a safe place. The main objective of the pilot is to test the remote sensing technologies proposed in the S&R project for the safety of first responders; alarms for early warning of toxicity and radiation exposure and generally inspection of the hot zone area; use of RPAS/drones, such as rescue robots to facilitate SAR operations.

The Use Case will take place in Poggioreale, a small community in Sicily, Italy, set in the Belice valley, which administratively belongs to the province of Trapani (TP). On the night of January 15th, 1968, a terrible earthquake raked through the Valle del Belice in southwest Sicily. Around 900 people died and ten towns and villages were significantly damaged. Due to its current situation, the city is the perfect scenario to simulate an earthquake. A whole series of ad hoc situations will be simulated, in which the contribution of the tools/equipment developed within the project will be tested. In UC1 we expect to simulate: people trapped under the rubble and / or in premises not reachable as a consequence to the earthquake; the release of gases and / or other toxic substances; blocked roads preventing traditional vehicles to reach the area.

The incident begins with a forced landing of a passenger propeller aircraft due to mechanical problems upon approaching the airport of Thessaloniki. Despite the efforts of the pilot, the aircraft crashes in a remote location of the mountainous area around the city, 30 minutes hiking distant from the nearest dirt road. A number of HRT first responders will be involved in the incident. Depending on their availability, public civil protection, the army, the fire department, and the police will participate at the pilot. An invitation will be sent to include civil protection organizations, individual climbers, mountaineer associations, and established mountain shelters. According to the scenario, the weather condition is assumed to be extremely windy, a common phenomenon at that period of the year (October-November). No terrorist intention is assumed to be involved in the incident. The pilot will test the capabilities of the S&R platform on risk assessment, crisis management, and rescue/volunteer mobilization.&nbsp

The Use Case is organised by two medical first responder organisations from Germany and Austria including their respective disaster relief units. It will be organised as a field exercise focusing on the response phase of the disaster risk management cycle. The scenario and exercise are envisioned at a regional scale. Weather: A heavy storm is ongoing, which uproots several trees and causes a blackout. Safety/Security: no specific security threats are taken into account. Safety of the staff and volunteers has to be assured. Special Equipment: in addition to the provided S&R Tools, the Use Case will use the train compartment, the earthquake house, and gas street of the exercise area. The disaster relief unit of the Johanniter will bring their SanHist, Logistics Trailer and communication equipment. Doctrines/ Standards/ Laws: INSARAG Guidelines, Plans of the training ground, Austrian Sanitary Act, SOPs of the disaster relief unit