46 results on '"Nicholls, Clara I."'
Search Results
2. Landscape Agroecology: Methodologies and Applications for the Design of Sustainable Agroecosystems.
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Altieri, Miguel A., Nicholls, Clara I., de Molina, Manuel González, and Rojas, Angel Salazar
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SUSTAINABLE agriculture ,BIOLOGICAL pest control ,AGRICULTURE ,BIOLOGICAL control of insects ,SUSTAINABLE design - Abstract
Agroecosystem function is related to the positioning of the agroecosystem and its connectivity relationship with the surrounding landscape. Herein, three methodologies are presented, which allow assessment of the links between agroecosystems and the surrounding matrix, yielding information for promoting patterns and mechanisms that foster biodiversity and the provision of multiple ecosystem services such as biological pest control, as well as energy flows and material exchanges. The three methodologies are complementary when assessing agrolandscape-level interactions in situations of regional agroecological transition. Through the use of 11 indicators, a methodology (Assessment of Beneficial Insect Habitat Suitability-ABIHS) was applied in two northern California vineyards to determine whether each agrolandscape provided suitable environmental opportunities to sponsor biological insect pest control. The Main Agroecological Structure [MAS] applied in Chilean family farms elucidates some of the relationships between farms and their biophysical environment, generating data to analyze the links between agroecosystem landscapes, management practices, and insect diversity in family farms. Social Agrarian metabolism (SAM) applied in Spanish agrolandscapes quantifies the biophysical and energy flows in agricultural systems, testing whether such flows are capable of reproducing and/or improving fund elements such as soil, biodiversity, and landscape vegetation in successive production cycles. The three methodologies provide key information for the design of sustainable agroecosystems in the context of an agroecological transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. Vegetational Designs to Enhance Biological Control of Insect Pests in Agroecosystems
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Altieri, Miguel A., Nicholls, Clara I., Souza, Brígida, editor, Vázquez, Luis L., editor, and Marucci, Rosangela C., editor
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- 2019
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4. Agroecología urbana
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Altieri, Miguel A., primary, Nicholls, Clara I., additional, Rogé, Paul, additional, and Arnold, Joshua, additional
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- 2018
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5. Agroecology
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Altieri, Miguel A., primary, Nicholls, Clara I., additional, and Lana, Marcus A., additional
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- 2017
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6. Agroecological Principles for the Conversion of Farming Systems
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Nicholls, Clara I., primary, Altieri, Miguel A., additional, and Vazquez, Luis, additional
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- 2017
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7. The adaptation and mitigation potential of traditional agriculture in a changing climate
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Altieri, Miguel A. and Nicholls, Clara I.
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- 2017
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8. Agroecology and the design of climate change-resilient farming systems
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Altieri, Miguel A., Nicholls, Clara I., Henao, Alejandro, and Lana, Marcos A.
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- 2015
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9. Designing Species-Rich, Pest-Suppressive Agroecosystems through Habitat Management
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Nicholls, Clara I., primary and Altieri, Miguel A., additional
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- 2016
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10. Plant biodiversity enhances bees and other insect pollinators in agroecosystems. A review
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Nicholls, Clara I. and Altieri, Miguel A.
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- 2013
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11. Manejo de biodiversidad vegetal y el control biológico de insectos-plaga: caso de un viñedo orgánico.
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Nicholls Clara I.
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Hábitat ,Corredores ,Flores ,Parasitoides ,Predatores. ,Agriculture ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
En el manejo de plagas es factible incrementar poblaciones de enemigos naturales, diversificando el hábitat. En los agroecosistemas es reconocida la importancia de la vegetación marginal para la sobrevivencia de parasitoides y predatores. En cultivos comercialees de viñedos, manejados orgánicamente, se adelantó este trabajo, se establecieron corredores de 65 especies diferentes de plantas con flores. Los cultivos de cobertura se sembraron en hilera por medio cada año. Los viñedos recibieron en promedio 2 toneladas de compost por hectárea. Para el control de enfermedades se empleó preventivamente azufre. Se pretendió precisar si el corredor de 200 metros de largo, podría incrementar el control biológico de insectos plaga en el viñedo. Se evaluó la contribución del corredor como proveedor de recursos alimenticios alternativos, consistentes, abundantes y bien distribuidos de enemigos naturales. Se comprobó la utilidad del corredor para incrementar los niveles poblacionales de insectos benéficos.
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- 2000
12. Amplifying Agroecological Farmer Lighthouses in Contested Territories: Navigating Historical Conditions and Forming New Clusters in Japan
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McGreevy, Steven R., primary, Tamura, Norie, additional, Kobayashi, Mai, additional, Zollet, Simona, additional, Hitaka, Kazumasa, additional, Nicholls, Clara I., additional, and Altieri, Miguel A., additional
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- 2021
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13. The effects of a vegetational corridor on the abundance and dispersal of insect biodiversity within a northern California organic vineyard
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Nicholls, Clara I., Parrella, Michael, and Altieri, Miguel A.
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- 2001
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14. Crop diversification strategies for pest regulation in IPM systems
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Altieri, Miguel A., primary, Nicholls, Clara I., additional, and Ponti, Luigi, additional
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- 2008
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15. The greening of the “barrios”: Urban agriculture for food security in Cuba
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Altieri, Miguel A., Companioni, Nelso, Cañizares, Kristina, Murphy, Catherine, Rosset, Peter, Bourque, Martin, and Nicholls, Clara I.
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- 1999
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16. Agroecology: challenges and opportunities for farming in the Anthropocene
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Altieri, Miguel A., primary and Nicholls, Clara I., additional
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- 2020
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17. Agroecology and the reconstruction of a post-COVID-19 agriculture
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Altieri, Miguel A., primary and Nicholls, Clara I., additional
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- 2020
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18. Advances and Perspectives in the Biological Control of Greenhouse Pests with Special Reference to Colombia
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Nicholls, Clara I., Parrella, Michael P., and Altieri, Miguel A.
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- 1998
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19. Caminos para la amplificación de la Agroecología
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Nicholls, Clara I. and Altieri, Miguel A.
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6 - Ciencias aplicadas::63 - Agricultura. Silvicultura. Zootecnia. Caza. Pesca [CDU] ,Agroecología ,Escalamiento ,Resilience ,Biodynamic agriculture ,Energy flux ,Interactions ,Agricultura tradicional ,Climate change ,Movimientos sociales ,Sistemas alimentarios ,Agroecology - Abstract
Varios estudios e informes sugieren que una transición hacia una agricultura basada en principios agroecológicos no solo proporcionaría a las familias rurales beneficios sociales, económicos y ambientales significativos, sino que también alimentaría al mundo de manera equitativa y sostenible. Si la agroecología tiene un gran potencial para abordar los múltiples desafíos que enfrenta la agricultura, ¿por qué los agricultores no la adoptan de manera más amplia? Se han dedicado muy pocos recursos a la investigación y extensión de la agroecología y casi no se ha prestado apoyo político a la agroecología. Existe una necesidad urgente de reformas en las políticas públicas, las instituciones y las agendas de investigación y desarrollo para garantizar que las alternativas agroecológicas se adopten ampliamente y sean accesibles de manera equitativa y amplia. Un desafío clave radica en la traducción de los principios agroecológicos en estrategias prácticas para la gestión del suelo, el agua y la biodiversidad para mejorar la producción y la resiliencia, de modo que puedan difundirse y expandirse ampliamente, tanto en cantidad de agricultores como a una escala geográfica mayor. Comprender las formas en que los agricultores exitosos usan la biodiversidad y los fundamentos ecológicos que rigen sus sistemas ecológicos complejos, y luego difundir estos principios vía campesino a campesino, es un camino efectivo para acelerar el desarrollo de agroecosistemas productivos, sostenibles y resilientes. Otra vía es que los agroecólogos y los agricultores combinen los conocimientos tradicionales y modernos para crear nuevos diseños de fincas, bien adaptados a las circunstancias locales, para que sirvan como módulos demostrativos o “faros agroecológicos” de los cuales se desprenderían los principios y lecciones agroecológicas. Por supuesto, todas estas estrategias deben complementarse con políticas conducentes y mercados solidarios entre agricultores y consumidores a fin de dar mayor viabilidad económica al proceso de ampliación de la agroecología. Several studies and reports suggest that a transition to an agriculture based on agroecological principles would not only provide rural families with significant social, economic and environmental benefits, but would also feed the world, equitably and sustainably. If agroecology has such great potential to address the multiple challenges facing agriculture, why it is not adopted more widely by farmers? Very few resources have been devoted for agroecology research and extension and almost no policy support has been directed to agroecology. There is an urgent need for reforms in policies, institutions, and research and development agendas to ensure that agroecological alternatives are adopted widely, made equitably and broadly accessible. This paper focuses on the urgent challenge to the sustainable agriculture research community of getting involved with the translation of agroecological principles into practical strategies for soil, water and biodiversity management to enhance production and resilience, so that they can be widely disseminated and expanded, both in numbers of farmers and at a larger geographical scale. Understanding the ways successful farmers use biodiversity and the ecological underpinnings of their complex ecological systems, and then spreading such principles farmer to farmer is an avenue to speed the development of productive, sustainable and resilient agroecosystems. Another avenue is for agroecologists and farmers to blend traditional and western knowledge to create novel farm designs, well adapted to local circumstances so that they can serve as demonstration modules or “agroecological lighthouses” from which agroecological principles and lessons would radiate out. All these strategies must of course be complemented by policies and solidarious market arrangements between farmers and consumers in order to provide economic viability to the scaling of agroecology.
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- 2020
20. Biological control and agricultural modernization: Towards resolution of some contradictions
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Altieri, Miguel A., Rosset, Peter M., and Nicholls, Clara I.
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- 1997
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21. Classical Biological Control in Latin America
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ALTIERI, MIGUEL A., primary and NICHOLLS, CLARA I., additional
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- 1999
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22. Contributors
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AliNiazee, M.T., primary, Altieri, Miguel A., additional, Andrés, L.A., additional, Beardsley, J.W., additional, Bellows, T.S., additional, Caltagirone, L.E., additional, Charudattan, R., additional, Cooper, Bret, additional, Croft, B.A., additional, Dahlsten, D.L., additional, Dodds, J. Allan, additional, Elzen, Gary W., additional, Etzel, L.K., additional, Federici, B.A., additional, Fisher, T.W., additional, Flaherty, D.L., additional, Fulbright, Dennis W., additional, Garcia, R., additional, Gerling, Dan, additional, Goeden, R.D., additional, Gordh, G., additional, Gutierrez, A.P., additional, Hagen, K.S., additional, Hall, R.W., additional, Hansen, Lise Stengård, additional, Hassell, M.P., additional, Headrick, D.H., additional, Hoddle, Mark S., additional, Hoy, Majorie A., additional, Huffaker, C.B., additional, Johnson, Marshall W., additional, Kadir, J.B., additional, Kenmore, Peter E., additional, Kennett, C.E., additional, King, Edgar G., additional, Kogan, Marcos, additional, Legner, E.F., additional, Van Lenteren, Joop, additional, Letourneau, D.K., additional, Luck, R.F., additional, Maddox, Joseph V., additional, Meikle, W., additional, Mills, N.J., additional, McMurtry, J.A., additional, Nicholls, Clara I., additional, Nunney, L., additional, Parrella, Michael P., additional, Perkins, John H., additional, Rosskopf, E.N., additional, Shepard, B. Merle, additional, Stouthamer, R., additional, Tabashnik, Bruce E., additional, Thompson, S.N., additional, Unruh, Thomas R., additional, Van Driesche, R.G., additional, Whitten, M.J., additional, Wilson, L.T., additional, and Woolley, James B., additional
- Published
- 1999
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23. Soil fertility management and insect pests: harmonizing soil and plant health in agroecosystems
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Altieri, Miguel A. and Nicholls, Clara I.
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- 2003
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24. Pathways for the amplification of agroecology
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Nicholls, Clara I., primary and Altieri, Miguel A., additional
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- 2018
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25. Agroecology: a brief account of its origins and currents of thought in Latin America
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Altieri, Miguel A., primary and Nicholls, Clara I., additional
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- 2017
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26. Agroecology and the design of climate change resilient farming systems
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Nicholls, Clara I., Henao, Alejandro, and Altieri, Miguel A.
- Subjects
6 - Ciencias aplicadas::63 - Agricultura. Silvicultura. Zootecnia. Caza. Pesca [CDU] ,Agroecología ,Cambio climático ,Climate change ,Agroecology - Abstract
Se anticipa que el cambio climático cause impactos sobre la producción agrícola que serán di- versos, severos y específicos según la ubicación geográfica. La temperatura y la disponibilidad de agua siguen siendo factores clave que determinan el crecimiento de los cultivos y la productivi- dad. Los cambios predichos en estos factores causarán una baja en el rendimiento de los cultivos. Los cambios inducidos por el clima en cuanto a las dinámicas de población de plagas de insectos, patógenos y malezas y su invasividad podrían agravar los efectos mencionados. Sin duda alguna, la inestabilidad inducida por el clima y el tiempo afectará los niveles de producción de alimentos y el abastecimiento de los mismos. Los cambios para la adaptación que no modifiquen radical- mente la naturaleza dominante del monocultivo podrían moderar temporalmente los impactos negativos. Los beneficios mayores y más duraderos provendrán de medidas agroecológicas más radicales que fortalezcan la resiliencia de los agricultores y las comunidades rurales, tales como la diversificación de los agroecosistemas en forma de policultivos, los sistemas agroforestales y los sistemas que combinen la agricultura con la ganadería, acompañados por el manejo orgánico de los suelos, la conservación y la cosecha de agua y un incremento general de la agrobiodiversidad. Los sistemas agrícolas tradicionales son depósitos de abundantes principios y medidas que pue- den ayudar a que los sistemas agrícolas modernos se vuelven más resilientes a los extremos cli- máticos. Muchas de las estrategias agroecológicas tradicionales que reducen la vulnerabilidad a la variabilidad climática incluyen la diversificación de cultivos, el mantenimiento de la diversidad genética local, la integración de los animales, la adición de materia orgánica al suelo, la cosecha de agua, etc. Urge entender las características agroecológicas que son la base de la resiliencia de los agroecosistemas tradicionales, ya que de ahí se pueden derivar principios útiles que sirvan de base para el diseño de sistemas agrícolas adaptados. Los estudios sobre el terreno y los resultados reportados en la literatura sugieren que los agroecosistemas son más resilientes cuando están insertados en una matriz de paisaje compleja, que incluya germoplasma local adaptado utilizado en sistemas de cultivos diversificados manejados con suelos ricos en materia orgánica y técnicas de conservación-cosecha de agua. Los principios y prácticas de resiliencia en los que se basan las fincas exitosas pueden ser di- fundidos a miles de agricultores a través de redes campesino a campesino para ampliar las prác- ticas agroecológicas que incrementan la resiliencia de los agroecosistemas. ABSTRACT: Diverse, severe and location-specific impacts on agricultural production are anticipated with climate change. Temperature and water availability remain key factors in determining crop growth and productivity, predicted changes in these factors will lead to reduced crop yields. Climate in- duced changes in insect pest, pathogen and weed population dynamics and invasiveness could compound such effects. Undoubtedly climate and weather induced instability will affect levels of and access to food supply. Changes that will not radically modify the monoculture nature of dominant agroecosystems may temporarily moderate negative impacts. The biggest and most durable benefits will likely result from more radical agroecological measures that will strengthen the resilience of farmers and rural communities, such as diversification of agroecosytems in the form of polycultures, agroforestry systems and crop-livestock mixed systems accompanied by organic soil management, water conservation and harvesting and general enhancement of agro- biodiversity. Traditional farming systems are repositories of a wealth of principles and measures that can help modern agricultural systems become more resilient to climatic extremes. Many of these agroecological strategies that reduce vulnerabilities to climate variability include, crop diversification, maintaining local genetic diversity, animal integration, soil organic management, water conservation and harvesting, etc. Understanding the agroecological features that underlie the resilience of traditional agroecosystems is an urgent matter, as they can serve as the foun- dation for the design of adapted agricultural systems. Field surveys and results reported in the literature suggest that agroecosystems are more resilient when inserted in a complex landscape matrix, featuring adapted local germplasm deployed in diversified cropping systems managed with organic matter rich soils and water conservation-harvesting techniques. The identification of systems that have withstood climatic events recently or in the past and understanding the agroecological features of such systems that allowed them to resist and/or recover from extreme events is of increased urgency, as the derived resiliency principles and practices that underlie suc- cessful farms can be disseminated to thousands of farmers.
- Published
- 2015
27. Agroecology and resilience to climate change: principles and methodological considerations
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Altieri, Miguel A. and Nicholls, Clara I.
- Subjects
Agroecología ,63 - Agricultura. Silvicultura. Zootecnia. Caza. Pesca ,Resiliencia socio-ecológica ,Socio-ecological resiliency ,Agroecology - Abstract
La mayoría de las estadísticas disponibles que predicen impactos climáticos sobre la agricultura campesina son aproximaciones muy burdas que no toman en cuenta la heterogeneidad de la agricultura campesina-indígena, ni la diversidad de estrategias que los campesinos han utilizado y aun utilizan para enfrentar las sequías, inundaciones, huracanes, etc. Alrededor del mundo muchos campesinos y agricultores tradicionales han respondido a las condiciones climáticas cambiantes demostrando innovación y resiliencia frente al cambio climático. Un gran número de agricultores tradicionales poseen lecciones importantes de resiliencia para los agricultores modernos y diversos expertos han sugerido que el rescate de los sistemas tradicionales de manejo, en combinación con el uso de estrategias agroecológicas, puede representar la única ruta viable y sólida para incrementar la productividad, la sostenibilidad y la resiliencia de la producción agrícola. En este trabajo se define un marco conceptual y metodológico para poder descifrar los principios y mecanismos claves que explican la resiliencia de los sistemas diversificados, de manera de que estos puedan ser transmitidos a otros agricultores en cada región y así mejoren la capacidad de resistencia y de recuperación de sus fincas. Por esto la urgencia de la necesidad de desarrollar una metodología que permita evaluar la capacidad de los agroecosistemas a resistir y recuperarse de los eventos climáticos severos, con especial énfasis en entender los procesos que explican la resiliencia socio-ecológica observada. ABSTRACT: Most of the current statistics on the impact of climate change on peasant agricultura are broad approximations that do not take into account the heterogeneity of peasant agriculture, nor the range of strategies that peasant have used and still use to confront droughts, hurricanes, flooding, etc. Around the world there are thousands of small farmers that have responded to changing climatic conditions in innovative forms that provide resilience. These farmers possess key lessons of resilience for modern farmers and thus many experts have suggested the rescuing of traditional agroecological management systems as the only viable path to enghance the resilience of modern agroecosystems. This work provides a conceptual and methodological framework to elucidate the principles and mechanisms that underlie the resilience of diversified farming systems, so that these may be transfered to other farmesr to improve the resistance and recovery of their farms affected by climate change. It is urgent to develop a methodology that allows assessment of the capacity of agroecosystems to whistand and recover from extreme climatic events with special emphasis on understanding the processes that explain the observed socio-ecological resilience.
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- 2013
28. The scaling up of agroecology: spreading the hope for food sovereignty and resilience
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Altieri, Miguel A. and Nicholls, Clara I.
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Soberanía alimentaria ,Agroecología ,Agricultura orgánica ,Organic farming ,631 - Agricultura. Agronomía. Maquinaria agrícola. Suelos. Edafología agrícola ,Food security ,Agroecology - Abstract
La revolución verde no solo falló en proveer alimentos para la población mundial, sino que fue creada bajo premisas no validas: agua y energía abundante y barata, y un clima no cambiante. En algunas de la regiones cerealistas, la tasa de incremento de rendimientos esta declinando a pesar del mayor uso de agroquímicos, en la medida que los cultivos alcanzan el punto de los rendimientos decrecientes. Dada la ausencia de mecanismos de regulación ecológica, los monocultivos que cubren 80% de la tierra arable mundial son altamente dependientes de pesticidas y fertilizantes y dada su homogeneidad genética son muy vulnerables a plagas y al cambio climático. Hoy hay mas de mil millones de personas hambrientas en el mundo, pero el hambre se debe a la pobreza y la inequidad y no a la escasez o falta de producción. El mundo ya produce suficiente alimento para alimentar a 9 mil millones de personas que se esperan para el año 2050. No hay duda que la humanidad necesita un nuevo paradigma de desarrollo agrícola, uno que promueva formas de agricultura mas biodiversas, resilientes y socialmente justas. La base de estos nuevos sistemas agrarios son los estilos de agricultura indígena-campesina desarrollados por la mayoría de los 1.5 billones de pequeños agricultores que manejan unas 350 millones de pequeñas fincas y que producen en 30 % de la tierra arable, no menos del 50% de los alimentos para consumo domestico en el mundo. Como una ciencia aplicada, la agroecologia usa principios ecológicos para optimizar los sistemas campesinos y para desarrollar agroecosistemas sustentables nuevos, donde los insumos externos son reemplazados por procesos naturales como la fertilidad del suelo y el control biológico. El sur global tiene el potencial para producir suficiente alimento per cápita para sustentar a la población actual y potencialmente una población mas grande, pero sobre la misma base de tierra arable, con menos petróleo y en medio de un clima cambiante. Summary: The scaling up of agroecology: spreading the hope for food sovereignty and resilience The Green Revolution not only failed to ensure safe and abundant food production for all people, but it was launched under the assumptions that abundant water and cheap energy to fuel modern agriculture would always be available and that climate would be stable and not change. In some of the major grain production areas the rate of increase in cereal yields is declining as actual crop yields approach a ceiling for maximal yield potential. Due to lack of ecological regulation mechanisms, monocultures are heavily dependent on pesticides. In the past 50 years the use of pesticides has increased dramatically worldwide and now amounts to some 2.6 million tons of pesticides per year with an annual value in the global market of more than US$ 25 billion. Today there are about one billion hungry people in the planet, but hunger is caused by poverty and inequality, not scarcity due to lack of production. The world already produces enough food to feed nine to ten billion people, the population peak expected by 2050. There is no doubt that humanity needs an alternative agricultural development paradigm, one that encourages more ecologically, biodiverse, resilient, sustainable and socially just forms of agriculture. The basis for such new systems are the myriad of ecologically based agricultural styles developed by at least 75% of the 1.5 billion smallholders, family farmers and indigenous people on 350 million small farms which occupy les than 30% of the arable land but account for no less than 50% of the global agricultural output for domestic consumption. As an applied science, agroecology uses ecological concepts and principles for the design and management of sustainable agroecosystems where external inputs are replaced by natural processes such as natural soil fertility and biological control. The global south has the agroecological potential to produce enough food on a global per capita basis to sustain the current human population, and potentially an even larger population, without increasing the agricultural land base, and using less energy and in a resilient manner in view of climate change.
- Published
- 2012
29. Ecologically based food production systems for thew XXI Century
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Nicholls, Clara I. and Altieri, Miguel A.
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Agroecología ,Agricultura ,633 - Cultivos y producciones ,Agriculture ,Agroecology - Abstract
La Agroecología ofrece las bases científicas y metodológicas para las estrategias de transición a un nuevo paradigma de desarrollo rural. La base cultural, social y productiva de este nuevo paradigma radica en la racionalidad etnoecológica de la agricultura familiar campesina, fuente fundamental de un legado importante de saber agrícola tradicional, de agrobiodiversidad y de estrategias de soberanía alimentaria. Existe otro modelo agrícola alternativo que toma la forma de una agricultura orgánica capaz de producir alimentos con un mínimo impacto ambiental y con una mayor eficiencia energética, sin embargo esta debe ir mas allá de la sustitución de insumos y debe enfatizar los mercados locales y nacionales para potenciar su capacidad alimentaria, desligándose de su dependencia del comercio internacional que la hace susceptible al control de las multinacionales que dominan las esferas de la globalización. Los ejemplos de masificación de la agroecología entre miles de agricultores en Cuba y Filipinas que se basan en el modelo campesino a campesino adoptando métodos de extensión popular, demuestran que el recurso humano y su capacidad de innovación es la piedra angular de cualquier estrategia dirigida a incrementar las opciones para la población rural y especialmente para los agricultores de escasos recursos. Abstract: Agroecology provides the scientific and methodological basis for transition strategies toward new paradigms of rural development. The cultural, social and productive basis for this new paradigm resides on the ethonecological rationale of pea snat agriculture, a source of an important legacy of indigenous knowledge, agrobiodiversity and food sovereignity strategies. Organic agriculture comprises another alternative model that produces food with less environmental impact and energy use, but this agriculture needs to transition beyond input subsitution and should emphasize local and national markets in order to realize its food security potential, freeing itself from its dependence on international markets that make it susceptible to the control by multinationals that dominate the globalization circles. The agroecological scaling-up examples from Cuba and the Philippines that emphasize farmer led participation and extension, demonstrate that the human resource and its innovation capacity are the keystone of all development strategies of rural people and especially for resource-por farmers.
- Published
- 2011
30. Agroecological foundations for a renewed basis for pest management
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Nicholls, Clara I.
- Subjects
Agroecología ,Ecological pest management ,632 - Enfermedades y protección de las plantas ,Manejo agroecológico ,Agroecology - Abstract
Las estrategias de manejo integrado de plagas (MIP) han estado dominadas por la idea del producto considerado como “la bala mágica’’ para controlar los brotes de plagas. Los enfoques del MIP no han abordado las causas ecológicas de los problemas de plagas en la agricultura moderna. En este articulo se plantea que los problemas de plagas pueden solucionarse mediante la reestructuración del manejo de los sistemas agrícolas, quebrando el monocultivo vía esquemas de diversificación que maximicen una serie de fortalezas preventivas, aprovechando las ventajas inherentes de los agroecosistemas diversificados, usando tácticas terapéuticas que actúan estrictamente como complementos de los procesos de regulación natural. Estos enfoques suponen un conocimiento profundo de los procesos del agroecosistema, incluyendo los factores naturales que suprimen las poblaciones de plagas, con el objetivo final de diseñar sistemas agrícolas a nivel de finca y de paisaje que fomentan los procesos de regulación natural de plagas. Abstract: The strategies of Integrated Pest management (IPM) have been domintaed by a “magic bullet” mentality to control pest outbreaks. IPM approchaes do not address the ecological root causes of pest problems in modern agriculture. This paper poses that the only sustainable way by which pest problems can be addressed is by re-structuring the management of agroecosystems, breaking the monoculture nature of the systems with diversification schemes that maximize preventive forces as the inherent ecological mechanisms of diversified agroecosystems are strengthened. Therapeutic approaches may strictly be used as complimentary tactics to natural regulation mechanisms. This agroecological approach requires a deep understanding of agroecosystem processes, including how to enhance the natural factors that inhibit and suppress pest populations at the field and landscape levels.
- Published
- 2010
31. The impacts of climate change on smallholder and traditional peasant communities and their adaptive responses
- Author
-
Altieri, Miguel A. and Nicholls, Clara I.
- Subjects
6 - Ciencias aplicadas::63 - Agricultura. Silvicultura. Zootecnia. Caza. Pesca [CDU] ,Agroecosistemas tradicionales ,Cambio climático ,Climate change ,Traditional agroecosystems - Abstract
La mayoría de los modelos de cambio climático predicen que los daños serán compartidos de manera desigual por agricultores pequeños del tercer mundo, y particularmente por aquellos que dependen de las lluvias. El incremento en temperatura, sequía, precipitaciones fuertes, etc.; podrían reducir la productividad hasta en un 50% en algunas regiones, especialmente en zonas secas. Algunos investigadores predicen que en la medida que el cambio climático reduzca los rendimientos, los efectos sobre el bienestar de las familias dedicadas a la agricultura de subsistencia pueden ser muy severos, especialmente si el componente de productividad es reducido. Los modelos existentes proporcionan en el mejor de los casos una aproximación somera a los efectos esperados y ocultan la enorme variabilidad en estrategias internas de adaptación que exhiben muchos agricultores. Muchas de las comunidades rurales dominadas por agricultura tradicional, parecen arreglárselas pese fluctuaciones extremas del clima. De hecho muchos agricultores se adaptan e incluso se preparan para el cambio climático, minimizando las perdidas en las cosechas mediante el incremento en el uso de variedades locales tolerantes a la sequía, cosecha de agua, policultivos, agroforestería, colecta de plantas silvestres y una serie de otras técnicas. Dado esto, se hace necesario reevaluar la tecnología indígena como fuente clave de información en estrategias adaptativas centradas en las capacidades selectivas, experimentales y resilientes de agricultores al enfrentar el cambio climático. Entender los rasgos agroecológicos y mecanismos de adaptación y resiliencia de los sistemas pequeños de agricultura es esencial para diseñar una estrategia de desarrollo de agroecosistemas sostenibles en esta nueva era de variabilidad climática. Abstract: Most models predict that small farmers will disproportionatelly share the negative effects of climate change, partuclarly those living in rainfed areas. Increases in temperature, drougths, hurricanes, etc could reduce productivity up to 50% in certain regions. Many researchers assert that while climate change reduces yields, the effects on the livelihoods of subsistence farmers could be severe. Existing models however provide a mere approximation of the expected effects and in most cases hide the enormous variability in the adaptive responses exhicited by hundreds of rural communities throughout the Third World. Many traditional communities seem to cope and even adapt to extreme weather fluctuactions. In fact many farmers even prepare to changing climate conditions minimizing yield reductions through the use of tolerant local varieties, polycultures, agroforestry systems, water harvesting, organic soil fertilization, and a variety of otehr techniques. Given this, it is imperative to re-evaluate indigenous knowledge and technologies as a key source of information of adaptive strategies centered on the experimental and innovative capacities of small farmers when confronting climate change. Understanding the agroecological adaptive and resilient mechanisms of small farmers is vital to design new agroecosystems in an era of climate change.
- Published
- 2008
32. Agroecological conversion of conventional production systems: theory, strategies and assessment
- Author
-
Altieri, Miguel A. and Nicholls, Clara I.
- Subjects
Agroecología ,Sustainability indicators ,Biodiversity ,Indicadores de sustentabilidad ,Conversión ,Biodiversidad ,Agroecology - Abstract
La conversión de sistemas convencionales de producción, caracterizados por monocultivos manejados con altos insumos a sistemas diversificados de bajos insumos, se basa en dos pilares agroecológicos: la diversificación del hábitat y el manejo orgánico del suelo. El funcionamiento óptimo del agroecosistema depende de diseños espaciales y temporales que promueven sinergias entre los componentes de la biodiversidad arriba y abajo del suelo, las cuales condicionan procesos ecológicos claves como la regulación biótica, el reciclaje de nutrientes y la productividad. La evolución de la transición agroecológica puede ser monitoreada por un conjunto de indicadores de sustentabilidad que estiman la calidad del suelo y la salud del cultivo. The conversion of high input conventional monocultures to diversified, low external input agroecosystems is based on two agroecological pillars: habitat diversification and organic soil management. Te optimal function of agroecosystems depends on the spatial-temporal designs that promote synergies between above and below ground key biodiversity components, which in turn determine the expression of ecological processes such as pest regulation, nutrient cycling and productivity. The evolution of this agroecological transition can be monitored using sustainability indicators which assess soil quality and plant health.
- Published
- 2007
33. An agroecological basis to design and implement a habitat management strategy to enhance biological control in agroecosystems
- Author
-
Nicholls, Clara I.
- Subjects
6 - Ciencias aplicadas::63 - Agricultura. Silvicultura. Zootecnia. Caza. Pesca [CDU] ,Insectos plaga ,Monocultivo ,Monoculture ,Insect populations - Abstract
Desde el inicio de la modernización agrícola, los agricultores e investigadores se han enfrentado al dilema que emerge de la homogenización de los agroecosistemas: el incremento de plagas y enfermedades que pueden alcanzar niveles devastadores en monocultivos uniformes y de larga escala.: una mayor vulnerabilidad. Este artículo explora estrategias prácticas para romper el monocultivo reduciendo así su vulnerabilidad ecológica al nivel del campo y del paisaje rural. Una de las más obvias ventajas de la diversifi cación es la mejora de las oportunidades ambientales para la entomofauna benéfi ca y así incrementar el control biológico. El artículo explica maneras en que la biodiversidad puede contribuir al diseño de agroecosistemas resilientes a plagas al crear una infraestructura ecológica apropiada dentro y fuera del campo cultivado. Se revisan estudios que informan sobre los efectos de policultivos, cultivos de cobertura, corredores, etc, sobre plagas y sus enemigos naturales, poniendo atención a los mecanismos que explican la regulación biótica en agroecosistemas diversifi cados. Esta refl exión es importante si se desea utilizar la manipulación del hábitat como la base del manejo ecológico de plagas. Abstract: Since the onset of agricultural modernization, farmers and researchers have been faced with a main ecological dilemma arising from the homogenization of agricultural systems: an increased vulnerability of crops to insect pests and diseases, which can be devastating when infesting uniform crop, large scale monocultures. This paper explores practical steps to break the monoculture and thus reduce their ecological vulnerability, by restoring agricultural biodiversity at the fi eld and landscape level. The most obvious advantage of diversifi cation is enhanced environmental opportunities, thus enhancing biological pest control. The paper focuses on ways in which biodiversity can contribute to the design of pest-stable agroecosystems by creating an appropriate ecological infrastructure within and around cropping systems. Selected studies reporting the effects of intercropping, cover cropping, weed management, agroforestry and manipulation of crop-fi eld border vegetation on insect pests and associated natural enemies, paying special attention to understanding the mechanisms underlying pest reduction in diversifi ed agroecosystems. This refl ection is fundamental if habitat management through vegetation diversifi cation is to be used effectively as the basis of Ecologically Based Pest Management (EBPM) tactics in sustainable agriculture.
- Published
- 2006
34. Optimizing agroecological pest management through soil health
- Author
-
Altieri, Miguel A. and Nicholls, Clara I.
- Subjects
Fertilidad ,Salud del suelo ,Crop nutrition ,6 - Ciencias aplicadas::63 - Agricultura. Silvicultura. Zootecnia. Caza. Pesca::631 - Agricultura. Agronomía. Maquinaria agrícola. Suelos. Edafología agrícola [CDU] ,Soil fertility - Abstract
Métodos culturales de manejo de suelos tales como la fertilización afectan la susceptibilidad de plantas al ataque de insectos plaga vía alteraciones de los niveles de nutrientes en los tejidos. Investigaciones revelan que la habilidad de una planta a tolerar la incidencia de plagas o enfermedades está ligada a las condiciones óptimas del suelo, en particular las propiedades biológicas. Cultivos que crecen en suelos con un alto contenido de materia orgánica y con alta actividad biólogica exhiben por lo general menor incidencia de plagas. Estas reducciones parecen atribuirse a niveles menores de nitratos libres en el follaje. Por el contrario, prácticas agrícolas como el uso excesivo de fertilizantes que crean imbalances nutricionales tienden a reducir la defensa de las plantas. Hay varios estudios comparativos que reportan menor incidencia en cultivos orgánicos que aquellos en sistemas convencionales. Entender los mecanismos claves que explican porque la fertilización orgánica parece mejorar la salud de los cultivos, es una área activa de investigación que puede conllevar a mejorar los diseños agroecológicos al permitir armonizar el manejo de suelos y el manejo de plagas. Abstract: Cultural methods such as crop fertilization can affect susceptibility of plants to insect pests via altering plant tissue nutrient levels. Research shows that the ability of a crop plant to resist or tolerate insect pests and diseases is tied to optimal physical, chemical and mainly biological properties of soils. Soils with high organic matter and active soil biological activity generally exhibit good soil fertility. Crops grown in such soils exhibit lower abundance of several insect herbivores, reductions that may be attributed to a lower nitrogen content in organically farmed crops. On the other hand, farming practices, such as excessive use of inorganic fertilizers, can cause nutrient imbalances and lower pest resistance. More studies comparing pest populations on plants treated with synthetic versus organic fertilizers are needed. Understanding the underlying effects of why organic fertilization appears to improve plant health may lead us to new and better integrated pest management and integrated soil fertility management designs.
- Published
- 2006
35. Technological Approaches to Sustainable Agriculture at a Crossroads: An Agroecological Perspective.
- Author
-
Altieri, Miguel A., Nicholls, Clara I., and Montalba, Rene
- Abstract
Most efforts to improve agricultural production remain focused on practices driven by an intensification agenda and not by an agroecological one. Agroecology transcends the reformist notion of organic agriculture and sustainable intensification proponents who contend that changes can be achieved within the dominant agroindustrial system with minor adjustments or "greening" of the current neoliberal agricultural model. In the technological realm, merely modifying practices to reduce input use is a step in the right direction but does not necessarily lead to the redesign of a more self sufficient and autonomous farming system. A true agroecological technological conversion calls into question monoculture and the dependency on external inputs. Traditional farming systems provide models that promote biodiversity, thrive without agrochemicals, and sustain year-round yields. Conversion of conventional agriculture also requires major social and political changes which are beyond the scope of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. The adaptation and mitigation potential of traditional agriculture in a changing climate
- Author
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Altieri, Miguel A., primary and Nicholls, Clara I., additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Conversión agroecológica de sistemas convencionales de producción: teoría, estrategias y evaluación
- Author
-
Altieri, Miguel A., Nicholls, Clara I., Altieri, Miguel A., and Nicholls, Clara I.
- Abstract
La conversión de sistemas convencionales de producción, caracterizados por monocultivos manejados con altos insumos a sistemas diversificados de bajos insumos, se basa en dos pilares agroecológicos: la diversificación del hábitat y el manejo orgánico del suelo. El funcionamiento óptimo del agroecosistema depende de diseños espaciales y temporales que promueven sinergias entre los componentes de la biodiversidad arriba y abajo del suelo, las cuales condicionan procesos ecológicos claves como la regulación biótica, el reciclaje de nutrientes y la productividad. La evolución de la transición agroecológica puede ser monitoreada por un conjunto de indicadores de sustentabilidad que estiman la calidad del suelo y la salud del cultivo., The conversion of high input conventional monocultures to diversified, low external input agroecosystems is based on two agroecological pillars: habitat diversification and organic soil management. Te optimal function of agroecosystems depends on the spatial-temporal designs that promote synergies between above and below ground key biodiversity components, which in turn determine the expression of ecological processes such as pest regulation, nutrient cycling and productivity. The evolution of this agroecological transition can be monitored using sustainability indicators which assess soil quality and plant health.
- Published
- 2007
38. Plant biodiversity enhances bees and other insect pollinators in agroecosystems. A review
- Author
-
Nicholls, Clara I., primary and Altieri, Miguel A., additional
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Soil Fertility, Biodiversity and Pest Management
- Author
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Altieri, Miguel A., primary, Ponti, Luigi, additional, and Nicholls, Clara I., additional
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Scaling up Agroecological Approaches for Food Sovereignty in Latin America
- Author
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Altieri, Miguel A, primary and Nicholls, Clara I, additional
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Manipulating vineyard biodiversity for improved insect pest management: case studies from northern California
- Author
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Altieri, Miguel A., primary, Ponti, Luigi, additional, and Nicholls, Clara I., additional
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. An Agroecological Basis for Designing Diversified Cropping Systems in the Tropics
- Author
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Altieri, Miguel A., primary and Nicholls, Clara I., additional
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Reducing the abundance of leafhoppers and thrips in a northern California organic vineyard through maintenance of full season floral diversity with summer cover crops
- Author
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Nicholls, Clara I., primary, Parrella, Michael P., additional, and Altieri, Miguel A., additional
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Chapter 39 - Classical Biological Control in Latin America: Past, Present, and Future
- Author
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Altieri, Miguel A. and Nicholls, Clara I.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Enhanced Pest Management Through Soil Health: Toward a Belowground Habitat Management Strategy.
- Author
-
Altieri, Miguel A., Ponti, Luigi, and Nicholls, Clara I.
- Subjects
PEST control ,AGRICULTURE ,SOIL fertility ,CROPS ,AGRICULTURAL ecology ,PLANT communities - Abstract
The article focuses on pest management strategies that are used in agriculture. Despite the potential links between soil fertility and crop protection, the evolution of integrated pest management and integrated soil fertility management has proceeded separately. Since many soil management practices are already known to influence pest management interactions, it does not make ecological sense to continue with such atomistic approaches. New research is showing that the ability of a crop plant to resist or tolerate insect pests and diseases is tied to optimal physical, chemical and, most particularly, biological properties of soils. Soils with high organic matter and active soil biological activity generally exhibit good soil fertility. On the other hand, farming practices that cause nutrition imbalances can lower pest resistance. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that biotic interactions in soil can regulate the structure and functioning of aboveground plant communities. Thus it is obvious that the belowground component of an agricultural ecosystem can be managed through a set of practices used by organic farmers that can exert substantial impact on pest dynamics.
- Published
- 2005
46. Plant Biodiversity and Pest Management in a Northern California Vineyard.
- Author
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Nicholls, Clara I., Parrella, Michael P., and Altieri, Miguel A.
- Subjects
WILD flowers ,ANGIOSPERMS ,VINEYARDS ,CHARDONNAY ,HERBIVORES ,BENEFICIAL insects ,ORIUS - Abstract
Focuses on a study that investigated the influence of a wild flower corridor composed of different flowering plants that cuts across a northern California organic Chardonnay vineyard on the diversity, distribution, abundance and dispersal of key insect herbivores and associated natural enemies. Consequence of the trend toward expansion of large-scale monocultures; Results of weekly monitoring of herbivorous insects and associated natural enemies; Information on Orius spp., a beneficial insect included in the study.
- Published
- 1997
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