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4 results on '"Nichol AJ"'

1. Putting philosophy to work: developing the conceptual architecture of research projects

Author

Nichol, AJ, Hastings, C, Elder-Vass, D, Nichol, AJ, Hastings, C, and Elder-Vass, D

Abstract

Research necessarily entails the close interrelation of concepts and arguments, including solutions to a range of meta-questions, whether acknowledged explicitly or not. Despite this, few detailed accounts currently exist that support researchers to develop their complex conceptual architectures, especially in critical realist spheres. Indeed, many published accounts often omit much of this ‘messiness’ that sits behind, yet is foundational to, research projects. Those accounts that do seek to portray how/why researchers have made decisions (e.g. about connections between research philosophy, methodology, methods, theory and empirical evidence) tend to focus on one set of meta-questions, or occasionally on the relationships between two sets, at a time. Therefore, this paper presents a flexible framework–supported by specific examples from studies–that we hope will be useful in supporting researchers from all traditions, but especially critical realists, to carefully think through and develop more holistic connections in their conceptual architecture.

Published
2023

3. Athletes as 'sites of normative intersectionality': Critically exploring the ontology of influence in sport coaching

Author

Nichol, AJ, Hayes, PR, Vickery, Will, Boocock, E, Potrac, P, Hall, ET, Nichol, AJ, Hayes, PR, Vickery, Will, Boocock, E, Potrac, P, and Hall, ET

Abstract

Social structure remains an equivocal term in (sport) sociology. Our understandings of its constitution and role in causally influencing behavior are arguably underdeveloped. Using a critical realist approach, this paper examined how structural entities and reflexive agency combined to influence behavior in an elite youth cricket context (e.g., athletes, coaches). A methodological bricolage was used to generate data and Elder-Vass’s theorizing provided the principal heuristic device. The analysis illustrated how coaches acted on behalf of norm circles in their attempts to shape dispositions of athletes. In turn, athletes engaged in a process of dialectical iteration between reflexive deliberation and (intersectional) dispositions, which influenced their social action in this organizational context. This study holds significance for researchers and practitioners concerned with social influence.

Published
2021

4. Prevalence and public health implications of state laws that criminalize potential HIV exposure in the United States.

Author

Lehman JS, Carr MH, Nichol AJ, Ruisanchez A, Knight DW, Langford AE, Gray SC, and Mermin JH

Subjects
Contact Tracing legislation & jurisprudence, Criminal Law, Disease Transmission, Infectious prevention & control, Duty to Warn, Federal Government, Female, HIV Infections transmission, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Sexual Behavior, United States, Disease Transmission, Infectious legislation & jurisprudence, HIV Infections prevention & control, Health Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Needle Sharing legislation & jurisprudence, Public Health, Self Disclosure, Truth Disclosure
Abstract

For the past three decades, legislative approaches to prevent HIV transmission have been used at the national, state, and local levels. One punitive legislative approach has been enactment of laws that criminalize behaviors associated with HIV exposure (HIV-specific criminal laws). In the USA, HIV-specific criminal laws have largely been shaped by state laws. These laws impose criminal penalties on persons who know they have HIV and subsequently engage in certain behaviors, most commonly sexual activity without prior disclosure of HIV-positive serostatus. These laws have been subject to intense public debate. Using public health law research methods, data from the legal database WestlawNext© were analyzed to describe the prevalence and characteristics of laws that criminalize potential HIV exposure in the 50 states (plus the District of Columbia) and to examine the implications of these laws for public health practice. The first state laws were enacted in 1986; as of 2011 a total of 67 laws had been enacted in 33 states. By 1995, nearly two-thirds of all laws had been enacted; by 2000, 85 % of laws had been enacted; and since 2000, an additional 10 laws have been enacted. Twenty-four states require persons who are aware that they have HIV to disclose their status to sexual partners and 14 states require disclosure to needle-sharing partners. Twenty-five states criminalize one or more behaviors that pose a low or negligible risk for HIV transmission. Nearly two-thirds of states in the USA have legislation that criminalizes potential HIV exposure. Many of these laws criminalize behaviors that pose low or negligible risk for HIV transmission. The majority of laws were passed before studies showed that antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces HIV transmission risk and most laws do not account for HIV prevention measures that reduce transmission risk, such as condom use, ART, or pre-exposure prophylaxis. States with HIV-specific criminal laws are encouraged to use the findings of this paper to re-examine those laws, assess the laws' alignment with current evidence regarding HIV transmission risk, and consider whether the laws are the best vehicle to achieve their intended purposes.

Published
2014
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