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IntroductionDrug-related problems (DRPs) are common in clinical practice and occur at all stages of the medication process. The major factor contributing to DRPs is prescription, although patients' poor adherence to treatment is also a significant factor. This study evaluated type 2 diabetes outpatients in a hospital in Vietnam for drug-related problems (DRPs) and related variables.MethodsA cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 495 outpatients who met the criteria and 157 people agreed to participate in the interview. Medication order review and medication adherence review were used to identify DRPs. The types of DRP were based on the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) categories version 9.0. The identification and assessment DRPs were carried out by clinical pharmacists and get agreed upon by physicians who had not directly prescribed patients who participated in the study.ResultsA total of 762 DRPs were identified via prescribing review process, the average number of DRP on each prescription was 1.54±1.07, while 412 DRPs were determined through patient interviewing. The most frequent DRPs were "ADR (Adverse Drug Reaction) occurring" (68.8%). The main causes were "patient is unable to understand instructions properly" or "patient is not properly instructed", "patient stores insulin inappropriately", "patient decides to use unnecessary drugs" and "patient intentionally uses/takes less drug than prescribed or does not take the drug at all for whatever reason" which accounted for 65.0%, 41.4%, 38.2%, and 28.7%, respectively. From the prescribing review, the most observed DRPs were "Inappropriate drug according to guidelines/formulary" and "No or incomplete drug treatment in spite of existing indication", accounting for 45.0% and 42.9%, respectively. There was a significant association between age (OR 3.38, 95% CI: 1.01-11.30), duration of diabetes (OR 3.61, 95%CI: 1.11-11.74), presence of comorbidity (OR 5.31, 95%CI: 1.97-14.30), polypharmacy (OR: 2.95, 95%CI: 1.01-8.72) and DRPs. In patients, poor knowledge of antidiabetic agents was the main reason to lack adherence and occurring ADR (OR 2.73, 95%CI: 1.32-5.66, p = 0.007 and OR 2.49, 95%CI: 1.54-4.03, p = 0.001 respectively).ConclusionDRPs occurred in the prescribing stage and relating to patient's behavior of drug administration was high. Clear identification of DRPs and the associated factors are essential for building the intervention process to improve effectiveness and safety in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

We consider whether the category of audit opinion an enterprise receives is pertained to the cost of debt of Vietnam corporations and how does it impact them. Proceeding from the data collected from 80 listed companies in the Vietnam stock exchange in the period of 2007 - 2017, we used a quantitative method to demonstrate the negative impact of modified audit opinion on the cost of debt. When companies receive a modified opinion, they have to pay higher interest rates and have a shorter maturity. From the results, this paper suggests some implications for the financial statement disclosure of listed firms and regulators in order to contribute to the transparency of the financial reports.

This study is devoted to the synthesis of King Orange peel essential oil in water nanoemulsions combined with nanosilver by ultrasonic method supported by mechanical stirring for antibacterial application. The samples were characterized by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) methods. According to the above-experimental results, it was found that the emulsions based on orange essential oil (without nanosilver) and the ones combined with nanosilver have the average particle size from 66.2 nm and 42.9 nm, respectively. The obtained nanoemulsions were also tested to examine their antibacterial ability against Escherichia coli (E. coli) by the disc diffusion method. It has been also found that nanoemulsions based on orange essential oil supported by nanosilver have the superior antibacterial ability, compared with individual components of the materials.

The impact of climate change on agriculture will help to clarify the perception of the problem and quantify the impact, contributing to the formulation of sustainable livelihoods. This study uses the Ricardian approach to explore the implications of climate change on agriculture in the Northwestern area of Vietnam by taking farmer adaptations into account. The study uses secondary data of 1055 households which selected from Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys in 2012 dataset and climate. To examine the effect of an infinitesimal change of temperature and rainfall in Northwest farming, marginal impact analysis was conducted. The study then predicts the impact of climate scenarios on net revenue for the years 2050 and 2100. The study found that relationship between household revenue and weather variables are nonlinear significant and inverted U-shaped relationships between the two seasons. Net revenue decreased as temperature and rainfall increase in the dry season. Net revenue projected to decline about 17.7% and 21.28% due to climate change in 2050 and 2100 respectively in without adaptation model. Net revenue would be loss about 0.37% and 0.20% in 2050 and 2100 respectively in with adaptation model. Keywords: Climate change, Economic impact, Ricardian approach, Northwest Vietnam

Environmental justice is a topic that has been mentioned a lot in the world. However, in Vietnam, this is a field that is not directly discussed, especially from the perspective of academic studies. The complex nature of this topic requires an interdisciplinary view, in which it is impossible to lack the interpretations from the socio-philosophical perspective. Therefore, understanding, interpreting, and exposing its contents from the theoretical aspect, is the one of the research directions that needs to be clarified, especially in the con text of Vietnam. Stemming from the above judgments, this article analyzes and clarifies two main issues as follows: 1. Environmental justice and the basic principles of environmental justice implementation in Vietnam; 2. Reality of implementing environmental justice in Vietnam.

In this work, a novel papaya seed-based activated carbon/Fe3O4/AgNPs nanocomposite (MAC/Ag) was prepared via a one-pot in situ approach and used as a versatile peroxidase mimic for colorimetric detection of ascorbic acid (AA). The MAC/Ag nanocomposite exhibited enhanced peroxidase-like activity, catalyzing the oxidation of 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and yielding colorimetric products. By optimizing the experimental conditions, the MAC/Ag-TMB-H2O2 detection platform displayed outstanding sensitivity towards AA, with an impressively low detection limit of 0.056 µM in the linear range of 25–500 µM. Notably, the platform demonstrated remarkable reusability and stability, maintaining a high level of activity even after numerous reuse cycles. The comprehensive investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed the crucial role of hydroxyl radicals. The successful quantitative analysis of AA in papaya juice verified the applicability of the MAC/Ag-TMB-H2O2 assay. These findings highlight the potential of the MAC/Ag nanocomposite as a reliable and reusable detection nanozyme for AA, offering promising prospects in environmental monitoring, biomedical diagnostics, and pharmaceutical analysis. Highlights: • MAC/Ag nanocomposite achieves highly sensitive AA detection. • Wide linear range (25–500 µM) and low limit (0.056 µM) enhance AA analysis. • Exceptional reusability with 93.11% activity retention after five cycles. • Quantitative AA analysis in papaya juice demonstrates practicality. • Mechanistic insights into AA detection highlight hydroxyl radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vietnam is promoting active teaching and learning as a key strategy to enhance children's learning in preschools. This change depends largely on building the capacities of teachers to implement child-centered education in practice and handover the initiative for learning to children. Vietnamese teachers need to be better equipped with pedagogical skills to enhance children's wellbeing and involvement and to create optimal conditions for learning in classrooms. In 2016, as part of a professional development program for teachers to support the quality of their classroom practice through critical reflection, a collaborative pilot study was carried out to test the relevance and effectiveness of process-oriented child monitoring within the Vietnamese educational context. A process-oriented child-monitoring system was introduced to teachers in eight Vietnamese preschools that enrolled children aged from 3 to 5 years and which included primarily ethnic minority children. Teachers were taught observation skills to monitor children's involvement and wellbeing during classroom activities. Through professional development activities, including coaching, mentoring, and peer learning in school-based and inter-school teacher communities, teachers were encouraged to adjust their practices to the learning needs of the children in their classrooms, including children at risk for low engagement and involvement. This pilot study provides a strong case for the process-oriented child-monitoring system to be implemented at a larger scale in Vietnamese preschools.