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Cyfrowa transformacja to jeden z nieuniknionych trendów w dzisiejszym świecie. Wietnam jest jednym z pionierskich krajów podążających za tym trendem i uruchomił krajowy program transformacji cyfrowej. Transformacja cyfrowa cieszy się dużym zainteresowaniem zarówno środowiska naukowców, jak i menedżerów w ogóle oraz w obszarze górnictwa węgla kamiennego i innych kopalin. Obecnie badacze koncentrują się na takich zagadnieniach, jak teoria transformacji cyfrowej zarówno w państwie, jak iw sektorze biznesowym, związki między transformacją cyfrową a budową e-government lub cyfrowego rządu oraz między transformacją cyfrową a efektywną administracją państwową. W niniejszym opracowaniu metoda analizy dokumentów (Desk review) została wykorzystana do analizy i oceny aktualnej sytuacji transformacji cyfrowej górnictwa węgla kamiennego i kopalin oraz identyfikacji osiągnięć i ograniczeń procesu transformacji cyfrowej w górnictwie węglowym i mineralnym. przemysł wydobywczy minerałów w Wietnamie.W opracowaniu przedstawiono następujące zagadnienia: (1) Niektóre ogólne zagadnienia dotyczące transformacji cyfrowej, w których doprecyzowano pojęcie transformacji cyfrowej; Znaczenie transformacji cyfrowej w obszarze górnictwa węglowego i mineralnego; Wymagania transformacji cyfrowej w obszarze górnictwa węglowo-mineralnego. (2) Aktualny stan transformacji cyfrowej w górnictwie węglowo-mineralnym w Wietnamie, w tym zastosowanie zaawansowanych technologii w eksploracji i wydobyciu oraz zastosowanie zaawansowanych technologii w górnictwie i ochronie środowiska.

The article was conducted through a big survey of 164 postgraduate students to study the factors affecting their satisfaction on the quality of accounting training services at some institutions in Hanoi City. The analytical methods used in the study were descriptive statistics, Cronbach's Alpha test, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Research results have showed the only three factors which affect their satisfaction on the quality of training services including serviceability, staffs, and tuition fees. In particular, tuition fee is the most influential factor for their satisfaction when the quality of accounting training services is evaluated.

Recently researchers have shown an increased interest in teacher education. Theoretical perspectives on the concept exist abundantly in the literature, but empirical research into the views of teachers themselves has been very little. This study explores how Finnish primary school teachers define teacher autonomy and their perceptions towards the influencing factors on their sense of autonomy during their teaching career. The sample of this study was 8 class teachers from three Finnish primary schools. The study was conducted using qualitative research method. Data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interview. Regarding data analysis, thematic research approach was applied In seeking out teachers’ perceptions of teacher autonomy, four broad themes emerged from the analysis. Overall, findings suggest that Finnish class teachers’ conception of autonomy was similar in terms of the complex nature of the concept. In this study, autonomy entails autonomy inside classrooms and at the school level. With respect to their definitions, the teachers all incorporated into their understanding of teacher autonomy several key components. The results also show that teacher autonomy played an important role in teaching profession and that not only was teacher autonomy beneficial to teachers themselves, but also to their students. Moreover, six major interrelated factors were perceived to influence their autonomy by the interviewed teachers. Last but not least, this study concludes with highlighting the importance of autonomy in teacher training programs and some theoretical and practical implications are proposed.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculous meningitis is fatal without rapid diagnosis and use of second-line therapy. It is more common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. Beijing genotype strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are associated with drug resistance, particularly multidrug resistance, and their prevalence is increasing worldwide. The prevalence of Beijing genotype strains among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-positive ( n = 35) and HIV-negative ( n = 187) patients in Ho Chi Minh City was determined. The Beijing genotype was significantly associated with HIV status (odds ratio [OR] = 2.95 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.38 to 6.44]; P = 0.016), resistance to any drug (OR = 3.34 [95% CI, 1.87 to 5.95]; P < 0.001) and multidrug resistance (Fisher's exact test; P = 0.001). The association of the Beijing genotype with drug resistance was independent of HIV status. This is the first report of Beijing genotype association with HIV status, which may be an association unique to tuberculous meningitis.

We used large sequence polymorphisms to determine the genotypes of 397 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from human immunodeficiency virus-uninfected Vietnamese adults with pulmonary ( n = 235) or meningeal ( n = 162) tuberculosis. We compared the pretreatment radiographic appearances of pulmonary tuberculosis and the presentation, response to treatment, and outcome of tuberculous meningitis between the genotypes. Multivariate analysis identified variables independently associated with genotype and outcome. A higher proportion of adults with pulmonary tuberculosis caused by the Euro-American genotype had consolidation on chest X-ray than was the case with disease caused by other genotypes ( P = 0.006). Multivariate analysis revealed that meningitis caused by the East Asian/Beijing genotype was independently associated with a shorter duration of illness before presentation and fewer cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leukocytes. Older age, fewer CSF leukocytes, and the presence of hemiplegia (but not strain lineage) were independently associated with death or severe disability, although the East Asian/Beijing genotype was strongly associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis. The genotype of M. tuberculosis influenced the presenting features of pulmonary and meningeal tuberculosis. The association between the East Asian/Beijing lineage and disease progression and CSF leukocyte count suggests the lineage may alter the presentation of meningitis by influencing the intracerebral inflammatory response. In addition, increased drug resistance among bacteria of the East Asian/Beijing lineage might influence the response to treatment. This study suggests the genetic diversity of M. tuberculosis has important clinical consequences.

Consecutive fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant isolates ( n = 109) identified at the Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital for Tuberculosis, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, were sequenced in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the gyrA and gyrB genes and typed by large sequence polymorphism typing and spoligotyping to identify the Beijing genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Beijing genotype prevalence was compared with 109 consecutive isolates from newly presenting patients with pulmonary tuberculosis from the hospital outpatient department. Overall, 82.6% ( n = 90/109) of isolates had mutations in gyrAB . Nine novel mutations were identified in gyrB (S486F, N538T, T539P, D500A, D500H, D500N, G509A, E540V, and E540D). The influence of these novel gyrB mutations on FQ resistance is not proven. The Beijing genotype was significantly associated with FQ resistance (odds ratio [OR], 2.39 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.34 to 4.25]; P = 0.003). Furthermore, Beijing genotype FQ-resistant isolates were significantly more likely than FQ-resistant isolates of other genotypes to have gyrA mutations (OR, 7.75 [95% CI, 2.84 to 21.15]; P = 0.0001) and high-level (>8 μg/ml) FQ resistance (OR, 11.0 [95% CI, 2.6 to 47.0]; P = 0.001). The underlying mechanism of the association of the Beijing genotype with high-level FQ resistance in this setting remains to be determined. The association of the Beijing genotype with relatively high-level FQ resistance conferred by specific gyrA mutations reported here is of grave concern given the epidemic spread of the Beijing genotype and the current hopes for shorter first-line treatment regimens based on FQs.

The factors that govern the development of tuberculosis disease are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that some strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) are more capable of causing disseminated disease than others and may be associated with polymorphisms in host genes responsible for the innate immune response to infection. We compared the host and bacterial genotype in 187 Vietnamese adults with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and 237 Vietnamese adults with uncomplicated pulmonary tuberculosis. The host genotype of tuberculosis cases was also compared with the genotype of 392 cord blood controls from the same population. Isolates of M. tuberculosis were genotyped by large sequence polymorphisms. The hosts were defined by polymorphisms in genes encoding Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) and Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2). We found a significant protective association between the Euro-American lineage of M. tuberculosis and pulmonary rather than meningeal tuberculosis (Odds ratio (OR) for causing TBM 0.395, 95% confidence intervals (C.I.) 0.193–0.806, P = 0.009), suggesting these strains are less capable of extra-pulmonary dissemination than others in the study population. We also found that individuals with the C allele of TLR-2 T597C allele were more likely to have tuberculosis caused by the East-Asian/Beijing genotype (OR = 1.57 [95% C.I. 1.15–2.15]) than other individuals. The study provides evidence that M. tuberculosis genotype influences clinical disease phenotype and demonstrates, for the first time, a significant interaction between host and bacterial genotypes and the development of tuberculosis., Author Summary Tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, kills over 2 million people each year. It is estimated that approximately one-third of the world population is infected with M. tuberculosis, though the majority will never develop active disease. The most severe form of tuberculosis occurs when the bacterium spreads to the brain to cause meningitis. We examined whether the genetic variation of the person and the bacteria influenced the type of disease a person develops. We have previously shown that certain mutations in genes of the human immune system can predispose adults in Vietnam to developing tuberculous meningitis. In this study we show that some strains of M. tuberculosis commonly found in Europe and America are less likely to cause tuberculous meningitis in Vietnamese adults than strains predominantly found in Asia. We then looked at the interaction between M. tuberculosis strains and mutations in human immune genes and show that a particular mutation, TLR2 T597C, is more commonly found in patients infected with the East-Asian/Beijing strains of M. tuberculosis. This is the first study to look at both the host and pathogen genotypes together in tuberculosis infection, and the findings suggest that the outcome of exposure to M. tuberculosis can depend on both the human genotype and the bacterial genotype.