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Different recognitions become more mature and have been widely applied for EFL learning. Each recognition also has its specific features useful for EFL descriptive writing. The pictorial and verbal representations and current context found in image-to-text recognition (ITR), translated speech-to-text recognition (TSTR), and location-to-text recognition (LTR) respectively could be beneficial for EFL descriptive writing concerning enriching lexical language resources, developing writing ideas, and the others. This study investigated the influences of multiple recognitions and their affordances for EFL descriptive writing in authentic context learning via their generations and usages. An experiment had been conducted for twelve weeks in a vocational high school in Taiwan. Three tests, 1291 essays, and open-ended questionnaires were collected and analyzed. The results revealed that multiple recognitions in the context improve the reasoning, organization, communication, and convention aspects of EFL descriptive writing. Although the ITR affordance is less than TSTR, it significantly influences the appropriate vocabulary usage, the detailed content developments, and the various sentence elaboration of the writing. The TSTR affordance is better than the other recognitions because of its convenience for making more sentences; however, it does not immediately influence EFL descriptive writing. The LTR affordance is similar to ITR, and it can be useful for the usage of other recognitions concerning the direction of the general ideas, main subjects, and related objects addressed in the writing. Although the recognition accuracy needs to be improved, the integration of multiple recognitions has big potential and should be widely applied for EFL writing considering the affordances and significant influences.

Since recognition technology has been widely used to support learners' language learning, it is necessary to have a framework that can support the implementation of anything-to-text recognition technology, such as speech-to-text recognition, image-to-text recognition, body movement-to-text recognition, emotion-to-text recognition, and location-to-text recognition, into learning designs. Therefore, in this study, we aim to review published articles related to anything-to-text recognition in language learning from 2011 to 2020 and propose an anything-to-text recognition framework. A total of 48 articles passed the selection process of this study. The results showed that most of the published articles focused on English language learning and recruited university students to participate in their studies. In addition, most of the articles aimed to foster learners' listening skills, and very few of them paid attention to writing skills. Speech-to-text recognition was commonly used to help speaking and listening skills. Image-to-text recognition was usually used to help reading and listening skills. Body movement-to-text, emotion-to-text, and location-to-text recognition technologies were rarely used; however, these also had the potential to support language learning. Based on these findings, an anything-to-text recognition framework should consist of three important layers, namely learning representations, recognition accuracy, and learning effects with regard to learners' needs and imaginations in language learning supported by recognition technologies. Furthermore, this study also highlights the features of research trends and provides suggestions for researchers in this field.

To the Editor: Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an acute infectious diarrhea caused by the PED virus (PEDV), which belongs to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, genus Alphacoronavirus (1). The [...]

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a devastating viral disease of cattle causing economic losses in the cattle industry. LSD was first reported in Vietnam in 2020, therefore, there have not been many studies focused on the detection of LSD virus (LSDV) or the molecular characterization of the virus. In this study, two suspected LSD cattle displaying clinical signs were investigated and the presence of the LSDV genes was confirmed. In addition, the molecular characterization of obtained Vietnamese isolates based on analyzing the RPO30 and GPCR genes was performed. Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length RPO30 and GPCR sequences revealed that the current Vietnamese LSDVs clustered closely with five previously reported Vietnamese and Chinese strains. Furthermore, LSDVs differ from the reported LSDV field isolates in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. According to deduced amino acid (aa) sequence comparison, some aa substitutions were observed in the RPO30 and GPCR protein of obtained LSDVs. Interestingly, two aa substitutions S98F and L103F were firstly found in the RPO30 of one Vietnamese strain in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4), a novel and unclassified member of the genus Circovirus, was first reported in China in 2019. Aiming to provide more evidence about the active circulation of PCV4, this study screened 335 pooled internal organs and detected the virus (i) at a rate of 3.28%, (ii) from both clinically healthy and clinically sick pigs of various age groups, and (iii) in six out of nine provinces of Korea. The complete genomic sequence of the Korean PCV4 strain (E115) was 1,770 nucleotides in length and had 98.5%–98.9% identity to three PCV4 strains currently available at GenBank. Utilizing a set of bioinformatic programs, it was revealed that the Korean PCV4 strain contained several genomic features of (i) a palindrome stem–loop structure with a conserved nonanucleotide, (ii) packed overlapping ORFs oriented in different directions and (iii) two intergenic regions in between genes encoding the putative replication‐associated protein (Rep) and capsid (Cap) proteins. This study also predicted the presence of essential elements for the replication of circoviruses in all PCV4 strains, for example the origin of DNA replication, endonuclease and helicase domains of Rep, and the nuclear localization signal on the putative Cap protein. Finally, based on the phylogeny inferred from sequences of the putative Rep protein, this study further clarified the genetic relationships between PCV4 and other CRESS DNA viruses in general and circoviruses in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) has been reported in many countries such as USA, China, Korea and many European countries during 2015–2018. The six PCV3 strains named IH, SJ, N5, N10, N13 and N62 were detected out of 220 samples by PCR methods while the prevalence our study was conducted in 2017 to 2018. The six detected strains were hard to genotype with reference viruses due to their diverse phylogenetic relationship. PCV3 capsid, ORF3 and replicase protein coding genes were reassembled at the nucleotide sequence level, then 16 new reassembled PCV3 sequences were generated. Based on the maximum likelihood mapping analysis of 303 PCV3 sequences a model with a combination of replicase, ORF3 and capsid protein coding genes was selected as the most appropriate target for genotyping, which provided the best support for the clade classification into three genotypes and several subtypes (genotype 1, genotype 2; subtype: a and b, genotype 3; subtype a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h). This study, the IH_Korea_2017 and N62_Korea_2018 strains belong to genogroup 3 (subtype a) the SJ_Korea_2017 strain genogroup 3 (subtype g) and the N5, N10, N13 Korea_ 2018 strains genogroup 3 (subtype f), respectively. In conclusion, this study may provide insights to classification of PCV3 genotypes around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]