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Bismuth Oxyiodide (BiOI) hierarchical structures were fabricated from the solution route at room temperature (BiOI-R) and solvothermal synthesis (BiOI-S) in the presence of KI and ethylene glycol to improve the photocatalytic and adsorption ability for the removal of ciprofloxacin from the aqueous environment. In this study, BiOI was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm (BET), UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, and pH of the point of zero charge (pHpzc). It was observed that the BiOI-S has better adsorption and photocatalysis capacity as a result of having more surface area, higher light absorption ability, and lower band-gap energy than the BiOI-R. The response surface methodology was applied to optimize the conditions of contact time, BiOI dosage, ciprofloxacin initial concentration, and pH for ciprofloxacin adsorption and photocatalytic processes using BiOI-S. The results show that the optimum conditions of ciprofloxacin removal processes obtained as contact time of 90 min, BiOI-S dosage of 2 g/L, and initial ciprofloxacin concentration of 2 mg/L, solution pH of 4.5 for adsorption processes. Meanwhile BiOI-S dosage of 1.5 g/L, initial ciprofloxacin concentration of 3.5 mg/L, and contact time of 108 min were the best condition for photocatalytic degradation. Additionally, the adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies fitted the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order model, respectively. The ciprofloxacin adsorption capacity value for BiOI-S of 3.799 mg/g was obtained and photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin by BiOI-S followed the pseudo-first-order rate reaction based on Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics.

The wide variability of isoniazid (INH) pharmacokinetics is mainly attributed to the trimodal N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) acetylator phenotype, i.e., rapid, intermediate, and slow. Consequently, a uniform INH dose in the current clinical practice may lead to treatment failure and drug resistance emergence. There is a lack of studies on specific doses of INH for different NAT2 acetylator phenotypes among tuberculosis patients. Therefore, we aimed to provide insight into the optimal dosing of INH for each NAT2 acetylator phenotype with respect to the probability of achieving a pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic target. PK, NAT2 genotype, and clinical data were collected in a multicenter prospective cohort study conducted at 13 clinical centers in Korea. Population PK modeling and simulation were carried out. Data from 454 TB patients were divided into a training dataset and a test dataset with a ratio of 4 to 1. The PK of the training data were best described by a two-compartment model with allometric scaling for the body size effect. Importantly, NAT2 acetylator phenotypes significantly affected the apparent clearance. Our model provided better predictive performance compared to previously published models, which was evaluated by external validation using the test set. The simulation for assessing the target efficacy and toxicity indicated that the best INH dosing regimens for Korean tuberculosis patients were once-daily doses of 400, 300, and 200 mg for rapid, intermediate, and slow acetylators, respectively. In conclusion, our study provides a step forward in precision dosing for anti-tuberculosis management. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Liberal Arts Review, 17, 2, 1-16

The paper is written based on the research on labourers' interest in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4.0 I.R.) with surveyed sample of 319 people who are working in the enterprises. The statistics analysis method was applied to analyze data. Probit regression model is also approached to quantitatively analyze. The study aims to examine the relationship between historical migration experiences and ability of working migration that a labor may intend in the future. The factors that simultaneously impact on worker's migration decision in the future are two-level migration, marriage status, having children less than 15 years old and living with other members in the family. These effects pointed out significant evidences in this study., The 13th Next-Generation Global Workshop, 第13回次世代グローバルワークショップ, テーマ: New Risks and Resilience in Asian Societies and the World 日程: 21-23 November, 2020 開催場所: ベトナム社会科学院(ハノイ)/Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences(No. 1 Lieu Giai street, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam) ※Due to the COVID-19, the workshop will be held at ONLINE for overseas participants(not from Vietnam)/ONSITE for Vietnamese participants.

BACKGROUND: In medical literature, there are few studies provided a precise and detailed description of the facial nerve rami and its branches. AIM: Identify several practical anatomic landmarks related to the facial nerve main trunk and its rami. METHODS: A descriptive study, 30 cadavers in the anatomy department of UPNT from October 2012 to April 2015. RESULTS: The average distance from the mandibular angle to the division of the facial nerve is 40.8 mm, and is 86.6% from range 36 – 50 mm. There is 86.7% case in which the facial nerve is in the lateral of the retromandibular vein, and there is a significant difference about both sides. Eighty percent of the case has the superior and inferior ramus in the lateral to the retromandibular vein. There are 2 cases in which the superior ramus makes the circle of the vein. Eighty percent of the facial nerve is in the lateral to the external carotid artery. CONCLUSION: The distance from the mandibular to the division of the facial nerve is longer. The relationship between the superior/inferior ramus and the retromandibular vein maybe not the same in both sides. In some cases, it makes the circle of the vein to cause some complication in the parotid gland surgery.

BACKGROUND: There are recently many studies about the anatomy of lower lateral cartilage (LLC). However, the microanatomic studies to identify the segments of most LLC at the nasal tip in Vietnamese are very rare. AIM: Investigate the macroanatomic and microanatomic characteristics of the LLC and the structures of the nasal tip. METHODS: Descriptive study, 30 cadaver noses fixed by 10% formalin, 2 cadaver noses fixed by HE in 69 Institutes in Vietnam from December 2017 to April 2019. RESULTS: The average length of the medial crus is 12.3 mm on the right and 13.2 mm on the left. The maximum intercrural distance is 10.7 mm. The average length of the dome is 3.7 mm and 3.9 mm on the right and left side separately, with 2 subunits are the domal and lobular segment. The average thickness of the tip points is 1.0 mm. The width of the interdomal and intercrural ligaments are 0.5-fold the height and 2-fold the thickness. The thickness of the interdomal fat pad is 3mm and about 0.5-fold the wide. CONCLUSION: The LLC has 3 parts: intermediate, medial and lateral crus. The microanatomic structures of tip consist of the interdomal ligaments, intercrural ligaments, SMAS and interdomal fat pad.

Vancomycin is a primary regimen for treating MRSA and other Gram-positive \(\upbeta\)-lactam–resistant organisms. But the problem is the resistance to vancomycin, the clinical and microbiological characteristics in which it is used is always changing. Therefore, we conducted this retrospective study to analysis benefits of Vancomycin TDM in clinical outcomes and discovered the factors affecting on the vancomycin maintenance dose. We conducted a follow-up on 137 patients using vancomycin divided into two groups, including the TDM and non-TDM users. The evaluation criteria included panoramic vancomycin use, infection status, renal function and treatment results after ten days. The total number of samples taken from 79 patients applied TDM were 116 and 73.3% of the samples reached the target trough concentration. Compared to 58 patients of the non-TDM group, applying TDM will reduce c-reactive protein (CRP) and improve treatment outcome. We also found that the vancomycin trough concentration, creatinine clearance, and weight contributed significantly (24.7%, 16.8% and 26.6%, respectively) to the inter-individual variability in vancomycin dose. The multiple linear regression model for vancomycin maintenance dose was built as the formula: Vancomycin maintenance dose (mg/kg) = 21.4 + 0.24 * vancomycin trough concentration (µg/mL) + 0.17 * Clcr(mL/min) − 0.26 * weight(kg) + 0.17 * age(years) − 0.03 * ΔCRP. Our study demonstrated the benefits of vancomycin TDM technology on clinical outcomes and improvement of infection situation. Furthermore, we have successfully indicated a strong relationship between vancomycin trough concentration, creatinine clearance, age, weight, ΔCRP and maintenance dose of vancomycin. Clinicians in the process of designing a regimen dose of vancomycin should comprehensively consider these factors in order to optimize the dose and reduce the adverse effect of vancomycin.

Purpose: The aims of this study was to investigate the mutual pharmacokinetic interactions between steady-state atorvastatin and metformin and the effect of food on the fixed-dose combined (FDC) tablet of atorvastatin and metformin extended release (XR). Subjects and methods: Study 1, an open-labeled, fixed sequence, multiple-dose pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study, was divided into 2 parts. Atorvastatin (40 mg) or metformin (1,000 mg) XR tablets were administered once daily via mono- or co-therapy for 7 days. Plasma levels of atorvastatin and 2-OH-atorvastatin, were quantitatively determined for 36 h in part A (n=50) while metformin plasma concentration was measured up to 24 h in part B (n=16) after the last dosing. Study 2, a randomized, open-labeled, single-dose, two-treatment, two-period, two-sequence crossover study, involved 27 healthy subjects to investigate the impact of food intake on the pharmacokinetics of a combined atorvastatin/metformin XR 20/500 mg (CJ-30056 20/500 mg) tablet. Results: After multiple doses of mono- or co-therapy of atorvastatin (40 mg) and metformin (1,000 mg) XR, the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the geometric mean ratios (GMRs) for the peak plasma concentration at steady state (Cmax,ss) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve during the dosing interval at steady state (AUCτ,ss) were 1.07 (0.94-1.22) and 1.05 (0.99-1.10) for atorvastatin, 1.06 (0.96-1.16) and 1.16 (1.10-1.21) for 2-OH-atorvastatin, and 1.00 (0.86-1.18) and 0.99 (0.87-1.13) for metformin, respectively. Food delayed time to reach maximum concentration (tmax), decreased atorvastatin Cmax by 32% with a GMR (90% CI) of 0.68 (0.59-0.78), and increased metformin AUCt by 56% with a GMR (90% CI) of 1.56 (1.43-1.69). Conclusion: No clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction was seen when atorvastatin was co-administered with metformin. Food appeared to change the absorption of atorvastatin and metformin from an FDC formulation. These alterations were in accordance with those described with the single reference drugs when ingested with food.

The survey results from 8 agricultural cooperatives that have applied high technology, 5 agricultural cooperatives that have not applied high technology to their production, preservation, processing and consumption, and 5 enterprises have regular transactions with cooperatives surveyed based on questionnaires showed that high technology application has helped agricultural cooperatives in Long An province significantly improve production efficiency by being more proactive in production, reducing agricultural input costs and improving productivity and product quality. However, the scale of high techechnology applications of agricultural cooperatives is still small, scattered, high technology is mainly applied in some stages in the production process and in the crop sector due to lower capital requirements for high technology and other resource limitations of agricultural cooperatives as well as constraints on policies. Since then, the study has proposed a number of recommendations to promote agricultural cooperatives to apply high technology in agriculture more effectively.

Although bruxism is a common issue with a high prevalence, there has been a lack of epidemiological data about bruxism in Vietnam. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of bruxism and its impact on oral health-related quality of life among Vietnamese medical students. Bruxism was assessed by the Bruxism Assessment Questionnaire. Temporomandibular disorders were clinically examined followed by the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders Axis I. Perceived stress, educational stress, and oral health-related quality of life were assessed using the Vietnamese version of Perceived Stress Scale 10, the Vietnamese version of the Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents, and the Vietnamese version of the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile, respectively. The prevalence of bruxism, sleep bruxism, awake bruxism, and both conditions in Vietnamese medical students were 51.2%, 38.2%, 23.4%, and 10.4% respectively. Stress, temporomandibular joint pain, masticatory muscle pain, and tooth attrition were associated with the presence of bruxism. Vietnamese medical students were negatively affected by bruxism in terms of oral health-related quality of life.

In this study, InVO4 was effectively hybridized with g-C3N4 to create InVO4/g-C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction. Ag metals were also successfully decorated on the InVO4/g-C3N4 to further improve its photocatalytic performance for tetracycline degradation. Scavenger experiments were conducted to investigate photocatalytic degradation mechanism of the synthesized materials. The characterization and experimental results showed that InVO4 and g-C3N4 would absorb incident visible light to induce electrons to their conduction band (CB) leaving holes at their valence band (VB). Then, photo-induced electrons in the InVO4 CB would move to the g-C3N4 VB to recombine with its holes leading to preservation of photo-induced electrons at the g-C3N4 CB, which has high reduction potential, and holes in the InVO4 VB, which has high oxidation potential, for effective degradation of tetracycline. When Ag metals were decorated on InVO4/g-C3N4, plasmon resonance of Ag would effectively increase light absorption and induce electron-hole separation of the InVO4 as well as the g-C3N4. The decorated Ag also acted as charge mediator to enhance electron transfer from the InVO4 CB and the g-C3N4 VB to improve electron-hole separation or photocatalytic efficiency of the InVO4/g-C3N4. Therefore, the Ag decorated on InVO4/g-C3N4 (AIC) presented novel photocatalytic performance for degradation of tetracycline. Finally, the regenerating experiment results indicated that the AIC could be effectively regenerated after being used.

Support vector machine (SVM) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) were used to forecast hourly tropospheric ozone concentration at three locations of Quang Ninh, namely Cao Xanh, Uong Bi and Phuong Nam. Data used to train the models are the hourly concentrations of gaseous pollutants (O3, NO, NO2, CO) and meteorological parameters including wind direction, wind speed, temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity measured in the 2016. Both models accurately forecast tropospheric ozone levels compared to the observation data. The correlation coefficients (r) of the models applied for the three locations range from 0.85 to 0.91. In addition, SVM exhibits a more accurate prediction than MLP, especially for those with large variations, i.e. high standard deviations.

BACKGROUND: Maxillary Lefort I osteotomy, mandibular bilateral sagittal split ramus was frequently used in correcting skeletal class III malocclusion. There was a lack of research on class III malocclusion patients’ quality of life (QoL) after bimaxillary osteotomy. AIM: Class I Intermaxillary relationship was achieved, aesthetic was significantly improved. Significant improvement in Class III skeletal patients’ quality of life was acquired. The achievement of harmonious face would be beneficial to the facial aesthetics of patients, thus improving the quality of life. METHODS: Harmonious face index is an effective criterion in assessing the surgery’s outcome. In this study was conducted on 30 patients at Hanoi National Hospital of Odontostomatology, Viet Duc Hospital, and Hong Ngoc Hospital from April 2017 to April 2018, and it was a quasi-experimental study with self-comparison, 12 months follow up. RESULTS: Orthognathic surgery effectively corrected malocclusion crossbite, dental compensation, and helped to improve facial aesthetics. 100% of patients had the quality of life improved, good quality of life consisted of 86.7%. In comparison with a harmonious facial index of Kinh ethnic in Vietnam, 70% of patients achieved skeletal harmony, 63.3% of patients achieved dental harmony, 80% achieved soft tissue harmony. CONCLUSIONS: Vietnamese harmonious facial index should be used in planning and pre-surgical simulation

Forest ecosystems can modify the atmospheric CO2 through biomass accumulation mostly in tree stems with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm. Aboveground biomass increment (ΔAGB), and changes in stand AGB, no. stems and basal area (BA) were calculated from mortality, recruitment, and growth data of tree stems in tropical evergreen broadleaved forest, Central Highland Vietnam. Data were derived from ten 1-ha permanent plots established in 2004, where all stems with DBH ≥ 10 cm were tagged, identified to species, and measured for DBH in 2004 and 2012. In an 8-year duration, the increment was 53 ± 10 stems ha–1, 7.8 ± 0.3 m2 ha–1 for BA and 86.0 ± 4.6 Mg ha–1 for AGB. The stem mortality rate was 0.9% year–1 and the stem recruitment rate was 2.2% year–1. Annual ΔAGB was 10.8 Mg ha–1 year–1, equaling to 5.4 Mg C ha–1 year–1. Of which, tree stems of 35–80 cm DBH classes accounted for 65%. The results indicated that the forest is in stage of carbon sequestration. Any disturbances causing death of 35–8...

Childhood obesity prevalence is shooting up at a phenomenal rate worldwide, leading to long-term devastating consequences. A great number of studies have investigated factors contributing to the increase in BMI of children and adolescents. School-based, home-based and clinic-based solutions have been suggested as possible viable strategies, among which school-based interventions is believed to produce a noticeable effect on a massive scale. However, the question of whether school interventions, especially school education exert significant impact on childhood obesity or not, is left with mixing results. This article aims to holistically review the relationship between school education and childhood obesity. Various factors are covered, including health education, nutrition education, school nutrition, physical education, teachers' awareness, teaching practice and school stress, In all, school education is not the answer to childhood obesity but just part of it. More attempts from other stakeholders (parents, community, policy makers, researchers, etc.) should be made in order to solve this complicated puzzle.

Objectives: This study aims to define some oro-facial indexes and measurement of Vietnamese people aged 18-25 on cephalometric films using Steiner analysis to establish specific data resources in order to apply in treatment, esthetics, forensic recognition, anthropometrics and labour safety products. Methods: Comparative study. Results: To compare with Caucasian people regarding to skeletal-dental relationship, Vietnamese are likely to have more protrusive maxilla and mandibles. This indicates difference in oro-facial structure between Vietnamese and Caucasian people. Conclusion: Standards of one racial group could not be used without modification for other racial groups, and each different racial group would have to be treated according to its individual characteristics.

Although economic reform has brought remarkable progress in poverty reduction in Vietnam, the scale and depth of ethnic minority poverty in Vietnam presents one of the major challenges to achieving the targets for poverty reduction set out in the Socio-Economic Development Plan, as well as the millennium development goals. The authors first review a series of monetary and non-monetary indicators which show the living standards of the ethnic minorities are improving but still lag seriously behind those of the majority Kinh-Hoa. The minorities' lower living standards result from the complex interplay of overlapping disadvantages, which start in utero and continue until adult life. Next an analysis of the drivers of the ethnic gap, in terms of both differences in characteristics and differences in returns to those characteristics, is undertaken. Mean and quantile decompositions show that at least a half of the gap in per capita expenditure can be attributed to the lower returns to characteristics that the ethnic minorities receive. The reasons underlying such differences in returns are discussed, drawing on both quantitative analysis and the large number of qualitative studies on ethnic issues in Vietnam. Finally, some of the short and longer term policy measures which the authors believe could help to counter ethnic disadvantages in the nutrition, education, and employment sectors are discussed. The authors also emphasize the importance of promoting growth that is geographically broad and socially inclusive without which, the current disparities between the Kinh-Hoa and the ethnic minorities will continue to grow.

Although economic reform has brought remarkable progress in poverty reduction in Vietnam, the scale and depth of ethnic minority poverty in Vietnam presents one of the major challenges to achieving the targets for poverty reduction set out in the Socio-Economic Development Plan, as well as the millennium development goals. The authors first review a series of monetary and non-monetary indicators which show the living standards of the ethnic minorities are improving but still lag seriously behind those of the majority Kinh-Hoa. The minorities' lower living standards result from the complex interplay of overlapping disadvantages, which start in utero and continue until adult life. Next an analysis of the drivers of the ethnic gap, in terms of both differences in characteristics and differences in returns to those characteristics, is undertaken. Mean and quantile decompositions show that at least a half of the gap in per capita expenditure can be attributed to the lower returns to characteristics that the ethnic minorities receive. The reasons underlying such differences in returns are discussed, drawing on both quantitative analysis and the large number of qualitative studies on ethnic issues in Vietnam. Finally, some of the short and longer term policy measures which the authors believe could help to counter ethnic disadvantages in the nutrition, education, and employment sectors are discussed. The authors also emphasize the importance of promoting growth that is geographically broad and socially inclusive without which, the current disparities between the Kinh-Hoa and the ethnic minorities will continue to grow.