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In this study, whey protein, maltodextrin and GOS (Galacto-oligosaccharides) used as microencapsulating agents to protect Lactobacillus casei during spray-drying and mayonnaise storage. The morphology of microcapsules, pH charges, the survival rate during mayonnaise storage as well as survival in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and intestinal fluid (SIF) was tested in this study. The results indicated that whey protein showed a protective effect better than maltodextrin during spray-drying. The particles showed spherical shape and typical concavity of all samples and encapsulating agents were not affected by the size and surface structure of particles. The pH charges were not significantly different in all mayonnaise samples in this test. The viability of free cell L. casei after 6 weeks storage was significant decrease about 4 log CFU/g compared to 1.55 to 3.27 log CFU/g in the mayonnaise samples containing microcapsules in which maltodextrin showed the lowest of L. casei survival rate. In SGF and SIF conditions, maltodextrin act as prebiotic sufficiently which do not need adding GOS. The combination of whey protein and maltodextrin in which maltodextrin plays a role as supporting agents for the spray-drying process as well as prebiotic potential, while whey protein with high buffer property which enhancing the survival rate of L. casie in low pH.

Decades of acidic deposition and timber harvesting have depleted calcium (Ca) stocks in soils, especially at base-poor soils characterized by low base cation weathering rates. One approach to tracking Ca sources from soil is by using Ca/Sr ratios in vegetation, while [sup.87]Sr/[sup.86]Sr ratios have also been used to estimate mineral weathering rates. To evaluate the uses of Ca/Sr ratios and Sr isotopes in identifying Ca sources in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) trees, three base-poor sites on the Canadian Shield and three limestone sites in southern Ontario were sampled for Ca, Sr, and [sup.87]Sr/[sup.86]Sr ratios. Higher Ca/Sr ratios in soil extracts and sugar maple tissues at base-rich sites compared with base-poor sites reflect different minerology among regions, while the Ca/Sr discrimination factor between roots and foliage indicated that internal cycling exerts a major control on Ca/Sr ratios in sugar maple. At the three off-shield sites, [sup.87]Sr/[sup.86]Sr ratios in soil and tree tissues were higher than precipitation but were indistinguishable for off-shield sites. Mixing models using a 1.0 mol [L.sup.-1] HCl soil extract as the weathering endmember indicated that a lower proportion of weathering Ca compared with other geochemical approaches. One potential explanation is that the extraction method dissolves more recalcitrant minerals to a greater extent than under field conditions, leading to a higher weathering rate endmember value used in the mixing model. Key words: calcium, strontium isotopes, weathering, deposition, sugar maple, Introduction A century of atmospheric acidic deposition and timber harvesting has reportedly depleted soil calcium (Ca) stocks over large parts of eastern North America (Likens et al. 1996; Watmough et [...]

We investigate the impact of federal budget deficits and other factors on the ex-post and ex-ante real yields on high-grade municipal bonds. The estimation results reveal that both yields increase with the real yield on 30-year Moody’s Aaa-rated bonds and provisions in the Community Reinvestment Act but decrease with net capital inflows, the real GDP growth rate, and the average effective federal income tax rate. Most importantly, both yields are increasing functions of the federal budget deficit. These results support limiting the size of federal budget deficits to avoid the excessive crowding out of private investment spending.

This study aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the influence of hearing loss on social participation in older adults and including its facilitators and barriers. Following the rigorous methodological framework of scoping studies, nine multidisciplinary databases were searched with 44 keywords. Published mainly in the last decade, 41 studies using primarily a quantitative cross-sectional design were selected. Older adults with hearing loss have been found to have difficulty maintaining relationships and social activities. While social support and engaged-coping strategies were major facilitators of social participation, barriers included greater hearing loss, communication difficulties, comorbidities and reduced mental health. To better promote the social participation of older adults, early detection of hearing loss, holistic assessment, and interprofessional collaboration must be considered. Future research is necessary to better address the stigma related to hearing loss in older adults and challenges of early detection, and to propose innovative solutions to develop interprofessional collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Decades of acidic deposition and timber harvesting have depleted calcium (Ca) stocks in soils, especially at base-poor soils characterized by low base cation weathering rates. One approach to tracking Ca sources from soil is by using Ca/Sr ratios in vegetation, while 87Sr/86Sr ratios have also been used to estimate mineral weathering rates. To evaluate the uses of Ca/Sr ratios and Sr isotopes in identifying Ca sources in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) trees, three base-poor sites on the Canadian Shield and three limestone sites in southern Ontario were sampled for Ca, Sr, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Higher Ca/Sr ratios in soil extracts and sugar maple tissues at base-rich sites compared with base-poor sites reflect different minerology among regions, while the Ca/Sr discrimination factor between roots and foliage indicated that internal cycling exerts a major control on Ca/Sr ratios in sugar maple. At the three off-shield sites, 87Sr/86Sr ratios in soil and tree tissues were higher than precipitation but were indistinguishable for off-shield sites. Mixing models using a 1.0 mol L−1 HCl soil extract as the weathering endmember indicated that a lower proportion of weathering Ca compared with other geochemical approaches. One potential explanation is that the extraction method dissolves more recalcitrant minerals to a greater extent than under field conditions, leading to a higher weathering rate endmember value used in the mixing model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]