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BACKGROUND: Amorphous carbon‐bearing sulfonic acid groups (AC–SO3H) are a kind of solid acid that exhibits high acidity and belongs to the new generation of solid acids. The presence of acidic functional groups, including carboxylic acid, phenolic and sulfonic acid groups, allows for several key activities such as strong Brønsted acid properties, high surface area, stability, reusability and recyclability. RESULTS: In this work, we synthesized indolyl 1H‐pyrroles from indoles, phenylglyoxal monohydrate, 1,3‐diketones and ammonium acetate using rice‐husk‐derived carbonaceous sulfonation (AC–SO3H) as a catalyst. We explored the impact of catalyst quantity, reaction time, solvent, mineral acid and temperature in order to determine the optimal reaction conditions. Additionally, indolyl 1H‐pyrrole derivatives were also synthesized based on the optimal conditions that were completely investigated, and the structure of these synthetic compounds was characterized by 1H‐ and 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance. CONCLUSION: The yield of indolyl 1H‐pyrroles was up to 84% in 6 h at 100 °C with the activity of 30 mg AC–SO3H. Besides, based on the optimal conditions, 21 indolyl 1H‐pyrrole derivatives were formed with the high‐yield and green method. The catalyst could be reused multiple times without a significant decrease in catalytic performance. According to the findings from the experiments, a potential mechanism that included a radical process has been suggested. This eco‐friendly approach provided a straightforward and efficient method to produce a variety of indole–pyrrole conjugates in a single step. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographers have connected the experiences of disabled persons with specific socio-spatial-political phenomena such as disability policies and laws, economic conditions, disability movements, and welfare systems. However, debates over disability theories and accessibility rights have lacked empirical data representing the perspectives of disabled people in Asia. In this study, the first to explore experiences with accessibility in an inter-Asian context, the daily experiences of disabled people in two Southeast Asian countries (Thailand and Vietnam) and two Northeast Asian countries (Japan and Taiwan) were compared. In each country, 10 wheelchair- or crutch-using residents of a large city were invited to be interviewed, of whom 39 participated. Results showed that disabled people's daily experiences are influenced by the cultural and historical contexts in which the concept of disability has been constructed. Attitudinal and cultural barriers to accessibility should be further examined, and Asian contexts should be included in the political geography of disability. • Research on the political geography of disability lacks empirical data on accessibility in Asia. • Disabled people's experiences with accessibility are affected by cultural/historical contexts. • Physical and social barriers to accessibility should be examined in relation to each other. • The cultural landscape of CRPD can enrich the political geography of disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a new procedure for the synthesis of benzo[ a ]carbazole from 1,3-diketones, primary amines, phenylglyoxal monohydrate, and malononitrile employing a solid acidic catalyst has been developed. The multicomponent reaction provided 3-cyanoacetamide pyrrole as an intermediate and then the formation of benzo[ a ]carbazole via intramolecular ring closure. The reaction was carried out for 2 h at 240 °C, resulting in the desired product with 73% yield. Acidic sites on the solid acid catalyst, made from rice husk-derived amorphous carbon with a sulfonic acid core (AC-SO 3 H), provided the best activity. Acidic sites on the surface of the catalyst, including carboxylic, phenolic, and sulfonic acids, were 4.606 mmol g -1 of the total acidity. AC-SO 3 H demonstrated low cost, low toxicity, porosity, stability, and flexibility of tuning and reusability., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)