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This research examines the long-term causation between financial deepening and economic growth in African-emerging economies. The fully modified and dynamic ordinary least square methods are used. Bidirectional causality exists between domestic credit to the private sector, money supply ratio, trade openness and gross domestic product per capita. Unidirectional causality flows from capital formation to gross domestic product per capita. The central banks should apply policies which encourage credit flow to private enterprises via banks' intermediation and eliminate the bottlenecks undermining credit flow. The governments should establish an investment friendly environment in all sectors and upgrade the productive capacity. Studies have been conducted on the nexus of financial deepening and economic growth with debatable outcomes. Some studies illustrate a positive alliance between financial deepening and economic growth, supporting the supply-leading model. Other findings support the demand-following theory, while some demonstrate mutuality in the nexus between financial deepening and economic growth. Nevertheless, limited studies have been conducted on the nexus between financial deepening and economic growth to ascertain if the supply-leading or demand-following hypotheses hold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to study the relationship between remittances and economic growth in African emerging economies from 1990 to 2021. The study centers on the optimistic, pessimistic, and the dual‐gap theories. The autoregressive distributed lag and cointegration techniques are applied. The findings indicate that remittances have a nonsignificantly negative effect on the gross domestic product growth rate. Domestic credit to the private sector and the inflation rate negatively influence economic growth. Policymakers should prioritize targeted response to the COVID‐19 crisis by reducing the costs of access to vaccines and healthcare for the populace so that the received remittances should significantly improve the population's welfare positively. Governments should recognize remittance services and reduce remittance costs by reducing taxes on remittances. Governments should increase the formalization of remittance transfers to improve accessibility to financial services to decrease the unbanked population. The monetary authorities should establish remittance‐based policies that promote the use of formal channels, ease the pressure on emerging countries' credit services, and improve foreign exchange rates. Banks should create financial products and services that attract investments and growth for the remittances of diasporas in developing economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the nexus between greenhouse gas emissions and poverty alleviation in the Economic Commission of West African States between 1985 and 2020 applying autoregressive distributed lag and Granger causality techniques. The results reveal that carbon dioxide non‐significantly relates to gross domestic product per capita positively while nitrous oxide and foreign direct investment impacts gross domestic product per capita positively. Methane negatively impacts gross domestic product per capita. The governments should use conventions to regulate greenhouse gas emissions' effects on environmental degradation regionally and globally. The study underscores that countries should diversify to cleaner energy sources. This would reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. Massive technological investment is required to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions' negative impacts on the environment which create poverty. This policy implication ensures environmental sustainability and reverses the ugly trend of greenhouse gas emissions on poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the effect of public relations planning on human resources management performance in the Independent National Electoral Commission in Nigeria. Data were collected through a mailed survey-designed questionnaire to the senior and junior staff. The staff were stratified and randomly selected from a sampling frame of employees. Multiple linear regressions and the Z-test are used for the analysis. The results reveal that public relations planning affect human resources management practice and performance. The Z-critical value suggests a significant difference between the mean ratings of senior staff and junior staff on the strategies for credible performance in the human resource management. The Z-calculated value is greater than the Z-critical value confirming a significant difference between the mean ratings of junior and senior staff on the effectiveness of public relation planning strategies in the human resource management performance. The government is should play a crucial role to guarantee effective public relations planning by employing or deploying qualified personnel, evaluating electoral programs, and staff development programs. The government should provide adequate funding to the Independent National Electoral Commission to build public trust on the information disseminated to the public. The appointment of high-profile staff should be void of biases, prejudices, and unethical practices which will decrease corruption. These policy implications permit the Independent National Electoral Commission and the government human resource managements to mitigate electoral violence, fraud, corruption, and voters' abstention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigates the relationship between urbanization and carbon dioxide emission in the Central African Economic and Monetary Community from 1990 to 2019. The literature reveals that the relationship between urbanization and carbon dioxide emissions is still debatable and the existing findings are inconclusive. Design/methodology/approach: Carbon dioxide is the regressand; while, urbanization, gross domestic product (GDP) and financial development (FD), rule of law (ROL) and government effectiveness (GEF) are the regressors. Johansen Fisher and Kao residual co-integration tests alongside the fully modified and dynamic ordinary least squares. Findings: The results show a significant positive relationship between urbanization and carbon dioxide emissions. The causality tests results show that carbon dioxide granger causes urbanization, GDP and FD unit directionally. Research limitations/implications: The countries' governments should effectively improve their legal systems to regulate carbon dioxide emissions. Urbanization laws should be implemented to limit urbanization environmental deteriorating effects on carbon dioxide emissions. This occurs as the countries practiced unregulated urbanization which increases population's environmental impacts. The study recommends sustainable green urbanization policies for environmental conservation through tree planting and horticulture. Balance development in urban and rural areas is vital to decongest the urban cities' pressure in the states. The governments should motivate the private sector with rural investments captivating policies to limit rural urban migration. Originality/value: The findings contribute value by supporting a positive link between urbanization and carbon dioxide emissions in the CEMAC zone. The causality tests findings confirm the view that carbon dioxide granger causes urbanization, GDP and FD unit directionally. This value addition is essential to the governments and policy makers to mitigate urbanization and carbon dioxide emissions in the CEMAC region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]