Search

Masers have the potential to transform medical sensing and boost qubit readout detection due to their superb low-noise amplification. The negatively-charged nitrogen vacancy (NV-) diamond maser is the only continuous-wave solid-state maser discovered at room temperature, however it suffers from requiring large and bulky magnets which prevent its more widespread use. We present a significant reduction in size of the entire diamond maser using a much lighter and small-footprint electromagnet, reducing the weight from an immovable 2000 kilograms to a portable 30 kilograms. We achieve a maximum maser output power near -80 dBm, ten times higher than the first implementation, and have discovered techniques to reduce the magnetic field strength required for masing by precise manipulation of the spin orientation. With the diamond maser now shrunk to a size that can fit on a lab benchtop, we have brought continuous-wave room temperature masers away from the confines of research laboratories and closer to transforming readouts in quantum computing, frequency standards and quantum-limited medical sensing., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures

Masers, the microwave analogues of lasers, have seen a renaissance owing to the discovery of gain media that mase at room-temperature and zero-applied magnetic field. However, despite the ease with which the devices can be demonstrated under ambient conditions, achieving the ubiquity and portability which lasers enjoy has to date remained challenging. We present a maser device with a miniaturized maser cavity, gain material and laser pump source that fits within the size of a shoebox. The gain medium used is pentacene-doped in para-terphenyl and it is shown to give a strong masing signal with a peak power of -5 dBm even within a smaller form factor. The device is also shown to mase at different frequencies within a small range of 1.5 MHz away from the resonant frequency. The portability and simplicity of the device, which weighs under 5 kg, paves the way for demonstrators particularly in the areas of low-noise amplifiers, quantum sensors, cavity quantum electrodynamics and long-range communications.

Masers, the microwave analogue of lasers, promise to deliver ultra-low noise amplification of microwave signals for use in medical MRI imaging and deep-space communication. Research on masers in modern times was rekindled thanks to the discovery of gain media that were operable at room-temperature, eschewing bulky cryogenics that hindered their use. However, besides the two known materials of pentacene doped in para-terphenyl and negatively-charged nitrogen-vacancy defects in diamond, there has been scarce progress in the search for completely new room-temperature gain media. Here we show the discovery of 6,13-diazapentacene doped in para-terphenyl as a maser gain medium that can operate at room-temperature and without an external magnetic field. A measured maser pulse power of -10 dBm shows it is on par with pentacene-doped para-terphenyl in absolute power, while possessing compelling advantages against its pentacene predecessor in that it has a faster amplification startup time, can be excited with longer wavelength light at 620 nm and enjoys greater chemical stability from added nitrogen groups. Furthermore, we show that the maser bursts allow 6,13-diazapentacene-doped para-terphenyl to reach the strong coupling regime for cavity quantum electrodynamics, where it has a high cooperativity of 182. We study the optical and microwave spin dynamics of 6,13-diazapentacene-doped para-terphenyl in order to evaluate its behavior as a maser gain medium, where it features fast intersystem crossing and an advantageously higher triplet quantum yield. Our results pave the way for the future discovery of other similar maser materials and help point to such materials as promising candidates for the study of cavity quantum electrodynamic effects at room-temperature., Comment: Main text 16 page, 11 figures. Supplementary has 7 pages, 4 figures

We demonstrate the cooling of a microwave mode at 2872 MHz through its interaction with optically spin-polarized NV$^-$ centers in diamond at zero applied magnetic field, removing thermal photons from the mode. By photo-exciting (pumping) a brilliant-cut red diamond jewel with a continuous-wave 532-nm laser, outputting 2 W, the microwave mode is cooled down to a noise temperature of 188 K. This noise temperature can be preserved continuously for as long as the diamond is optically excited and kept cool. The latter requirement restricted operation out to 10 ms in our preliminary setup. The mode-cooling performance of NV$^-$ diamond is directly compared against that of pentacene-doped para-terphenyl, where we find that the former affords the advantages of cooling immediately upon light excitation without needing to mase beforehand (or at all) and being able to cool continuously at substantially lower optical pump power.

We experimentally demonstrate the temporary removal of thermal photons from a microwave mode at 1.45 GHz through its interaction with the spin-polarized triplet states of photo-excited pentacene molecules doped within a p-terphenyl crystal at room temperature. The crystal functions electromagnetically as a narrow-band cryogenic load, removing photons from the otherwise room-temperature mode via stimulated absorption. The noise temperature of the microwave mode dropped to $50^{+18}_{-32}$ K (as directly inferred by noise-power measurements) while the metal walls of the cavity enclosing the mode remained at room temperature. Simulations based on the same system's behavior as a maser (which could be characterized more accurately) indicate the possibility of the mode's temperature sinking to $\sim$10 K (corresponding to $\sim$140 microwave photons). These observations, when combined with engineering improvements to deepen the cooling, identify the system as a narrow-band yet extremely convenient platform -- free of cryogenics, vacuum chambers and strong magnets -- for realizing low-noise detectors, quantum memory and quantum-enhanced machines (such as heat engines) based on strong spin-photon coupling and entanglement at microwave frequencies., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

We present in this work a quasi-continuous-wave (CW) pentacene maser operating at 1.45 GHz in the Earth's magnetic field at room temperature with a duration of $\sim$4 ms and an output power of up to -25 dBm. The maser is optically pumped by a cerium-doped YAG (Ce:YAG) luminescent concentrator (LC) whose wedge-shaped output is embedded inside a 0.1% pentacene-doped para-terphenyl (Pc:Ptp) crystal. The pumped crystal is located inside a ring of strontium titanate (STO) that supports a TE$_{01\delta}$ mode of high magnetic Purcell factor. Combined with simulations, our results indicate that CW operation of pentacene masers at room-temperature is perfectly feasible so long as excessive heating of the crystal is avoided., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures