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Chemical analyses were carried out on clastic sedimentary rocks in Kompina (N'kapa Formation of the NW, Douala Basin, West Africa) to disclosed the composition of their source rock, characterised their tectonic domains, decipher the intensity of the past weathering, sedimentary cycles and maturity using concentrations of major oxides, REES and trace elements. Provenance diagram constructed from ratios of La/Co, La/Sc, Th/Sc, Cr/Th and from binary diagrams of Zr vs TiO 2 and AL 2 O 3 vs TiO 2 , disclosed a felsic rock composition as the source rock of the Kompina clastic rocks. The felsic source rock composition designated for the studied clastic materials is also supported by LREE enrichment over HREE and a negative europium anomaly on chondrite calculation and diagram. New discriminant functions diagrams to delineate between active and passive domains such as DF 1&2(Arc-Rift-Col) M1 , DF1&2(Arc-Rift-Col) M2 combined with diagrams of DF(A-P)M, DF(A-P)MT label a passive tectonic setting characteristics for the source rock where there studied clastic materials were sorted. The weathering intensity and plagioclase lixiviation revealed by the CIA and PIA indexes advocate a weak to intense strength of chemical weathering and lixiviation of plagioclase felspars while the CIX and PIX with elimination of CaO in their formulars show extreme intensity of weathering and lixiviation of plagioclase felspars. Most of the samples show immature nature from their ICV values > 1 but with the introduction of ICV new ratios, with relationship of Zr and (La/Yb)N shows that the studied clastic materials are mature, second cycle sediments, which have experience zircon mineral addition.N ratios, with relationship of Zr and (La/Yb)N shows that the studied clastic materials are mature, second cycle sediments, which have experience zircon mineral addition., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

The use of the reference range of values of a laboratory test is highly significant in diagnostic accuracy. However, race and ethnic variations may affect the safe use of reference ranges from a different setting/population. Because the establishment of reference ranges for the Cameroonian population will possibly improve the quality of health care, this study was designed to establish hematological reference ranges among healthy adults in Bamenda, North West region of Cameroon. This was a cross-sectional study carried out within the period of five months from February 2020 to June 2020, at the Bamenda Regional Hospital. A total of 350 (139 females and 211 males) study participants who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The Urit 3300 autoanalyzer (Urit Medical Electronic (Group) Co., Ltd, Guilin, China) was used to analyze the hematological parameters. The general health questionnaire for donors, for verification of reference range study and laboratory tests, was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate reference ranges, means, and medians at 95% confidence intervals. Maximum and minimum reference ranges were computed at 97.5th and 2.5th percentiles. The nonparametric test (Mann-Whitney test) was used to determine the significance of the difference in hematological values between the male and female groups. Three (MID%, LYM#, and MID#) out of the 19 hematological parameters were verified, while sixteen (WBC, LYM%, GRAN%, GRAN#, RBC, HGB, HCT%, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW_CV, RDW_SD, PLT, MPV, PDW, and PCT%) were established. The currently used reference intervals do not represent the population of the North West region. Therefore, other regional hospitals in Cameroon should establish reference intervals applicable to their respective regions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Nfor Omarine Nlinwe et al.)

Malaria, which is responsible for a substantial amount of deaths in endemic countries, has been shown to have both direct and indirect effects on the hematological parameters. Notwithstanding, some hematological parameters among populations living in malaria endemic regions have not been described consistently, as a standard for measuring malaria burden. Based on the above fact, this study was designed to assess some hematological changes and their diagnostic values in malaria infected patients. A total of 160 malaria positive adult patients, together with 81 healthy control adults were recruited for the study. For the malaria positive group, the female to male ratio was 1.38 : 1. Specifically, 74.38%, 10.00%, and 15.62% of those in the malaria positive group had mild, moderate, and severe parasitaemia, respectively. Leukemia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia were found to be significantly associated with malaria and were all estimated to be specific for the diagnosis of malaria. Anemia was, however, estimated to be both sensitive and specific for malaria diagnosis. Therefore, anemia offers the most diagnostic value in the malaria infected patients of this study., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Nfor Omarine Nlinwe and Tang Bertilla Nange.)

Background Globally, Termitomyces letestui is used by different communities to treat various illnesses, including bacterial infection, although with limited scientific evidence. The current study aims to assess the immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties of the water extract of a wild mushroom, T. letestui in mice model. Methods The base study was completed following the standard methods and procedures using white mice Mus musculus. The immunomodulatory was investigated for humoral and cell-mediated response in both the normal and dexamethasone-immunosuppressed mice. An immunostimulatory drug, levamisole, was used as reference. The treatment was done daily and the extract doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg bwt were used. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH), mice lethality rate and hemagglutination antibody titer were determined. Disc diffusion assay was performed using the Muller-Hinton agar to assess the effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad prism 5.0 a Software. Results T. letestui water extract (TLAE) provided significant inhibition zones against E. coli and S. aureus. TLAE=, along with the antigen (Salmonella typhi) showed a significant increase in the circulating antibody titer and reduced the lethality rate in mice. The extract also showed significant increase in the DTH response against S. typhi. Conclusions This preliminary study demonstrated that TLAE caused a significant immunostimulatory effect on both the cell-mediated and humoral immune systems in the mice and antibacterial property against E. coli and S. aureus.