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Background: Basic life support (BLS) is a life-saving link in the out-of-hospital cardiac arrest chain of survival. Most members of the public are capable of providing BLS but are more likely to do so confidently and effectively if they undertake BLS training. Lay members of the public comprise diverse and specific populations and may benefit from tailored BLS training. Data on this topic are scarce, and it is completely unknown if there are any benefits arising from tailored courses or for whom course adaptations should be developed. Methods: The primary objective of this scoping review was to identify and describe differences in patient, clinical, and educational outcomes when comparing tailored versus standard BLS courses for specific layperson populations. This review was undertaken as part of the continuous evidence evaluation process of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Results: A primary search identified 1307 studies and after title, abstract, and full-text screening, we included eight publications reporting on tailored courses for specific populations. There were no studies reporting direct comparisons between tailored and standardized training. Seven (88%) studies investigated courses tailored for individuals with a disability, and only one study covered another specific population group (refugees). Overall, the quality of evidence was low as the studies did not compare tailored vs. non-tailored approaches or consisted of observational or pre-post-designed investigations. Conclusions: Tailored BLS education for specific populations is likely feasible and can include such groups into the pool of potential bystander resuscitation providers. Research into comparing tailored vs. standard courses, their cost-to-benefit ratio, how to best adapt courses, and how to involve members of the respective communities should be conducted. Additionally, tailored courses for first responders with and without a duty to respond could be explored.

Background: Landiolol, a highly cardioselective agent with a short half-life (2.4-4 min), is commonly used as a perfusor or bolus application to treat tachycardic arrhythmia. Some small studies suggest that prior oral β-blocker use results in a less effective response to intravenous β-blockers. Methods: This study investigated whether prior chronic oral β-blocker (Lβ) or no prior chronic oral β-blocker (L-) intake influences the response to intravenous push-dose Landiolol in intensive care patients with acute tachycardic arrhythmia. Results: The effects in 30 patients (67 [55-72] years) were analyzed, 10 (33.3%) with and 20 (66.7%) without prior oral β-blocker therapy. Arrhythmias were diagnosed as tachycardic atrial fibrillation in 14 patients and regular, non-fluid-dependent, supraventricular tachycardia in 16 cases. Successful heart rate control (Lβ 4 vs. L- 7, p = 1.00) and rhythm control (Lβ 3 vs. L- 6, p = 1.00) did not significantly differ between the two groups. Both groups showed a significant decrease in heart rate when comparing before and after the bolus administration, without significant differences between the two groups (Lβ -26/min vs. L- -33/min, p = 0.528). Oral β-blocker therapy also did not influence the change in mean arterial blood pressure after Landiolol bolus administration (Lβ -5 mmHg vs. L- -4 mmHg, p = 0.761). Conclusions: A prior chronic intake of β-blockers neither affected the effectiveness of push-dose Landiolol in heart rate or rhythm control nor impacted the difference in heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure before and after the Landiolol boli., Competing Interests: Sebastian Schnaubelt has received speaking and advisory fees from AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals Corp. (Vienna, Austria) in the past. The company was not involved in the planning, methods, results or discussion of the study. The rest of the authors declare no (potential) conflicts of interest.

Objectives: Telephone instructions are commonly used to improve cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by lay bystanders. This usually implies an audio but no visual connection between the provider and the emergency medical telecommunicator. We aimed to investigate whether video-guided feedback via a camera drone enhances the quality of CPR., Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled simulation trial. Lay rescuers performed 8 min of CPR on an objective feedback manikin. Participants were randomized to receive telephone instructions with (intervention group) or without (control group) a drone providing a visual connection with the telecommunicator after a 2-min run-in phase. Performed work (total compression depth minus total lean depth) was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were the proportion of effective chest compressions, average compression depth, subjective physical strain measured every 2 min, and dexterity in the nine-hole peg test after the scenario. Outcomes were compared using the t - and Mann Whitney- U tests. A two-sided p -value of <0.05 was considered significant., Results: We included 27 individuals (14 (52%) female, mean age 41 ± 14 years). Performed work was greater in the intervention than in the control group (41.3 ± 7.0 vs. 33.9 ± 10.9 m; absolute difference 7.5, 95% CI 1.4 to 14.8; p  = 0.046), with higher average compression depth (49 ± 7 vs. 40 ± 13 mm; p  = 0.041), and higher proportions of adequate chest compressions (43 (IQR 14-60) vs. 3 (0-29) %; p  = 0.041). We did not find any significant differences regarding the remaining secondary outcomes., Conclusion: Video-guided feedback via drones might be a helpful tool to enhance the quality of telephone-assisted CPR in lay bystanders.

Background: Police first responder systems also including automated external defibrillation (AED) has in the past shown considerable impact on favourable outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). While short hands-off times in chest compressions are known to be beneficial, various AED models use different algorithms, inducing longer or shorter durations of crucial timeframes along basic life support (BLS). Yet, data on details of these differences, and also of their potential impact on clinical outcomes are scarce. Methods: For this retrospective observational study, patients with OHCA of presumed cardiac origin and initially shockable rhythm treated by police first responders in Vienna, Austria, between 01/2013 and 12/2021 were included. Data from the Viennese Cardiac Arrest Registry and AED files were extracted, and exact timeframes were analyzed. Results: There were no significant differences in the 350 eligible cases in demographics, return of spontaneous circulation, 30-day survival, or favourable neurological outcome between the used AED types. However, the Philips HS1 and -FrX AEDs showed immediate rhythm analysis after electrode placement (0 [0-1] s) and almost no shock loading time (0 [0-1] s), as opposed to the LP CR Plus (3 [0-4] and 6 [6-6] s, respectively) and LP 1000 (3 [2-10] and 6 [5-7] s, respectively). On the other hand, the HS1 and -FrX had longer analysis times of 12 [12-16] and 12 [11-18] s than the LP CR Plus (5 [5-6] s) and LP 1000 (6 [5-8] s). The duration from when the AED was turned on until the first defibrillation were 45 [28-61] s (Philips FrX), 59 [28-81] s (LP 1000), 59 [50-97] s (HS1), and 69 [55-85] s (LP CR Plus). Conclusion: In a retrospective analysis of OHCA-cases treated by police first responders, we could not find significant differences in clinical patient outcomes concerning the respective used AED model. However, various differences in time durations (e.g., electrode placement to rhythm analysis, analysis duration, or AED turned on until first defibrillation) along the BLS algorithm were seen. This opens up the question of AED-adaptations and tailored training methods for professional first responders., Competing Interests: M.K. is medical director of the Viennese EMS. S.S. is Vice-Chair of the Austrian Resuscitation Council, ILCOR EIT Task Force member, ERC ALS SEC member and YERC Research Representative. The other authors declare no COI relevant to this study.

Background: The highly β1-selective beta-blocker Landiolol is known to facilitate efficient and safe rate control in non-compensatory tachycardia or dysrhythmia when administered continuously. However, efficacy and safety data of the also-available bolus formulation in critically ill patients are scarce., Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study on a real-life cohort of critical care patients, who had been treated with push-dose Landiolol due to sudden-onset non-compensatory supraventricular tachycardia. Continuous hemodynamic data had been acquired via invasive blood pressure monitoring., Results: Thirty patients and 49 bolus applications were analyzed. Successful heart rate control was accomplished in 20 (41%) cases, rhythm control was achieved in 13 (27%) episodes, and 16 (33%) applications showed no effect. Overall, the heart rate was significantly lower (145 (130-150) vs. 105 (100-125) bpm, p < 0.001) in a 90 min post-application observational period in all subgroups. The median changes in blood pressure after the bolus application did not reach clinical significance. Compared with the ventilation settings before the bolus application, the respiratory settings including the required FiO 2 after the bolus application did not differ significantly. No serious adverse events were seen., Conclusions: Push-dose Landiolol was safe and effective in critically ill ICU patients. No clinically relevant impact on blood pressure was noted.