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17. The effect of hot beverages, cold beverages, and chewing gum on oral temperature.

Author

Newman BH, Martin CA, Newman, B H, and Martin, C A

Abstract

Background: A prospective blood donor's oral temperature is affected by external stimuli such as drinking a hot or cold beverage or chewing gum. These stimuli can cause a deferral or an inappropriate acceptance for a certain unknown time.Study Design and Methods: Ten volunteer subjects were exposed to each of the three stimuli in separate studies. Oral and tympanic membrane temperatures were taken before exposure, immediately after exposure, and at various times until the subject's temperature returned to baseline.Results: The drinking of a hot beverage caused an immediate mean temperature elevation of 2.6 degrees F which would lead to deferral for 7 of 10 subjects. All subjects were acceptable for blood donation (temperature <99.6 degrees F) by 5 minutes. A cold beverage lowered the temperature; the temperature in 6 subjects returned to baseline by 10 minutes and that in 4 did so by 30 minutes. Gum chewing caused minimal temperature elevations; only 1 donor's temperature reached 99.6 degrees F, and it was at acceptable levels for blood donation by 5 minutes.Conclusion: Drinking a hot beverage and, to a much lesser degree, gum chewing can lead to a deferral for elevated temperature, but subjects were acceptable by 5 minutes. Cold beverages are of more concern, because they suppress the temperature for a short time and could theoretically lead to acceptance of a febrile, possibly infectious donor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2001
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19. Tyrannosaurus Osborn 1905

Author

Newman, B. H.

Subjects
Tyrannosauridae, Reptilia, Animalia, Biodiversity, Chordata, Tyrannosaurus, Dinosauria, Taxonomy
Abstract

Tyrannosaurus is the flesh-eating dinosaur which is perhaps best known to the general public in the form of restorations based on the composite skeleton mounted in the American Museum of Natural History. This shows the animal with the distal part of the tail resting on the ground, the proximal part of the tail and the dorsal vertebral column forming a straight line at an angle of about 45 " with the ground (Romer, 1966). Until now the stance of the mounted specimen in New York has been accepted uncritically and there have been no significant departures from this classic pose, with the exception of reconstructions by Augusta & Burian (1958) which shows the animal with its tail off the ground. Recently the British Museum (Natural History) purchased the partial skeletons of two individuals which, with the missing parts reconstructed, make up the composite skeleton now displayed in the Dinosaur Gallery. One purpose of this paper is to outline the reasons for the marked departures from previously accepted restorations made in preparing the B.M. (N.H.) exhibit. The following aspects of this skeletal reconstruction and its posture are contested: the length of the tail, the angle of the vertebral column, and the positioning of the limbs and skull. VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND SKULL The best-preserved vertebral column was figured by Osborn (1917). The 7th and 8th dorsal vertebrae have their centra fused, the neural spines of the 7th and 8th and the 9 th- 12 th almost touch, and there is evidence of strong connective tissue linking the neural spines of all the dorsal region vertebrae. Hence this part of the dorsal region of the column must have been rigid. If the skull were articulated on the vertebral column as restored by Osborn the occipitalcondylewould not have been in full articulation with the atlas. In fact, the skull was supported on a well-defined cervical region and at a marked angle to the rest of the column (Fig. 1 D). If the dorsal region is orientated horizontally, the 'swan-neck' would permit the skull to be carried horizontally and the flexible nature of the neck would also enable the animal to manoeuvre its head and reach the ground, an important factor when feeding. TAIL With the dorsal part of the vertebral column held in the horizontal plane, the sacrum would have pivoted forwards,at the same time bringing the tail free of the ground to act as a counter-balance to the trunk. The tail as previously restored is exceptionally long when compared with that known from the closely related Gorgosaurus. Since only 20 caudal vertebrae of the New York Tyrannosaurus are authentic, it would be reasonable to postulate a tail comparable to that of Gorgosaurus, (Lambe, 1917). If this is accepted, then some 12feet of the tail of the New York specimen must be removed. Haemal arches on the caudal vertebrae have been taken as evidence that the tail was dragged along the ground, and are alleged to have had a protective function. Their presence as far forward as the second and third caudal vertebrae makes this difficult to accept, since it is hardly likely that the proximal part of the tail made contact with the ground and thus protection from abrasion was unnecessary. Moreover, the footprints of carnivorous dinosaurs give little indication that the tail was dragged along the ground. Although the American restoration indicates a very flexible tail, with appropriate short zygopophysesfor the distal caudal vertebrae, in the comparable Gorgosaurus, where the distal region of the tail is preserved, the zygapophyses are extremely long, indicating a severe restriction on the lateral movement of the distal end of the tail, (Lambe, 1917). HIND-LIMB To work out the functioning of the hind-limb it is useful to consider the living flightless birds, where the femur is shorter than the tibia and is held forward of the acetabulum. As there is no tail to act as a counter-balance, this orientation of the femur serves to bring forward the centre of gravity. In Tyrannosaurus the femur is longer than the tibia and the limb could not have borne the stresses if it were held horizontally. In fact, the presence of the heavy tail would have brought back the centre of gravity of the animal and made the horizontal position of the femur unnecessary. When walking, the weight of the animal must have been borne by one leg at a time alternately, and in birds and carnivorous bipedal dinosaurs comparable specializations are found. In both groups the major axis through the articular surface of the proximal end of the femur is at a marked angle to that of the distal end. When the animal supports its weight on one leg, the distal articular surface of the femur rolls out laterally, thus tightening the ligament between the great trochanter and the cnemial crest. This results in the kneejoint being moved laterally outwards and the animal���s weight being transferred sideways so that the centre of gravity lies over the limb, the tightened ligament preventing excess dexure. In Tyrannosaurus, as the free limb swung forwards the tail would have swung laterally away from it, whilst the femur would be drawn through a restricted arc and the main part of the stride accomplished by the movement at the knee-joint. The large procnemial crest on the anterior surface of the proximal part of the tibia would be suitable for the insertion of tendonous tissue for the attachment of muscles providing leverage for pulling the lower part of the limb forwards. As the limb was bent and the ankle joint flexed, the tendons along the posterior surface of the limb connecting the tibia and fibula to the more distal elements would have been stretched, resulting in the clenching of the toes as in birds. This would allow the foot to clear the ground as the limb swung forwards. Since the weight must have been carried by each limb in turn, the gait is likely to have been sinuous, producing a bird-like waddling, and the series of megalosaurian footprints from the Purbeck Beds (Upper Jurassic) of Swanage now on display in the Dinosaur Gallery at the British Museum (Natural History) confirm this view. The individual footprints do not lie in a straight line and the toes point inwards, indicating that the animal was pigeon-toed. The stride was small (some 25 1/2 inches) in relation to the size of the animal's foot (12 inches). A detailed map of the trackway reveals an overall sinuous curve and seems to confirm the essentially bird-like gait of these animals, whilst the shortness of the stride further confirms the restricted amount of posteroanterior movement at the acetabulum. Colbert ( 1965 ) restores Antrodemus ( Allosaurus ) and Gorgosaurus in exactly the posture here suggested for Tyrannosaurus, although he does not give his reasons for so doing. Although it has long been recognized that the so-called 'vestigial' fore-limbs of Tyrannosaurus were too small to have played any part in locomotion (see, for example, Romer 1966 ) the scapulae and coracoids are large and must have been associated with a considerable pectoral musculature. The humeri although short are massive (Osborn, 1906 ) and, allowing for the muscles and skin, the width across the humeral region would have been compared to that of a human thigh. The fore-limb would have been correspondingly muscular. With the large muscular pectoral girdle to support it, the fore-limb would certainly have been powerful enough to raise the chest region off the ground. When in a position of rest, the hind-limbs would be folded under the body in much the same way as a hen's, with the fore-limbs in contact with the ground and the skull extended so that the lower jaw rested on the ground (Fig. 1 A). With the hind-limbs folded, each femur would have been held at approximately 35 " to the horizontal, with the tibia bent back at about 20" and the metatarsals bent forwards at 45 ". I n order to rise, the animal had to extend its hind-limbs, but the effect of beginning such an action would be to push the body forwards along the ground. The role of the fore-limbs was that of a brake holding the body, so that the force exerted by the extension of the hind-limbs was transmitted to the pelvic region, thus pushing it upwards. The fore-limbs would have assisted in the initial stages of lifting the trunk region off the ground. From a resting position the animal's first action in rising would be to raise the head and at the same time begin to straighten the fore-limbs (Fig. 1 A). Next the hind-limbs began to extend, the skull was raised higher, and the fore-limbs were further extended, while the tail was lifted off the ground (Fig. 1 B). At the next stage the animal must have continued straightening the fore-limbs until the trunk region was pressed upwards to their full extent; at the same time the head was thrown upwards and backwards, whilst the hind-limbs continued to extend and the tail was depressed (Fig. 1 C ). The muscles from the ventral and lateral caudal regions and the ischia, acting on the femora, served to assist the extension of the hind-limbs and helped to maintain equilibrium, the centre of gravity being maintained at a line through the ankle and knee-joints and the anterior end of the sacrum. Figure 1 D shows the hind-limbs fully extended, and the head and tail carried in the normal position of equilibrium. Owing to the acute angles adopted by the femorae and tibiae when the animal was at rest, there must have been considerable lateral forces acting on the knee-joints and tending to force them outwards, in which case there would have been great difficulty in flexing the legs. However, any tendency for a knee-joint to be forced outwards was prevented by a condyle, situated behind the outer articular surface of the distal end of the femur, this occupied the space between the fibula and tibia when the knee was fully bent, as shown in Fig. 2. CONCLUSION The appearance in life of Tyrannosaurus must have been quite different from that previously imagined and Fig. 1 D shows the new restoration, which emphasizes the bird-like stance. From a consideration of the skeleton, as well as the fossilized tracks of related dinosaurs, it appears that the gait was an ungainly waddling rather than the formerly postulated majestic striding., Published as part of Newman, B. H., 1970, Stance and gait in the flesh-eating dinosaur Tyrannosuurus, pp. 119-123 in Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2 on pages 2-122, DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1970.tb01707.x, http://zenodo.org/record/3674749, {"references":["ROMER, A. S., 1966. Vertebrate Paleontology. University of Chicago Press.","AUGUSTA, J. & BURIAN, Z., 1958. Prehistoric Animals. London: Spring Books.","LAMBE, L. M., 1917. The Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur Gorgosaurus. Mem. Can. geol. Surv., no. 100: 84 pp.","COLBERT, E. H., 1965. The Age of Reptiles. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.","OSBORN, H. F., 1906. Tyrannosaurusrex, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (second communication). Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist., 22: 291."]}

Published
1970
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20. Plastic Propellant: Aluminized Compositions

Author

MINISTRY OF SUPPLY LONDON (UNITED KINGDOM) DIRECTORATE OF MATERIALS AND EXPLOSIVES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, Newman, B. H., Spickernell, G. J., MINISTRY OF SUPPLY LONDON (UNITED KINGDOM) DIRECTORATE OF MATERIALS AND EXPLOSIVES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, Newman, B. H., and Spickernell, G. J.

Abstract

The addition of aluminium to plastic propellants has resulted in a marked improvement in performance over the whole range of burning rates, 0.1 to 1.65 inch/sec. (at 1000 p.s.i.). In particular, high measured specific impulses (at least 245 lb.sec/lb) and high thrust efficiencies have been obtained with propellants burning at rates above 0.6 inch/sec. at 1000 p.s.i. and containing up to 18 per cent aluminium. Lower burning rates have been achieved by replacing oxidizer by ammonium picrate, but this was accompanied by a reduction in measured impulse and thrust efficiency. The thrust efficiency of aluminized propellants is influenced by the three parameters: matrix energy (the energy of the binder/oxidizer part of the propellant) the propellant burning rate and the rocket motor size. The thrust efficiency of the fast-burning, high-matrix-energy propellant, is probably unaffected by motor size until more than 20 per cent aluminium is present. The aluminium particle size has no effect on combustion efficiency although it affects burning rate, pressure dependence and temperature coefficient of burning rate. The addition of aluminium to plastic propellant has presented no additional hazard or new manufacturing problem, and the chemical stability has been unaffected.

Published
1961

21. A study of 178 consecutive vasovagal syncopal reactions from the perspective of safety.

Author

Newman BH and Graves S

Subjects
Accidental Falls, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Blood Banks, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Safety, Sex Factors, Syncope, Vasovagal diagnosis, Syncope, Vasovagal etiology, Wounds and Injuries etiology, Wounds and Injuries prevention & control, Blood Donors, Syncope, Vasovagal complications
Abstract

Background: While vasovagal syncopal reactions have been studied in the past, there are several safety questions that could be further addressed. The purpose of this study was to address these safety questions., Study Design and Methods: One hundred seventy-eight vasovagal reactions were reported in 1999 from 194,000 blood donations. The reactions were retrospectively reviewed for 38 variables that included donor demographics, symptoms, injury, and final disposition., Results: Sixty-one percent of the syncopal reactions occurred at the refreshment table and 12 percent offsite. Fourteen percent of the donors sustained an injury, usually to the head (10%). Eleven donors (6%) had additional medical care in an emergency room: 4 for injuries, 3 for delayed recovery, and 4 for offsite syncope. None of the donors was admitted to the hospital. One of the injured donors developed postconcussion syndrome and had later sequelae., Conclusion: Syncopal reactions most commonly occur at the refreshment table, where preventive safety measures against trauma could be applied. A significant number of syncopal reactions occur offsite, where the environment is less safe. The injuries that occur, particularly to the head, may in rare cases lead to long-term sequelae.

Published
2001
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22. Arterial puncture phlebotomy in whole-blood donors.

Author

Newman BH

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Employment, Female, Health Personnel, Hematoma etiology, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Time Factors, Wounds, Penetrating epidemiology, Arteries injuries, Blood Donors statistics & numerical data, Phlebotomy adverse effects, Wounds, Penetrating etiology
Abstract

Background: An arterial puncture during whole-blood phlebotomy is a rare event. A series of arterial punctures was evaluated to determine the clinical findings and the incidence of complications., Study Design and Methods: Arterial punctures reported by staff between January 1, 1999, and February 28, 2001, were evaluated. Follow-up interviews were done with the phlebotomy nurses to determine what the clinical findings were and what the incidence of complications was., Results: Twelve cases of arterial punctures were identified from 410,000 blood donations (0.0029%; 1/34,000). Eleven cases had a fast blood-flow rate of <4 minutes; 9 units (75%) were bright red; and in 4 cases (33%), the needle was pulsating. One case was diagnosed because the donor developed a brachial artery pseudoaneurysm 3 days after donation. Four hematomas occurred, for an occurence rate of 33 percent (0.35% in the general donor population). There was also an association with newly trained staff., Conclusion: Fast blood-flow rate is the most common clinical feature after an arterial puncture. Bright red blood is usually, but not always, present, and a pulsating needle is sometimes present. Hematoma is a relatively common complication, and brachial artery pseudoaneurysms are rare, although one case was seen in this study.

Published
2001
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23. Donor reactions and injuries from whole blood donation.

Author

Newman BH

Subjects
Hematoma etiology, Humans, Syncope etiology, Blood Donors
Abstract

In this review of common and uncommon donor reactions and injuries, donation-associated deaths were found to be extremely rare and generally thought to be coincidental; the rate of coincidental deaths was less than what would be expected based on life insurance tables. Vasovagal reactions, hematomas/bruises, and history of irritation or allergic reaction to adhesive tape or skin preparations are observed daily in a busy blood collection center. Syncopal vasovagal reactions sometimes resemble shock, but unlike shock, they reverse themselves and do not cause death. Through good management, a blood donor organization can minimize the incidence of syncope. Accidental arterial venipuncture is very uncommon (1 in 100,000), and donors with arterial punctures do well if pressure is applied for an extended period of time. Rarely, a pseudoaneurysm results, and this requires surgery. AV fistulas and compartment syndromes can also occur, but these are extremely rare; most experienced blood center physicians have never observed a case. Neurologic needle injuries occur approximately once in every 6,300 donations. Although neurologic needle injury complaints are usually received within 10 days of blood donation, 10% of the injured donors may complain weeks to months later. Most donors with needle injuries recover within a month and many within a day or two, but approximately 30% will have a recovery period of greater than 1 month and an occasional case may exceed 6 months. Donors with neurologic needle injuries generally have a full recovery, even when the recovery period may be extended. Thrombophlebitis has a low incidence (1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000), and infection at the phlebotomy site is rare. Both are easily treated and have little impact on the donor's health.

Published
1997
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24. Patterns of use of group O, Rh-negative red cells in a large metropolitan area and an action plan to control utilization.

Author

Newman BH, Shafer AW, and Saeed SM

Subjects
Black People, Health Facility Size, Humans, Urban Population, White People, ABO Blood-Group System, Blood Group Incompatibility prevention & control, Blood Transfusion statistics & numerical data, Rh-Hr Blood-Group System
Abstract

Background: In southeastern Michigan, the group O, Rh-negative (O-) red cell supply was below emergency levels during one-sixth of 1994, despite 43-percent overcollection of O- red cell units relative to the size of the O- patient population. O- red cell units are overutilized because of their universal ABO and Rh compatibility. This study evaluated how hospitals in a large metropolitan area utilized O- red cell units, so that strategies could be devised to reduce O- usage., Study Design and Methods: Through an O- red cell utilization survey, 56 hospitals were encouraged to collect three months' worth of transfusion data, either prospectively or retrospectively. O- usage was compared to total red cell usage and categorized into transfusions to O- patients, those to non-O- patients, and the number of O- units that outdated., Results: Of 40,616 units transfused in 38 hospitals, 3,535 (8.7%) were O-; 71 percent of the O- units were transfused to O- patients, 28 percent were transfused to non-O- patients, and 1 percent outdated. Hospital transfusions to O- patients appeared to correlate with the racial makeup of the patient population, while hospital transfusions to non-O- patients appeared to correlate with hospital size and the hospital's transfusion practices., Conclusion: O- red cell usage in a hospital is dependent on the racial and ethnic mix of the hospital's patient population, the amount of transfusion activity, and the hospital's transfusion practices. An understanding of the dynamics of O- usage allowed the development of strategies to decrease O- utilization.

Published
1996
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25. Angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptors contribute to drinking elicited by eating in rats.

Author

Kraly FS, Tribuzio RA, Kim YM, Keefe ME, Braun CJ, and Newman BH

Subjects
Angiotensin II pharmacology, Animals, Behavior, Animal physiology, Male, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Drinking drug effects, Eating physiology, Receptors, Angiotensin physiology
Abstract

A role for endogenous angiotensin II and its AT1 and AT2 receptor subtypes for mediating drinking elicited by eating was examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The ability of pharmacological antagonism of AT1 and/or AT2 receptors to abolish drinking elicited by exogenous angiotensin II was established first. The s.c. injection of the AT1 antagonist losartan (DuP 753) was sufficient to abolish drinking elicited by s.c. angiotensin II. The ICV injection (through a surgically implanted chronic cannula) of losartan inhibited drinking elicited by ICV angiotensin II; the combined ICV injection of losartan plus the AT2 antagonist PD123319 was sufficient to abolish drinking elicited by ICV angiotensin II. For rats drinking and eating after 24-h food deprivation, s.c. losartan plus PD123319 inhibited water to food ratio, but ICV losartan and/or PD123319 failed to inhibit food-related drinking. For nondeprived rats eating a small cracker, s.c. losartan and/or PD123319 attenuated water intake, but only ICV losartan produced statistically significant inhibition of drinking elicited by ingestion of cracker. The IG infusion (through a surgically implanted gastric catheter) of 2 ml 600 or 900 mOsm/kg NaCl, a treatment that is subthreshold for increase in systemic plasma osmolality at the initiation of drinking, elicited drinking that was attenuated by s.c. losartan and/or PD123319 and attenuated by ICV losartan only. The IG infusion of 2 ml 1800 mOsm/kg NaCl, a treatment that is above threshold for increase in systemic plasma osmolality at the initiation of drinking, elicited drinking that was not inhibited by S or ICV losartan and/or PD123319. These results demonstrate that peripheral AT1 and AT2 and central AT1 receptors for angiotensin II contribute to drinking elicited by eating and the gastrointestinal osmotic consequences of eating. These findings extend the evidence demonstrating a renal renin-angiotensin contribution to food-related drinking in rats.

Published
1995
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27. Patient-related blood drives.

Author

Newman BH, Burak FQ, McKay-Peters E, and Pothiawala MA

Subjects
Adult, Appointments and Schedules, Blood Transfusion statistics & numerical data, Child, Humans, Volunteers, Blood Donors psychology, Blood Transfusion psychology, Patients, Volition
Abstract

Ten patient-related blood drives were evaluated and compared to five other blood drives. The patient-related blood drives were easier to organize, more fruitful, and more satisfying for the donors and workers. The authors suggest a role for patient-related blood drives in the present recruitment system and discuss how hospitals and blood centers can coordinate their efforts to have this type of blood drive. Finally, it is suggested that patient-related blood drives can increase recruitment, especially in large metropolitan areas that suffer from chronic blood shortages.

Published
1988
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28. Laryngeal cysts in adults: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases.

Author

Newman BH, Taxy JB, and Laker HI

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Cysts classification, Cysts diagnosis, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Laryngeal Diseases classification, Laryngeal Diseases diagnosis, Larynx pathology, Male, Middle Aged, Cysts pathology, Laryngeal Diseases pathology
Abstract

Clinically significant cysts in the region of the larynx are uncommon. In this study, 20 cases were recovered for the period 1969-1983. There were eight males and 12 females whose ages ranged from 28-76 years and whose most common symptom combinations were hoarseness (9), local foreign body sensation (5), and pain (4). Laryngoscopic examination revealed cystic lesions 0.5-3.0 cm. in diameter, all localized to the supraglottis with half in the vallecula . Histologically, 17 cysts were closely associated with tonsillar lymphoid tissue. Nine cysts, having squamous lined crypt-like structures and abundant follicular lymphoid tissue, were designated "tonsillar cysts." Eight cysts had a prominent epithelial component and focal follicular lymphoid aggregates. Three cysts were unassociated with lymphoid tissue. Two of these, located in the ventricles of elderly patients, were oncocytic cysts. Both showed oncocytic changes on the surface mucosa and in adjacent salivary gland tissue. In one case, a biopsy of the contralateral ventricle demonstrated oncocytic metaplasia. Treatment in all cases was by surgical excision. Follow-up on 13 patients ranging from three months to 9 years revealed one recurrence of an oncocytic cyst one year after initial removal. We conclude that follicular lymphoid tissue is present in most laryngeal cysts and may play some pathogenetic role in their formation. Furthermore, oncocytic cysts are different from other laryngeal cysts, having a characteristic location, age group, field effect, and recurrence rate.

Published
1984
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