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1. Products from a surface ocean CO2 reference network, SOCONET

Author

Wanninkhof, R., Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W. J., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., De Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Hoppema, Mario, Huang, W.J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefevre, N., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Monteiro, P., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Park, G. H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Rios, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, Reiner, Sieger, Rainer, Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sun, H., Sutton, A.J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Watson, A., Pickers, P. A., Olsen, A., Stephens, B.B., Munro, D., Rehder, G., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Müller, J. D., Trianes, J., Tedesco, K., Ishii, M., González-Dávila, M., Suntharalingam, P., Nakaoka, S.-i., Schuster, U., Wanninkhof, R., Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W. J., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., De Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Hoppema, Mario, Huang, W.J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefevre, N., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Monteiro, P., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Park, G. H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Rios, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, Reiner, Sieger, Rainer, Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sun, H., Sutton, A.J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Watson, A., Pickers, P. A., Olsen, A., Stephens, B.B., Munro, D., Rehder, G., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Müller, J. D., Trianes, J., Tedesco, K., Ishii, M., González-Dávila, M., Suntharalingam, P., Nakaoka, S.-i., and Schuster, U.

Published
2020

3. A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT)

Author

Bakker, D.C.E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C.S., Metzl, N., O'Brien, K.M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S.D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S.R., Balestrini, C.F., Barbero, L., Bates, N.R., Bianchi, A.A., Bonou, F., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Burger, E.F., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R.D., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., Evans, W., Featherstone, C., Feely, R.A., Fransson, A., Goyet, C., Greenwood, N., Gregor, L., Hankin, S., Hardman-Mountford, N.J., Harlay, J., Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M.P., Hunt, C.W., Huss, B., Ibánhez, J.S.P., Johannessen, T., Keeling, R., Kitidis, V., Kortzinger, A., Kozyr, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Kuwata, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S.K., Lefèvre, N., Monaco, C.L., Manke, A., Mathis, J.T., Merlivat, L., Millero, F.J., Monteiro, P.M.S., Munro, D.R., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A.M., Ono, T., Paterson, K., Pearce, D., Pierrot, D., Robbins, L.L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schweitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Sullivan, K.F., Sutherland, S.C., Sutton, A.J., Tadokoro, K., Telszewski, M., Tuma, M., van Heuven, S.M.A.C., Vandemark, D., Ward, B., Watson, A.J., Xu, S., Bakker, D.C.E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C.S., Metzl, N., O'Brien, K.M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S.D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S.R., Balestrini, C.F., Barbero, L., Bates, N.R., Bianchi, A.A., Bonou, F., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Burger, E.F., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R.D., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., Evans, W., Featherstone, C., Feely, R.A., Fransson, A., Goyet, C., Greenwood, N., Gregor, L., Hankin, S., Hardman-Mountford, N.J., Harlay, J., Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M.P., Hunt, C.W., Huss, B., Ibánhez, J.S.P., Johannessen, T., Keeling, R., Kitidis, V., Kortzinger, A., Kozyr, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Kuwata, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S.K., Lefèvre, N., Monaco, C.L., Manke, A., Mathis, J.T., Merlivat, L., Millero, F.J., Monteiro, P.M.S., Munro, D.R., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A.M., Ono, T., Paterson, K., Pearce, D., Pierrot, D., Robbins, L.L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schweitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Sullivan, K.F., Sutherland, S.C., Sutton, A.J., Tadokoro, K., Telszewski, M., Tuma, M., van Heuven, S.M.A.C., Vandemark, D., Ward, B., Watson, A.J., and Xu, S.

Abstract

The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is a synthesis of quality-controlled fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) values for the global surface oceans and coastal seas with regular updates. Version 3 of SOCAT has 14.7 million fCO2 values from 3646 data sets covering the years 1957 to 2014. This latest version has an additional 4.6 million fCO2 values relative to version 2 and extends the record from 2011 to 2014. Version 3 also significantly increases the data availability for 2005 to 2013. SOCAT has an average of approximately 1.2 million surface water fCO2 values per year for the years 2006 to 2012. Quality and documentation of the data has improved. A new feature is the data set quality control (QC) flag of E for data from alternative sensors and platforms. The accuracy of surface water fCO2 has been defined for all data set QC flags. Automated range checking has been carried out for all data sets during their upload into SOCAT. The upgrade of the interactive Data Set Viewer (previously known as the Cruise Data Viewer) allows better interrogation of the SOCAT data collection and rapid creation of high-quality figures for scientific presentations. Automated data upload has been launched for version 4 and will enable more frequent SOCAT releases in the future. High-profile scientific applications of SOCAT include quantification of the ocean sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide and its long-term variation, detection of ocean acidification, as well as evaluation of coupled-climate and ocean-only biogeochemical models. Users of SOCAT data products are urged to acknowledge the contribution of data providers, as stated in the SOCAT Fair Data Use Statement. This ESSD (Earth System Science Data) "living data" publication documents the methods and data sets used for the assembly of this new version of the SOCAT data collection and compares these with those used for ea

Published
2016

4. The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) enables detection of changes in the ocean carbon sink

Author

Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N.R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R.D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., de Baar, H.J.W., Evans, W., Feely, R.A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N.J., Hoppema, Mario, Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S.D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschϋtzer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J.T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A.M., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Ríos,, A.F., Sabine, C.L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, Reiner, Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K.F., Sun, H., Sutton, A.J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., Watson, A. J., Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N.R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R.D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., de Baar, H.J.W., Evans, W., Feely, R.A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N.J., Hoppema, Mario, Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S.D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschϋtzer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J.T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A.M., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Ríos,, A.F., Sabine, C.L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, Reiner, Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K.F., Sun, H., Sutton, A.J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., and Watson, A. J.

Published
2015

5. Investigating Alaskan methane and carbon dioxide fluxes using measurements from the CARVE tower

Author

Karion, A., primary, Sweeney, C., additional, Miller, J. B., additional, Andrews, A. E., additional, Commane, R., additional, Dinardo, S., additional, Henderson, J. M., additional, Lindaas, J., additional, Lin, J. C., additional, Luus, K. A., additional, Newberger, T., additional, Tans, P., additional, Wofsy, S. C., additional, Wolter, S., additional, and Miller, C. E., additional

Published
2015
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6. Looking Down the Tail Pipe of North America: A Case Study for the Use of Offshore Towers to Constrain the North American Carbon Budget

Author

Sweeney, C., Newberger, T., McGillis, W., Peters, W., Hirsch, A., Andrews, A., Jacobson, A., Masarie, K., Tans, P., and Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Gron.

Subjects
0325), 1635 Oceans (1616, 1616 Climate variability (1635, 1610 Atmosphere (0315, 4513)
Abstract

Prevailing West to East winds across the North American continent suggest that differences in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations between air coming onto the West Coast and the air leaving the East Coast will provide a unique constraint on the North American carbon budget. In pursuit of this constraint it has been proposed that a fence comprised of aircraft and tower sites be placed around the perimeter of North America. The offshore tower is particularly appealing as a "fence post" because the local influence of the surrounding water is very small relative to the synoptic influence of air masses coming either from distant land sources and sinks or from the marine boundary layer. This is demonstrated by comparing atmospheric CO2 measurements made at the Martha's Vineyard tower with those estimated by CarbonTracker during winter months. We consider small-scale events like land-sea breezes to understand why summertime comparisons with CarbonTracker are not as good. Comparison with transport fields in CarbonTracker do not indicate that land-sea breezes are the reason for the poor fit.

Published
2008

7. An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2)

Author

Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W. -j., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., De Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-mountford, N. J., Hoppema, M., Huang, W. -j., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S. D., Jutterstrom, S., Kitidis, V., Koertzinger, A., Landschuetzer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefevre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Park, G. -h., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Rios, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sun, H., Sutton, A. J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., Watson, A. J., Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W. -j., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., De Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-mountford, N. J., Hoppema, M., Huang, W. -j., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S. D., Jutterstrom, S., Kitidis, V., Koertzinger, A., Landschuetzer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefevre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Park, G. -h., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Rios, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sun, H., Sutton, A. J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., and Watson, A. J.

Abstract

The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), an activity of the international marine carbon research community, provides access to synthesis and gridded fCO(2) (fugacity of carbon dioxide) products for the surface oceans. Version 2 of SOCAT is an update of the previous release (version 1) with more data (increased from 6.3 million to 10.1 million surface water fCO(2) values) and extended data coverage (from 1968-2007 to 1968-2011). The quality control criteria, while identical in both versions, have been applied more strictly in version 2 than in version 1. The SOCAT website (http://www.socat.info/) has links to quality control comments, metadata, individual data set files, and synthesis and gridded data products. Interactive online tools allow visitors to explore the richness of the data. Applications of SOCAT include process studies, quantification of the ocean carbon sink and its spatial, seasonal, year-to-year and longer-term variation, as well as initialisation or validation of ocean carbon models and coupled climate-carbon models.

Published
2014
Full Text
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8. The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) enables detection of changes in the ocean carbon sink

Author

Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K.M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., De Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Hoppema, Mario, Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J.T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Ríos, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, Reiner, Sieger, Rainer, Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sun, H., Sutton, A. J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., Watson, A. J., Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K.M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., De Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Hoppema, Mario, Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J.T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Ríos, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, Reiner, Sieger, Rainer, Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sun, H., Sutton, A. J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., and Watson, A. J.

Published
2014

9. An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2)

Author

Bakker, D.C.E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S.R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K.M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N.R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R.D., Chavez, F.P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., de Baar, H.J.W., Evans, W., Feely, R.A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N.J., Hoppema, M., Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C.W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E.M., Jones, S.D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S.K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A.B., Mathis, J.T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A.M., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Rios, A.F., Sabine, C.L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V.V.S.S., Schlitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K.F., Sun, H., Sutton, A.J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., van Heuven, S.M.A.C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D.W.R., Wanninkhof, R., Watson, A.J., Bakker, D.C.E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S.R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K.M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N.R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R.D., Chavez, F.P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., de Baar, H.J.W., Evans, W., Feely, R.A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N.J., Hoppema, M., Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C.W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E.M., Jones, S.D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S.K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A.B., Mathis, J.T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A.M., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Rios, A.F., Sabine, C.L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V.V.S.S., Schlitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K.F., Sun, H., Sutton, A.J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., van Heuven, S.M.A.C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D.W.R., Wanninkhof, R., and Watson, A.J.

Abstract

The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), an activity of the international marine carbon research community, provides access to synthesis and gridded fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) products for the surface oceans. Version 2 of SOCAT is an update of the previous release (version 1) with more data (increased from 6.3 million to 10.1 million surface water fCO2 values) and extended data coverage (from 1968–2007 to 1968–2011). The quality control criteria, while identical in both versions, have been applied more strictly in version 2 than in version 1. The SOCAT website has links to quality control comments, metadata, individual data set files, and synthesis and gridded data products. Interactive online tools allow visitors to explore the richness of the data. Applications of SOCAT include process studies, quantification of the ocean carbon sink and its spatial, seasonal, year-to-year and longerterm variation, as well as initialisation or validation of ocean carbon models and coupled climate-carbon models.

Published
2014

11. An update to the Surface Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> Atlas (SOCAT version 2)

Author

Bakker, D. C. E., primary, Pfeil, B., additional, Smith, K., additional, Hankin, S., additional, Olsen, A., additional, Alin, S. R., additional, Cosca, C., additional, Harasawa, S., additional, Kozyr, A., additional, Nojiri, Y., additional, O'Brien, K. M., additional, Schuster, U., additional, Telszewski, M., additional, Tilbrook, B., additional, Wada, C., additional, Akl, J., additional, Barbero, L., additional, Bates, N. R., additional, Boutin, J., additional, Bozec, Y., additional, Cai, W.-J., additional, Castle, R. D., additional, Chavez, F. P., additional, Chen, L., additional, Chierici, M., additional, Currie, K., additional, de Baar, H. J. W., additional, Evans, W., additional, Feely, R. A., additional, Fransson, A., additional, Gao, Z., additional, Hales, B., additional, Hardman-Mountford, N. J., additional, Hoppema, M., additional, Huang, W.-J., additional, Hunt, C. W., additional, Huss, B., additional, Ichikawa, T., additional, Johannessen, T., additional, Jones, E. M., additional, Jones, S. D., additional, Jutterström, S., additional, Kitidis, V., additional, Körtzinger, A., additional, Landschützer, P., additional, Lauvset, S. K., additional, Lefèvre, N., additional, Manke, A. B., additional, Mathis, J. T., additional, Merlivat, L., additional, Metzl, N., additional, Murata, A., additional, Newberger, T., additional, Omar, A. M., additional, Ono, T., additional, Park, G.-H., additional, Paterson, K., additional, Pierrot, D., additional, Ríos, A. F., additional, Sabine, C. L., additional, Saito, S., additional, Salisbury, J., additional, Sarma, V. V. S. S., additional, Schlitzer, R., additional, Sieger, R., additional, Skjelvan, I., additional, Steinhoff, T., additional, Sullivan, K. F., additional, Sun, H., additional, Sutton, A. J., additional, Suzuki, T., additional, Sweeney, C., additional, Takahashi, T., additional, Tjiputra, J., additional, Tsurushima, N., additional, van Heuven, S. M. A. C., additional, Vandemark, D., additional, Vlahos, P., additional, Wallace, D. W. R., additional, Wanninkhof, R., additional, and Watson, A. J., additional

Published
2014
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12. An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2)

Author

Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N., Boutin, J., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., de Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N., Hoppema, Mario, Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, Elizabeth M., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschtzer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Ríos, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, Reiner, Sieger, Rainer, Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K., Sun, H., Sutton, A. J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., Watson, A. J., Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N., Boutin, J., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., de Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N., Hoppema, Mario, Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, Elizabeth M., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschtzer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Ríos, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, Reiner, Sieger, Rainer, Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K., Sun, H., Sutton, A. J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., and Watson, A. J.

Abstract

The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is an effort by the international marine carbon research community. It aims to improve access to carbon dioxide measurements in the surface oceans by regular releases of quality controlled and fully documented synthesis and gridded fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) products. SOCAT version 2 presented here extends the data set for the global oceans and coastal seas by four years and has 10.1 million surface water fCO2 values from 2660 cruises between 1968 and 2011. The procedures for creating version 2 have been comparable to those for version 1. The SOCAT website (http://www.socat.info/) provides access to the individual cruise data files, as well as to the synthesis and gridded data products. Interactive online tools allow visitors to explore the richness of the data. Scientific users can also retrieve the data as downloadable files or via Ocean Data View. Version 2 enables carbon specialists to expand their studies until 2011. Applications of SOCAT include process studies, quantification of the ocean carbon sink and its spatial, seasonal, year-to-year and longer-term variation, as well as initialisation or validation of ocean carbon models and coupled-climate carbon models.

Published
2013

13. An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2)

Author

Bakker, D. C. E., primary, Pfeil, B., additional, Smith, K., additional, Hankin, S., additional, Olsen, A., additional, Alin, S. R., additional, Cosca, C., additional, Harasawa, S., additional, Kozyr, A., additional, Nojiri, Y., additional, O'Brien, K. M., additional, Schuster, U., additional, Telszewski, M., additional, Tilbrook, B., additional, Wada, C., additional, Akl, J., additional, Barbero, L., additional, Bates, N., additional, Boutin, J., additional, Cai, W.-J., additional, Castle, R. D., additional, Chavez, F. P., additional, Chen, L., additional, Chierici, M., additional, Currie, K., additional, de Baar, H. J. W., additional, Evans, W., additional, Feely, R. A., additional, Fransson, A., additional, Gao, Z., additional, Hales, B., additional, Hardman-Mountford, N., additional, Hoppema, M., additional, Huang, W.-J., additional, Hunt, C. W., additional, Huss, B., additional, Ichikawa, T., additional, Johannessen, T., additional, Jones, E. M., additional, Jones, S. D., additional, Jutterström, S., additional, Kitidis, V., additional, Körtzinger, A., additional, Landschtzer, P., additional, Lauvset, S. K., additional, Lefèvre, N., additional, Manke, A. B., additional, Mathis, J. T., additional, Merlivat, L., additional, Metzl, N., additional, Murata, A., additional, Newberger, T., additional, Ono, T., additional, Park, G.-H., additional, Paterson, K., additional, Pierrot, D., additional, Ríos, A. F., additional, Sabine, C. L., additional, Saito, S., additional, Salisbury, J., additional, Sarma, V. V. S. S., additional, Schlitzer, R., additional, Sieger, R., additional, Skjelvan, I., additional, Steinhoff, T., additional, Sullivan, K., additional, Sun, H., additional, Sutton, A. J., additional, Suzuki, T., additional, Sweeney, C., additional, Takahashi, T., additional, Tjiputra, J., additional, Tsurushima, N., additional, van Heuven, S. M. A. C., additional, Vandemark, D., additional, Vlahos, P., additional, Wallace, D. W. R., additional, Wanninkhof, R., additional, and Watson, A. J., additional

Published
2013
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19. Investigating Alaskan methane and carbon dioxide fluxes using measurements from the CARVE tower.

Author

Karion, A., Sweeney, C., Miller, J. B., Andrews, A. E., Commane, R., Dinardo, S., Henderson, J. M., Lindaas, J., Lin, J. C., Luus, K. A., Newberger, T., Tans, P., Wofsy, S. C., Wolter, S., and Miller, C. E.

Abstract

Northern high-latitude carbon sources and sinks, including those resulting from degrading permafrost, are thought to be sensitive to the rapidly warming climate. Because the near-surface atmosphere integrates surface fluxes over large (~500-1000 km) scales, atmospheric monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) mole fractions in the daytime mixed layer is a promising method for detecting change in the carbon cycle throughout boreal Alaska. Here we use CO2 and CH4 measurements from a NOAA tower 17 km north of Fairbanks AK, established as part of NASA's Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE), to investigate regional fluxes of CO2 and CH4 for 2012-2014. CARVE was designed to use aircraft and surface observations to better understand and quantify the sensitivity of Alaskan carbon fluxes to climate variability. We use high-resolution meteorological fields from the Polar Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport model (hereafter, WRF-STILT), along with the Polar Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (PolarVPRM), to investigate fluxes of CO2 in boreal Alaska using the tower observations, which are sensitive to large areas of central Alaska. We show that simulated PolarVPRM/WRF-STILT CO2 mole fractions show remarkably good agreement with tower observations, suggesting that the WRF-STILT model represents the meteorology of the region quite well, and that the PolarVPRM flux magnitudes and spatial distribution are consistent with CO2 mole fractions observed at the CARVE tower. CO2 signals at the tower are larger than predicted, with significant respiration occurring in the fall that is not captured by PolarVPRM. Using the WRF-STILT model, we find that average CH4 fluxes in boreal Alaska are somewhat lower than flux estimates by Chang et al. (2014) over all of Alaska for May-September 2012; we also find emissions persist during some wintertime periods, augmenting those observed during the summer and fall. The presence of significant fall and winter CO2 and CH4 fluxes underscores the need for year-round in-situ observations to quantify changes in boreal Alaskan annual carbon balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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20. Long-term greenhouse gas measurements from aircraft.

Author

Karion, A., Sweeney, C., Wolter, S., Newberger, T., H. Chen, Andrews, A., Kofler, J., Neff, D., and Tans, P.

Subjects
CAVITY-ringdown spectroscopy, CARBON dioxide, GREENHOUSE gases, MEASUREMENT, AIRCRAFT industry, STABILITY (Mechanics), TEMPERATURE
Abstract

The article discusses the study which assesses the cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) CO2CH4CO/H2O analyzer performance operating on an aircraft. The study used the CRDS analyzer to describe the system for making greenhouse gas measurements. Results show that the stability is not affected by pressure or temperature variation.

Published
2012
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21. Accurate measurements of carbon monoxide in humid air using the cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) technique.

Author

Chen, H., Karion, A., Rella, C. W., Winderlich, J., Gerbig, C., Filges, A., Newberger, T., Sweeney, C., and Tans, P. P.

Subjects
CARBON monoxide, CAVITY-ringdown spectroscopy, GAS chromatography, MERCURIC oxide, INFRARED spectroscopy, HUMIDITY
Abstract

The article presents a study on the measurement of carbon monoxide (CO) in humid air. The study uses cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) technique, nondispersive infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography combined with a mercuric oxide detector. Results reveal that CRDS technique provides an accurate and low-maintenance method of atmospheric dry mole fractions monitoring of CO in humid air streams.

Published
2012
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22. An update to the Surface Ocean CO₂ Atlas (SOCAT version 2)

Author

Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., De Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Hoppema, M., Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Ríos, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sun., H., Sutton, A. J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, Taro, Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., and Watson, A. J.

Subjects
Earth sciences--Data processing, 13. Climate action, Information science, Marine sciences--Research--International cooperation, Chemical oceanography, 14. Life underwater, Hydrology, Carbon dioxide--Environmental aspects--Mathematical models
Abstract

The Surface Ocean CO₂ Atlas (SOCAT), an activity of the international marine carbon research community, provides access to synthesis and gridded fCO₂ (fugacity of carbon dioxide) products for the surface oceans. Version 2 of SOCAT is an update of the previous release (version 1) with more data (increased from 6.3 million to 10.1 million surface water fCO₂ values) and extended data coverage (from 1968–2007 to 1968–2011). The quality control criteria, while identical in both versions, have been applied more strictly in version 2 than in version 1. The SOCAT website (http://www.socat.info/) has links to quality control comments, metadata, individual data set files, and synthesis and gridded data products. Interactive online tools allow visitors to explore the richness of the data. Applications of SOCAT include process studies, quantification of the ocean carbon sink and its spatial, seasonal, year-to-year and longerterm variation, as well as initialisation or validation of ocean carbon models and coupled climate-carbon models.

23. Airborne Quantification of Methane Emissions over the Four Corners Region.

Author

Smith ML, Gvakharia A, Kort EA, Sweeney C, Conley SA, Faloona I, Newberger T, Schnell R, Schwietzke S, and Wolter S

Subjects
Aircraft, Environmental Monitoring, Natural Gas, North America, Air Pollutants analysis, Methane analysis
Abstract

Methane (CH 4 ) is a potent greenhouse gas and the primary component of natural gas. The San Juan Basin (SJB) is one of the largest coal-bed methane producing regions in North America and, including gas production from conventional and shale sources, contributed ∼2% of U.S. natural gas production in 2015. In this work, we quantify the CH 4 flux from the SJB using continuous atmospheric sampling from aircraft collected during the TOPDOWN2015 field campaign in April 2015. Using five independent days of measurements and the aircraft-based mass balance method, we calculate an average CH 4 flux of 0.54 ± 0.20 Tg yr -1 (1σ), in close agreement with the previous space-based estimate made for 2003-2009. These results agree within error with the U.S. EPA gridded inventory for 2012. These flights combined with the previous satellite study suggest CH 4 emissions have not changed. While there have been significant declines in natural gas production between measurements, recent increases in oil production in the SJB may explain why emission of CH 4 has not declined. Airborne quantification of outcrops where seepage occurs are consistent with ground-based studies that indicate these geological sources are a small fraction of the basin total (0.02-0.12 Tg yr -1 ) and cannot explain basinwide consistent emissions from 2003 to 2015.

Published
2017
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24. Aircraft-Based Estimate of Total Methane Emissions from the Barnett Shale Region.

Author

Karion A, Sweeney C, Kort EA, Shepson PB, Brewer A, Cambaliza M, Conley SA, Davis K, Deng A, Hardesty M, Herndon SC, Lauvaux T, Lavoie T, Lyon D, Newberger T, Pétron G, Rella C, Smith M, Wolter S, Yacovitch TI, and Tans P

Subjects
Geography, Oil and Gas Fields, Texas, Air Pollutants analysis, Aircraft, Geologic Sediments chemistry, Methane analysis
Abstract

We present estimates of regional methane (CH4) emissions from oil and natural gas operations in the Barnett Shale, Texas, using airborne atmospheric measurements. Using a mass balance approach on eight different flight days in March and October 2013, the total CH4 emissions for the region are estimated to be 76 ± 13 × 10(3) kg hr(-1) (equivalent to 0.66 ± 0.11 Tg CH4 yr(-1); 95% confidence interval (CI)). We estimate that 60 ± 11 × 10(3) kg CH4 hr(-1) (95% CI) are emitted by natural gas and oil operations, including production, processing, and distribution in the urban areas of Dallas and Fort Worth. This estimate agrees with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimate for nationwide CH4 emissions from the natural gas sector when scaled by natural gas production, but it is higher than emissions reported by the EDGAR inventory or by industry to EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program. This study is the first to show consistency between mass balance results on so many different days and in two different seasons, enabling better quantification of the related uncertainty. The Barnett is one of the largest production basins in the United States, with 8% of total U.S. natural gas production, and thus, our results represent a crucial step toward determining the greenhouse gas footprint of U.S. onshore natural gas production.

Published
2015
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