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Bayesian optimal inference is often heralded as a principled, general framework for human perception. However, optimal inference requires integration over all possible world states, which quickly becomes intractable in complex real-world settings. Additionally, deviations from optimal inference have been observed in human decisions. A number of approximation methods have previously been suggested, such as sampling methods. In this study, we additionally propose point estimate observers, which evaluate only a single best estimate of the world state per response category. We compare the predicted behavior of these model observers to human decisions in five perceptual categorisation tasks. Compared to the Bayesian observer, the point estimate observer loses decisively in one task, ties in two and wins in two tasks. Two sampling observers also improve upon the Bayesian observer, but in a different set of tasks. Thus, none of the existing general observer models appears to fit human perceptual decisions in all situations, but the point estimate observer is competitive with other observer models and may provide another stepping stone for future model development.

In this paper, we propose a new class of optimal one-coincidence FHS (OC-FHS) sets with respect to the Peng-Fan bounds, including prime sequence sets and HMC sequence sets as special cases. Thereafter, through investigating their properties, we determine all of the FHS distances in the OC-FHS set. Finally, for a given positive integer, we also propose a new class of wide-gap one-coincidence FHS (WG-OC-FHS) sets where the FHS gap is larger than the given positive integer. Moreover, such a WG-OC-FHS set is optimal with respect to the WG-Lempel-Greenberger bound and the WG-Peng-Fan bounds simultaneously.

New class detection and effective model expansion are of great importance in incremental data mining. In open incremental data environments, data often come with novel classes, e.g., the emergence of new classes in image classification or new topics in opinion monitoring, and is denoted as class-incremental learning (C-IL) in literature. There are two main challenges in C-IL: how to conduct novelty detection and how to update the model with few novel class instances. Most previous methods pay much attention to the former challenge while ignoring the problem of efficiently updating models. To solve this problem, we propose a novel framework to handle the incremental new class, named learning to classify with incremental new class (LC-INC), which can process these two challenges automatically in one unified framework. In detail, LC-INC utilizes a novel structure network to consider the prototype information between class centers of known classes and newly incoming instances, which can dynamically combine the prediction information with structure information to detect novel class instances efficiently. On the other hand, the proposed structure network can also act as a meta-network, which can learn to expand the model much faster and more efficiently with inadequate novel class instances. Experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets successfully validate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

As of late quantum calculus is broadly utilized in different parts of mathematics. Uniquely, the hypothesis of univalent functions can be newly portrayed by utilizing q -calculus. In this paper, we utilize our recently presented symmetric p , q -number m ˜ p , q to characterize new symmetric p , q -derivative D p , q of analytic function f in the open unit disk U . Utilizing D p , q , we introduce new class of analytic star-like functions and examine some fascinating results.

In this article, we present a new class of pricing models that extend the application of Wishart processes to the so-called stochastic local volatility (or hybrid) pricing paradigm. This approach combines the advantages of local and stochastic volatility models. Despite the growing interest on the topic, however, it seems that no particular attention has been paid to the use of multidimensional specifications for the stochastic volatility component. Our work tries to fill the gap: we introduce two hybrid models in which the stochastic volatility dynamics is described by means of a Wishart process. The proposed parametrizations not only preserve the desirable features of existing Wishart-based models but significantly enhance the ability of reproducing market prices of vanilla options.

This article is the product of a documentary review whose objective was to deny the originality of the precariat as a new emerging social class, by exposing the concept, confronting it with the notion of class exposed from Marxism, and the existing social conditions in the currently in the People's Republic of China. For this, the qualitative method of documentary review of the works of the author who coined the concept of precariat, Guy Standing, was applied, opposing it to the writings of Antonio Gramsci, Karl Marx, Louis Althusser, Mao Tse-Tung, and Slavoj Žižek, as representatives of the Marxism; finding that the worsening of the workers' situation has originated a phenomenon of precarious living conditions, concluding that the precariat is not a new class, but rather the impoverishment of the proletariat.

We introduce a new broad and flexible class of multivariate elliptically symmetric distributions including the elliptically symmetric logistic and multivariate normal. Various probabilistic propert...

A new family of Salagean type harmonic univalent functions is described and investigated. For the functions in this class, we derive coefficient inequalities, extreme points, and distortion limits.

The Graceful Tree Conjecture stated by Rosa in the mid 1960s says that every tree can be gracefully labelled. It is one of the best known open problems in Graph Theory. The conjecture has caused a great interest in the study of gracefulness of simple graphs and has led to many new contributions to the list of graceful graphs. However, it has to be acknowledged that not much is known about the structure of graceful graphs after 55 years. Our paper adds an infinite family of classes of graceful graphs to the list of known simple graceful graphs. We introduce classes of \(k\)-enriched fan graphs \(kF_n\) for all integers \(k, n\ge 2\) and we prove that these graphs are graceful. Moreover, we provide characterizations of the \(k\)-enriched fan graphs \(kF_n\) among all simple graphs via Sheppard's labelling sequences introduced in the 1970s, as well as via labelling relations and graph chessboards. These last approaches are new tools for the study of graceful graphs introduced by Haviar and Ivaska in 2015. The labelling relations are closely related to Sheppard's labelling sequences while the graph chessboards provide a nice visualization of graceful labellings. We close our paper with an open problem concerning another infinite family of extended fan graphs.

In this paper, a new class of life distribution is named new better than renewal used in moment generating function (NBRUmgf). A new test for exponentiality versus NBRUmgf based on moment inequalities is established. Pitman's asymptotic efficiencies, powers and critical values of the new test are calculated to assess the performance of the test. The right censored data is handled also. Finally some applications are applied to the new test.

A new generalized class of Lindley distribution is introduced in this paper. This new class is called the T-Lindley{Y} class of distributions, and it is generated by using the quantile functions of uniform, exponential, Weibull, log-logistic, logistic and Cauchy distributions. The statistical properties including the modes, moments and Shannon’s entropy are discussed. Three new generalized Lindley distributions are investigated in more details. For estimating the unknown parameters, the maximum likelihood estimation has been used and a simulation study was carried out. Lastly, the usefulness of this new proposed class in fitting lifetime data is illustrated using four different data sets. In the application section, the strength of members of the T-Lindley{Y} class in modeling both unimodal as well as bimodal data sets is presented. A member of the T-Lindley{Y} class of distributions outperformed other known distributions in modeling unimodal and bimodal lifetime data sets.

In this paper, we firstly give improvement of Hermite-Hadamard type and Fej$ \acute{e} $r type inequalities. Next, we extend Hermite-Hadamard type and Fej$ \acute{e} $r types inequalities to a new class of functions. Further, we give bounds for newly defined class of functions and finally presents refined estimates of some already proved results. Furthermore, we obtain some new discrete inequalities for univariate harmonic convex functions on linear spaces related to a variant most recently presented by Baloch et al. of Jensen-type result that was established by S. S. Dragomir.

In this paper, we establish a new class of dynamic inequalities of Hardy’s type which generalize and improve some recent results given in the literature. More precisely, we prove some new Hardy-type inequalities involving many functions on time scales. Some new discrete inequalities are deduced in seeking applications.

In this paper, we introduce and study the new family of analytic functions via Rodrigues formula. Some main properties, the generating function, various recurrence relations and differential properties of these functions are obtained. Furthermore, the differential equations are given for the subclasses of this family of analytic functions.

We introduce a new class of Picard operators which includes the class of enriched contractions, enriched Kannan mappings, enriched Chatterjea mappings, and prove some fixed point theorems for these mappings. Some examples will illustrate the generality of our results.

In this article, we introduce and investigate a new class of Bazilevic functions with respect to $ k $-symmetric points defined by using fractional $ q $-calculus operators that are analytic in the open unit disk $ \mathbb{D} $. Several interesting subordination problems are also derived for the functions belonging to this new class.

As you know, the study of the past, present and such a vague future of society (and its number of classes) still attracts the gaze of many representatives of the scientific academic society (including colleagues in the sociological workshop). This article is a review of the monograph of corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Zh.T. Toshchenko “Precariat: from the proto-class to the new class”, published in 2018 by “Nauka” publishing house. The monograph allows the reader to feel how rapidly the socio-class structure of foreign, Soviet, and then Russian society was changing. In it, Zh.T. Toshchenko clearly reflects the historical aspects of the development and functioning of a new social class — the “precariat”. The conclusion is proved that the precariat does not have a clear vision of its future, confidence in the security of its personal life and the guarantee of a quiet old age at the end of employment. An impressive number of foreign and domestic statistical data further confirms the conclusions of reasonable Zh.T. Toshchenko. In the future, the author of the monograph explores the consequences of the existence and functioning of this new social-class phenomenon.

An additional parameter was added to Modified Weighted Weibull distribution with method of quadratic rank transmutation which led to a newly developed distribution called Transmuted Modified Weighted Weibull distribution. Two distributions that emanated from the new distribution are Transmuted Modified Rayleigh and Transmuted Modified Exponential distributions. Some properties of the distribution that were obtained include; the survival rate, hazard rate, reverse hazard rate function; and moment generating function, mean and variance. Also, parameters of the model were estimated using maximum likelihood estimation method. The model was applied to a life time data set of total milk production of the first birth of 107 cows which showed a better performance compared to some existing known distributions.

In the Pawlak model of conflict analysis, a rating of −1, 0, and +1 indicates that an agent is negative, neutral, and positive towards an issue. One defines measures of alliance and conflict of agents based on their three-valued ratings on a set of issues. Existing studies make some restrictive assumptions. One assumption is that a single distance function determines alliance, conflict, and neutrality. Another assumption is that all issues are equally important. The third assumption is that different pairs, such as ( + 1 , + 1 ) , ( 0 , 0 ) , and ( − 1 , − 1 ) , contribute equally to alliance and conflict. Intuitively, different issues may have different importances and a ( + 1 , + 1 ) agreement may be stronger than a ( 0 , 0 ) agreement. To address these weaknesses, in this paper we use a pair of an alliance measure and a conflict measure, rather than a single distance measure. We propose and study a new class of additive measures of alliance and conflict by assigning different weights to different issues and assigning different values to different pairs of ratings. Existing measures are special cases of the new measures. By using the new measures, we construct a general model of three-way conflict analysis. Finally, we give an application of the new alliance and conflict measures in making the development plan of Gansu Province in China.

We introduce a new class of operators “DPu(E,Y )” which lives between the class of Dunford-Pettis, the class of AM-compact operators and that of order weakly compact “Lowc(E,Y )”, more precisely we have “DP(E,Y ) ⊂ DPu(E,Y) ⊂ Lowc(E,Y)" and “AMcp(E,Y) ⊂ DPu(E,Y) ⊂ Lowc(E,Y):, where DP(E,Y), AMcp(E,Y) denote the class of Dunford-Pettis operators, AM-compact operators, respectively. And we study some of its properties, like the domination problem and the relations between other classes of operators.

It is widely agreed that more is true in a work of fiction than explicitly said. In addition to directly stipulated fictional content (explicit truth), inference and background assumptions give us implicit truths. However, this taxonomy of fictional truths overlooks an important class of fictional truth: those generated by literary formal features. Fictional works generate fictional content by both semantic and formal means, and content arising from formal features such as italics or font size are neither explicit nor implicit: not explicit since formal features don’t say anything; and not implicit since content generated from formal features doesn’t rely on other truths or background assumptions. In addition to showing that our current classification is incomplete, the new class of fictional truths provides four further upshots for definitions of fictional truth, story and work identity conditions, and the relationship between literary interpretation and fictional truth.

In this paper for a new class of model and non-model partial integro-differential equations with singularity in the kernel, we obtained integral representation of family of solutions by aid of arbitrary functions. Such type of integro-differential equations are different from Cauchy-type singular integro-differential equations. Cauchy-type singular integro-differential equations are studied by the methods of the theory of analytic functions. In the process of our research the new types of singular integro-differential operators are introduced and main property of entered operators are learned. It is shown that the solution of studied equation is equivalent to the solution of system of two equations with respect to x and y, one of which is integral equation and the other is integro-differential equation. Further, non-model integro-differential equations are studied by regularization method. This regularization method for non-model equation is based on selecting and analysis of a model part of the equation and reduced to the solution of two second kind Volterra type integral equations with weak singularity in the kernel. It is shown that the presence of a non-model part in the equation does not affect to the general structure of the solutions. From here investigation of the model equations for given class of the integro-differential equations becomes important. In the cases, when the solution of given integro-differential equation depends on any arbitrary functions, a Cauchy type problems are investigated.

In this paper we are concerned with a long-standing conjecture of Huneke and Wiegand. We introduce a new class of ideals and prove thateach ideal from such class satisfies the conclusion of the conjecture in question. We also study the relation between the class of Burch ideals and that of the ideals we define, and construct several examples that corroborate our results., This is a preprint of an article published in Collectanea Mathematica. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13348-021-00315-8

Exclusive roles have been played by special functions in applied mathematics. It is not astonishing when new classes of special functions are established as the issues associated with special functions are too immense. In this article, the generalized form of hybrid Bessel functions is introduced by using suitable integral transforms and properties of exponential operators. Certain properties including generating function, series definition, operational rule and integral representation of the generalized form of hybrid Bessel functions are derived.

Motivated by their importance and potential for applications in a variety of research fields, recently, numerous polynomials and their extensions have been introduced and investigated. In this paper, we modify the known generating functions of polynomials, due to both Milne-Thomsons and Dere-Simsek, to introduce a new class of polynomials and present some involved properties. As obvious special cases of the newly introduced polynomials, we also introduce power sum-Laguerre-Hermite polynomials and generalized Laguerre and Euler polynomials and give certain involved identities and formulas. We point out that our main results, being very general, are specialised to yield a number of known and new identities involving relatively simple and familiar polynomials.

En la última década la formación docente ha girado hacia una inserción temprana en espacios reales de trabajo con el fin de vincular el desarrollo de habilidades de pensamiento superior con las complejidades de los contextos educativos. Pese a todo, el cambio en las dinámicas de enseñanza-aprendizaje universitarias aún es lento y requiere de un proceso de transformación que permita aprovechar la presencia de estudiantes en diferentes espacios educativos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la implementación de un ajuste didáctico en un curso para Educadoras de Párvulos que utilizó los espacios de formación práctica como un eje articulador entre asignaturas teóricas y prácticas mediante la elaboración de un trabajo de diagnóstico e implementación de estrategias educativas en aulas reales. La implementación de este ajuste didáctico fue evaluada bajo enfoque cualitativo de alcance exploratorio, mediante estudio de casos, participando siete estudiantes y una docente. Se realizaron entrevistas personales analizadas mediante método de comparación constante junto con la evaluación de los materiales y actividades realizadas durante el curso. Los resultados indican una positiva evaluación de la pertinencia, secuencia de actividades, un aumento de la motivación en estas a medida que transcurría el curso y una valoración de la simulación como estrategia de transferencia para la realidad educativa. Sin embargo, también se describe la dificultad para elaborar una perspectiva dialógica de acción-reflexión para la resolución de problemas pedagógicos que ayuden a avanzar hacia una comprensión más compleja del escenario educativo de parte de las estudiantes.

The present article is aimed at introducing and investigating a new class of q -hybrid special polynomials, namely, q -Fubini-Appell polynomials. The generating functions, series representations, and certain other significant relations and identities of this class are established. Some members of q -Fubini-Appell polynomial family are investigated, and some properties of these members are obtained. Further, the class of 3-variable q -Fubini-Appell polynomials is also introduced, and some formulae related to this class are obtained. In addition, the determinant representations for these classes are established.

In this paper, we derive some new symmetric properties of k-Fibonacci numbers by making use of symmetrizing operator. We also give some new generating functions for the products of some special numbers such as k-Fibonacci numbers, k-Pell numbers, Jacobsthal numbers, Fibonacci polynomials and Chebyshev polynomials.

A new class of operators, larger than ∗ \ast -finite operators, named generalized ∗ \ast -finite operators and noted by Gℱ ∗ ( ℋ ) {{\mathcal{G {\mathcal F} }}}^{\ast }\left({\mathcal{ {\mathcal H} }}) is introduced, where: Gℱ ∗ ( ℋ ) = { ( A , B ) ∈ ℬ ( ℋ ) × ℬ ( ℋ ) : ∥ T A − B T ∗ − λ I ∥ ≥ ∣ λ ∣ , ∀ λ ∈ C , ∀ T ∈ ℬ ( ℋ ) } . {{\mathcal{G {\mathcal F} }}}^{\ast }\left({\mathcal{ {\mathcal H} }})=\{(A,B)\in {\mathcal{ {\mathcal B} }}\left({\mathcal{ {\mathcal H} }})\times {\mathcal{ {\mathcal B} }}\left({\mathcal{ {\mathcal H} }}):\parallel TA-B{T}^{\ast }-\lambda I\parallel \ge | \lambda | ,\hspace{0.33em}\forall \lambda \in {\mathbb{C}},\hspace{0.33em}\forall T\in {\mathcal{ {\mathcal B} }}\left({\mathcal{ {\mathcal H} }})\}. Basic properties are given. Some examples are also presented.

In this paper, we establish a new Class category of non expansive mappings in metric space which is wider than the class category of mappings satisfying contractive condition (CC). Special properties and various fixed point results for these mappings in metric space are obtained here. Also we discussed the results and examples of the convergence of some iteration schemes to the fixed point in metric space. Obtained results are useful in material research as well as in image processing.

Several applied linear algebra research areas, such as eigenvalue localizations, infinity norm estimations for matrix inverse, pseudospectra localizations, etc., are closely connected with special subclasses of nonsingular H-matrices. Many of them have already been investigated in details, but it seems that finding new such subclasses is far from completed. For example, in [22] , interchanging the quantifiers in the definition of the Dashnic-Zusmanovich matrices, led to a new class, benefits of which was shown in [22] , [13] , [11] . In this paper we will apply similar idea to CKV class (also known in the literature under the name Σ-SDD class), and show several benefits from the obtained new class, which we will call CKV-type matrices.

Theaim of this paper is to introduce a new class of closed sets namelyNanog**-closed sets in Nano topological spaces and study some of their properties.The relationship between these sets with other types of closed sets was also discussed in this paper.

This paper deals with a new class of mixed fractional differential equations with integral boundary conditions. We show an important equivalence result between our problem and nonlinear integral Fredholm equation of the second kind. The existence and uniqueness of a positive solution are proved using Guo-Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem and Banach’s contraction mapping principle. Different types of Ulam-Hyers stability are discussed. Three examples are also given to show the applicability of our results.

In an article published in 1987, we explained how corporate stakeholders, including customers, employees, suppliers, and distributors, influence financial policy and corporate behavior and why corporations have an incentive to treat these non-investor stakeholders fairly. At the heart of this explanation is the recognition that there are two fundamentally different classes of claims on a corporation. The first and most familiar are explicit contractual claims. These include employment contracts, bond indentures, product warranties, and the like. The second are implicit claims. Examples include fair treatment of employees, promise of continuing service to customers, and honest dealing with suppliers and distributors. Corporate stakeholders, all of whom have business relationships with the companies whose implicit claims they hold, value these implicit claims and are therefore prepared to pay for them. Corporate value is created by selling these implicit claims for more than it costs to honor them. More recently, a new class of non-investor stakeholders has arisen, related to Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) issues, but with no business relationships with the companies they are making demands on. Although many ESG advocates stress their role in creating shareholder value, they provide no explanation for how this value creation occurs. In this paper, we show that implicit claims provide a critical link that ties non-investor stakeholders and ESG to shareholder value. We show why many of the demands placed on corporations by ESG advocates, in the name of corporate social responsibility, interfere with the sale of implicit claims to corporate stakeholders and may thereby destroy shareholder value.

In [4, 5], two classes of growth models with “exponentially variable transfer” and “correcting amendments of Bateman-Gompertz-Makeham-type” based on a specific extended reaction network have been studied [1]. In this article we will look at the new scheme with “polynomial variable transfer”. The consideration of such a dynamic model in the present article is dictated by our passionate desire to offer an adequate model with which to well approximate specific data in the field of computer viruses propagation, characterized by rapid growth in the initial time interval. Some numerical examples, using CAS Mathematica illustrating our results are given.