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Colombia is considered a pioneer in inclusive recycling in Latin America and the state-led formalisation policies are considered a referent for the socio-economic inclusion of waste pickers beyond the region. Nevertheless, more than 60,000 waste pickers in Colombia are struggling to remain in place despite these inclusive recycling and formalisation policies. This paper examines the implementation of formalisation policies and their consequences for the population of waste pickers by comparing evidence from two Colombian cities: Bogotá and Cartagena de Indias. The paper draws on extensive qualitative community-based research methodology with waste pickers in both cities guided by an interdisciplinary epistemological position to support Colombian waste pickers’ political struggle for recognition from a theoretical reflection. This paper shows how formalisation policies became a mechanism of manifold dispossessions in both cities. This paper categorises three forms of enclosures faced by waste pickers: (a) material and socio-economic; (b) bodily and spatial; and (c) political and organisational. Finally, this paper concludes by urging to consider the situated social, political, and cultural facets of waste pickers’ labour to enhance grassroots reflections on how to achieve greater levels of social justice and inclusion.

Màster de Lingüística Aplicada i Adquisició de Llengües en Contextos Multilingües, Departament de Filologia Anglesa i Alemanya, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2017-2018, Tutores: Maria Luz Celaya i Júlia Barón, This investigation explores the English language use and needs of L1 Catalan and Spanish professionals across different fields in the workplace context of Catalonia. Informed by studies in the fields of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and Business English as a Lingua Franca (BELF), a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were used to gain insights from the language users into both language specific as well as affective factors. Findings included that participants most commonly used reading at work, especially through technology and media, but were most eager to improve their speaking and conversation skills. While some participants were not specifically motivated for their current work, many had personal motivations and there appeared to be overall positive attitudes toward English use and learning. The diversity of responses suggests a range and complexity of English language use and needs in the Catalan workplace that merits further investigation into both language and affective factors, and has potential. The present needs analysis implies a first approach to the use of English in the Catalan workplace context and may have relevant implications for ESP teaching and facilitation of workplace communication as functions are carried out in English.

Bill C-41, the Sentencing Reform Act became law on September 3, 1996. The legislation represents the culmination of nearly two decades of sentencing reform efforts. The conditional sentence of imprisonment, one of the Bill's provisions, is the focus of this thesis. The conditional sentence represents Parliament's response to Canada's high incarceration rate. This research examined the application of conditional sentences across the province of Ontario during the first fifteen months of its implementation. The basis of this analysis of conditional sentences is a data set of 4,633 conditional sentence orders imposed between September 1996 and November 1997. The sentencing data are complemented by an analysis of the case law from four Appellate Courts. Finally, a number of interviews were conducted with judges and crown prosecutors from Ottawa and Toronto in order to elicit their perceptions about conditional sentences. The findings present a portrait of the early application of the sanction in Ontario. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)