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Heat stress is one of the most important environmental factors that influences wheat growth and development, leading to significant losses in grain yield and has become a significant detrimental factor for worldwide wheat production. In recent years, several studies suggested that eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A), may contribute to heat tolerance in plants, therefore the aim of this study was: to investigate the accumulation of eEF1A in wheat under conditions of moderate and high air temperatures; to determine the amount of photosynthetic pigments and to determine the yield traits; and to examine whether there is a correlation between eEF1A accumulation, photosynthetic pigments, and yield in different wheat varieties. The results showed that heat stress induced accumulation of eEF1A significantly different among wheat varieties and showed that varieties with a higher accumulation of eEF1A under heat stress are characterized by a smaller decrease in the photosynthetic pigments. A correlation between higher accumulation of eEF1A under heat stress and yield traits was found. Analyzed parameters from two growing seasons, indicated that the higher accumulation of eEF1A and a smaller decrease in photosynthetic pigments distinguishes the varieties more resistant to heat stress. The analysis of the molecular mechanisms by immunoblot, under conditions of high and moderate air temperatures in two growing seasons, aims to develop agricultural strategy and develop wheat varieties tolerant to heat stress.

Proline is one of the organic osmolytes that accumulates in plants in response to stressful environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of proline in the grain filling phase in ten winter wheat cultivars under conditions of prolonged periods of air temperatures above 30°C and to assess the variability of wheat variety responses. The correlation between proline accumulation and photosynthetic pigments, accumulated starch and yield was also determined. In the experimental field, flag leaves were sampled for each variety in the grain filling phase. Statistical data analysis and parameter correlation were performed using the SPSS program. The results showed that there is a statistically significant difference between proline values in moderate and high air temperature conditions when proline accumulation occurs. The significant correlation of accumulated starch content and yield with proline concentration showed that in addition to higher proline values under heat stress, wheat varieties Apac, Talas and Futura also have higher yield and starch content. A correlation was also found between proline concentration and photosynthetic pigment contents, where the Apac wheat variety showed the best adaptive response to the investigated traits and was characterized by a smaller reduction in photosynthetic pigment content under heat stress. The interrelation of proline with the photosynthetic pigment content and wheat quality parameters may be important in breeding technologies aimed at improving wheat stress tolerance.

Growth and development of cereals is affected by abiotic factors, particularly by high temperature. An important factor in plant adaptation to abiotic stress can be the proline accumulation. Proline is an amino acid involved in a series of metabolic processes and is important as a protein stabilizer, osmolyte and antioxidant. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of high temperature on the proline content and yield elements in different cereal varieties during two vegetative seasons. For the investigation, plant material of 8 genetically divergent winter wheat varieties, 1 variety of triticale and 1 oat variety were used. Samples were collected in days with moderate midday air temperatures of 24-26°C in the milk stage and after a few days in the same phenological stage, in conditions of high midday air temperatures of 34-36°C. Proline accumulation was determined spectrophotometrically. Statistical analyses of data were done in the SPSS program. The results during the first experimental year showed that under moderate air temperature conditions proline content was 0.661 μmol g-1 fresh plant, and in the second experimental year 0.777 μmol g-1 fresh plant. Under conditions of heat stress during the first year, the content of proline increased to 2.169 μmol g-1 fresh plant, and in the second experimental year the average content was 2.510 μmol g-1 fresh plant, which confirms the increase of proline accumulations under heat stress. Compared with other cereal varieties, wheat varieties Zvezdana, Pobeda, Simonida and Avenu were characterized by higher contents of proline in conditions of heat stress in both vegetative seasons. Statistical analysis and correlation of the results of proline accumulation and yield elements showed that more resistant varieties to heat stress conditions have higher yields.

Barley and oat have been promoted for years as good sources of dietary fiber, especially β -glucan. Studies have shown a positive effect of bar­ley and oat β -glucan on human health and as a result, there has been an inc­reasing demand for β -glucans in the past decade. Thus, the variability of the β -glucan content was investigated in the grain of 10 barley and 10 oat varieties. The β -glucan contents were determined by the ICC Standard Method No 168. The content of β -glucan in the analyzed barley varieties were within the range 3.52–7.81 % and in analyzed oat varieties, the content of β -glucan were within the range of 3.15–7.28 %. Among analyzed barley varieties, Novosadski 314 contained the highest content of β -glucan (7.81 %), while Tomba had the high­est content of β -glucan (7.28%) in the analyzed oat varieties. Based on the results, it could be concluded that there is genetic diversity of oat and barley varieties with respect to their β -glucan content. This fact enables varieties with a high a nutritional capacity to be selected.

The aim of this study was to investigate phenotypic variability of yield components for different spelt wheat genotypes (Triticum spelta L.). Six genotypes of winter spelt wheat (Nirvana, KG-37-8/3, KG -54-7/3, KG -54-8/1, KG -54-4/2, and KG-54-2/3) were grown during two growing seasons (2011/2012 and 2012/2013) at certified organic trial parcel in the Municipality of Čačak, Serbia. Through variance analysis, highly significant differences in mean values for both investigated yield components (number of grains per spike and grain weight per spike) were established. Higher values of coefficient of variability for grain weight per spike (CV = 12.8%) than grain number per spike (CV = 10.2%) were determined. The highest average value for number of grains per spike had genotype KG-54-7/3 (46.22). Genotype KG-54-2/3 (1.94 g) had significantly higher mass of hulled grains per spike compared to other investigated genotypes. Phenotypic analysis of variance indicated that ecological factors had higher impact on the expression of grain weight per spike, but genetic factors had higher impact on the expression of number of grains per spike

U radu je izucavano variranje sadržaja azota u zrnu sorti i hibrida psenice. U izucavanjima su obuhvacene 4 geneticki divergentne sorte psenice (Jugoslavija, Osijecanka, Žitnica, i NS Rana 2) i F2 hibridi dobijeni u dialelnom ukrstanju (bez reciprocnih). Izucavano je nasleđivanje sadržaja azota u zrnu kod F2 hibrida i ustanovljno je da su se ispoljili razliciti tipovi nasleđivanja sadržaja azota: parcijalna dominacija, intermedijarno nasleđivanje i superdominacija. Najvecu vrednost sadržaja azota kod sorti imala je Novosadska rana 2 (3, 52%) a najmanju Osijecanka (2, 95%). Kod hibrida F2 generacije najveci saržaj aota je nadjen u kombinaciji Žitnica/NS Rana 2 (3, 80%), Jugoslavija/Osijecanka (3, 40%) koji predstavljaju najperspektivnije genotipove u daljem programu oplemenjivanja za ovo svojstvo.

The interrelations among wheat protein fractions with different solubility and molecular weight properties were studied using multivariate (PCA) analysis and obtained trends were used as the base for investigations related to differentiation of technological quality among wheat cultivars with different combination of protein fractions compositions using univariate statistcs (ANOVA followed by Duncans test) in order to draw out information about interrelations between protein fractions composition in wheat cultivars and their technological quality. Data on protein fractions composition obtained with RP-HPLC and technological quality parameters for 26 wheat cultivars grown in Serbia and Croatia in the region of south Panonian plane were used to form the data base. Analysis based on first four PCA factors which explained 89.04% variability of protein composition in investigated wheat cultivars pointed out at interdependences between: (1) low protein and gluten content and susceptibility to enzymatic processes in dough, (2) high content of albumins and globulins, low gliadins content and gliadins/glutenins ratio, high α- gliadins, low molecular weight glutenins and low α- gliadins share in total protein with low water absorption, high energy and high resistance to extensibility ratio, (3) high albumin and globulin content and high share of omega-gliadins in total protein and low extensograph extensibility, (4) high HMW-GS share in total proteins, high extensograph resistance/extensibility ratio and (5) high gamma- gliadins share in total protein and low extensograph resistance/extensibility ratio. Applied statistical approach confirmed also interdependence between high protein and gluten content and longer dough development time and high extensograph energy.

In grain of ten genetically divergent oat cultivars (Merkur, Minor Abed, Flaming-Kurz, Nuptiele, Prode, Pellerva, Emperor, Astor, Osmo, Simo) the variability β-glucan content were investigated. The different value of content of β-glucan was found. Among analyzed oat cultivars, the highest β- glucan contents had Pellerva (6.597%), while the least had Simo (2.971%). The contents of β-glucans were determined by ICC standard Method No 168. The value of β-glucans varied and indicated the differences and similarities between analysed cultivars. The degree of cultivar similarity was determined by dendrogram on which was discriminated two clusters of similar cultivars toward to contents of β-glucan . Within cluster 1, a small group of oats, are five cultivars with small distance (Merkur, Minor Abed, Flamings-Kurz, Nuptiele and Prode). The highest similarity in the range of 88 or the least distance in the range of 12. Within cluster 2 was four oat cultivars (Emperor, Astor, Osmo, Pellerva) in which the least differences was between Emperor and Astor with average distance in range 27. Cluster 1 and cluster 2 differed with an average distance of 63. The cultivar Simo expressed the greatest distance to all analysed oat cultivars grouped in two clusters. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31092]

Polymeric wheat endosperm proteins, especially the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), are probably the most interesting protein fraction giving the essential information about bread-making quality of wheat flour. A relatively new method that shows a great potential for a fast, reliable and automatable analysis of protein purity, sizing and quantification is microfluidic or Lab-on-a-Chip (LoaC) capillary electrophoresis. This work was aimed to explore the possibilities of implementation of LoaC method to analysis of protein samples isolated from a Serbian common wheat variety, emphasizing the steps that might bring uncertainties and affect reproducibility of obtained glutenin subunits quantitation results. A good resolution of protein bands in a molecular weight range of 14.0 to 220.0 kDa was achieved. The reproducibility of HMW-GS sizing and quantitation were good, with the average coefficient of variation values of 1.2% and 12.2%. The ratio of HMW-GS to low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) was about 20%. The investigation ruled out influences of the extract solution addition and the buffer addition steps of the applied method, as well as the individual chip influence on GS quantitation results. However, there was statistically significant difference between HMW-GS quantitation results of multi-step and one-step extraction procedures applied prior to glutenin subunits extraction step.

Introduction The Usual Interstitial Pneumonia(UIP) is a radiological entity characterized by thickened interlobar septae in the lower lobes, involving subpleural spaces bilaterally, resulting with honeycombing, in its advanced stage. This is an idiopathic form termed Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), which may be associated with Connective Tissue Disorders (UIP-CTD). Material and Methods A retrospective analysis of HRCT diagnosed UIP patients between 2004-2014. The obtained data were statistically processed (significance p Results The total of 103UIP patients (62IPF and 41UIP-CTD) ware analysed. CTD patients had RA(n=21), systemic sclerosis(n=11), Sjogren syndrome(n=8), SLE(n=2), and polymyositis(n=1). The IPF group included 65% males and 60% females of the UIP-CTD group. Smokers made 59% and 27% of the IPF and UIP-CTD group. IPF group had severer dyspnoea, cough, and mean mMRC dyspnoea score. Clubbing was registered in IPF patents (39% vs.19%). Autoantibodies were positive in 35% of IPF patients(RF,ANA). IPF group had lower mean DLco, TLC and RV. Radiological findings were significantly different in the two groups, with honeycomb lungs 87% and45% of the IPF and UIP-CTD group. Immunesuppressive treatment was more commonly administered in the UIP-CTD group (81% vs. 52%). Conclusion IPF patients might be diagnosed lately since those patients have a longer history of symptoms, reduced lung volumes and DLco, and more common honeycombing in HRCT. Typical extrapulmonary symptoms could alert physicians to investigate CTD or in CTD patients9 pulmonary symptoms may lead to investigate pulmonary involvement.

Djukic N., D. Knezevic, D. Horvat, D. Zivancev and A. Torbica (2011): Similarity of cultivars of wheat (Triticum durum) on the basis of composition of gliadin alleles. - Genetika, Vol 43, No. 3, 527- 536. Twenty one durum wheat cultivars originating from different world countries were investigated. Composition of gliadins was analyzed by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Allele composition of gliadins was determined on the basis of identified gliadin blocks. Polymorphisms of Gli-loci was established and 27 different gliadin alleles were identified, namely, 5 at Gli-A1, 4 at Gli-B1, 9 at Gli-A2 and 9 alleles at Gli-B2 locus. The catalogue of determined alleles was presented. Frequency of alleles ranged from 4.76% to 42.86%. Heterozygous Gli- loci were identified at two durum cultivars. Similarity among cultivars was studied on composition of Gli-alleles and presented by UPGMA dendogram. On the base of Gli-allele composition, similarity varied from 0% to 100%.

Investigation of gliadin polymorphisms in durum wheat have importance to identify alleles related to physiological, productive, quality traits as well environmental adaptability. Enormous gliadin polymorphism makes gliadin alleles much more suitable for wheat genotype identification and distinction than other polymorphic protein alleles. The high frequency showed a and h could be indicate their favorable adaptive and selection value and as well results of limited genetic variability. In the breeding program is a very important incorporate gene controlling desirable characters for example incorporation genes related to resistance to diseases, what mean decreasing of application of pesticides, as well decreasing of pollutants in the soils and food. Identification of genotypes and selection of advanced cultivars with higher adaptability to environmental stress contribute to production of quality foods. Also, breeding of adaptive cultivars contribute to more efficient introduction in production and development of sustainable agriculture.

Improvement of N accumulation in the plant leading to an increasing grain N content and yield is one of the major tasks of wheat breeding. Since N absorption from soils and translocation from roots and leaves to grains are primarily under genetic control. Breeders need make concept of creation new genotypes with high capacity of accumulation as well with high capacity of N uptake, utilization and translocation. Also, development of new genotypes with high capacity of N utilization will contribute to decreasing rate of application of nitrogen fertilizers what is very important for environmental protection. Developed genotypes by crossing Zitnica × NS Rana 2 cultivars is promising for sustainable agriculture growing, because of its low requirements for fertilizer application.

Minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules (MPMNs) are relatively rare lesions that located at the pleura or parenchyma of the lung. They are usually found incidentally at autopsy or in surgical specimens. We presented a case of asymptomatic 47-year-old woman with an abnormal shadow in the right upper lung field found by a routine chest X ray. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the thorax revealed a hyperdense subpleural mass, which histologically conformed to adenocarcinoma. A resection of the right upper lobe discovered preponderance of small multiple lesions under the pleura. Microscopically, they were an interstitial nodular proliferation of oval or spindle-shape cells arranged in a zellenballen nesting pattern near small veins. Immunohistochemical and cytological analyses confirmed the diagnosis of MPMNs. Coexistence of multiple MPMNs and lung adenocarcinoma can be a differential diagnostic problem due to suspected metastasis of the primary carcinoma. To obtain an accurate diagnosis, the clinical findings should completely conform to histological, immunohistochemical, and cytological ones.

Growth and development of cereals is affected by abiotic factors, particularly by high temperature. An important factor in plant adaptation to abiotic stress can be the proline accumulation. Proline is an amino acid involved in a series of metabolic processes and is important as a protein stabilizer, osmolite and antioxidant. Under normal physiological conditions, the proline makes up less than 5% of the free amino acids in the plant, while due to stress this amount can increase to over 80%. Field experiment was conducted with the aim to determine the effect of high temperature on the proline content in different cereal varieties during two vegetative seasons. For the investigation, plant material of 8 genetically divergent winter wheat varieties, 1 variety of triticale and 1 oat variety were used. Samples were collected in days with moderate midday air temperatures of 24-26 °C in the milk stage and after a few days in the same phenological stage, in conditions of high midday air temperatures of 34-36 °C.