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Free-roaming dog populations ensue from irresponsible dog ownership and abandonment. The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) in Hong Kong SAR offers practical solutions to control dog population growth by providing a range of different birth control programs. We present the first results of a trial Trap Neuter Return (TNR) program in Hong Kong SAR; with a free-roaming dog population on Cheung Chau Island (southwest). During the 3-year study, the SPCA undertook surveys to assess population size and trapped, desexed, and, where possible, rehomed free-roaming dogs. We report that a total of 182 dogs were encountered during the period. We estimate that an average of 75% of the population was desexed, reaching the threshold for successful TNR studies. The results of our study show that TNR can assist with free-roaming dog population control and provide guidance for future programs, in Asia and Hong Kong SAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Signos is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Con-textos Kantianos: International Journal of Philosophy is the property of Con-Textos Kantianos (CTK) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Reusable surgical drapes have a lower lifetime environmental impact than disposable drapes in most cases. There is limited evidence regarding whether drape choice impacts patient outcomes including post-operative wound complications. The aim of this study is to compare wound complication rates following routine neutering surgeries in cats and dogs when reusable drapes are used as compared with disposable drapes. Methods The trial will be conducted as a pragmatic, multi-centre, parallel group randomised controlled trial in the UK. Dogs and cats undergoing routine neutering will be randomised to disposable or reusable drapes with all other aspects of care occurring as they usually would at the practice. The required sample size is 2,850, with 4750 animals to be recruited from up to ten practices to allow for a 40% loss to follow-up. Demographic data and details on peri-operative care will be collected at the time of surgery. Post-operative wound complications will be assessed and recorded as usual at each practice using clinical codes. The post-operative wound clinical codes and any antibiotic use within 30 days of surgery will be retrieved from the practice management software. The primary outcome that will be compared between the two groups is the rate of post-operative wound complications within 30 days of surgery which will be analysed by multivariable logistic regression with a binary outcome of wound complication (yes/no). Secondary outcomes are the prevalence of different types of complications and antibiotic use within 30 days of surgery which will be compared between the two groups by chi square analysis. Discussion Our hypothesis is that there will be no difference in post-operative wound complication rates between disposable and reusable drapes. If the likely rate of post-surgical wound complications with reusable drapes is similar to that with disposable drapes, then veterinary clinical teams can choose the more sustainable option, confident that their patients will not be impacted by this choice. Trial registration We have retrospectively registered the protocol on the Open Science Framework on 14 Nov 2023 (Trial registration entry: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/72HMA ).

The aim of this paper is to elaborate on the typology of affix changes due to reanalysis. By discussing the Polish nominal suffix /-ix-/ as resulting from morphological reduction, viz. the false subtraction of /-k-/ from /-isk-/, the supposed unidirectionality of affix changes, i.e., the irreversibility of affix growth, is questioned. Furthermore, the article points to the possible gradual nature of morphological reanalysis, in line with recent studies in syntactic reanalysis. Other types of affix changes, which were previously unidentified or deemed impossible, are also commented on and the supposed parallelism between affix reanalysis and grammaticalization as well as degrammaticalization is considered, including the role of analogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: There are contrasts in the recovery and response to surgical stress in canine after open and video surgery. The main difference includes incision size, intra- and postoperative pain, recovery time regarding eating, urination, defecation, and movement, as well as changes in acute phase proteins, oxidative metabolism, and leukocytosis, among others, with advantages to laparoscopy. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of the access and hemostatic techniques regarding inflammation and oxidative stress. There is some evidence that video surgery, due to the carbonic gas, provokes higher oxidative stress regardless of lower inflammation compared to open surgery. This study was carried out including one of the most used techniques in video surgery, the video-assisted two portals technique, a conventional technique involving manual rupture of the ovarian suspensory ligament and ligation with surgical threads and an open access without ligament rupture and bipolar coagulation. This study demonstrates similar oxidative stress between techniques and advantages to the video-assisted technique, even when using a pneumoperitoneum. We evaluated the surgical stress response of dogs undergoing three ovariohysterectomy (OVH) techniques. Twenty-nine healthy females were allocated into groups: celiotomy and ligature (CelioSut), celiotomy and bipolar energy (CelioBip), and a video-assisted technique using two portals and bipolar energy (VidBip). Clinical evaluation was performed, and the following blood analyses were determined: acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein and haptoglobin), white blood cell counting (WBC), and biomarkers of oxidative status. The VidBip required more time despite a smaller incision, lower heart rate, and earlier feeding and urination. All groups had high white blood cells counts; the C-reactive protein (CRP) levels peaked at 6 and 12 h in all groups and was higher in the CelioBip and VidBip groups compared to CelioSut; haptoglobin concentrations peaked at 48 h in all groups and increased in dogs of the CelioSut group. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing ability of plasma, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, and advanced oxidation protein were not significantly different among the groups or time points. Total thiol concentrations were lower in CelioBip and CelioSut groups. All surgical techniques induced an inflammatory and oxidative stress response, but the video-assisted technique produced early clinical recovery. The bipolar device produces fewer disturbances than suspensory ligament rupture and ligature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Effects of neutering on bitch health have been reported, and are suggested to relate to bitch age at the time of neutering for some diseases. However, variation between published studies in terms of study populations and methodologies makes comparison and consolidation of the evidence difficult. Objective: A scoping review was designed to systematically search the available literature to identify and chart the evidence on the effect of neutering timing in relation to puberty on five health outcomes: atopy, developmental orthopaedic disease (DOD), neoplasia, obesity and urogenital disease. Design: A protocol was registered, and literature searches were conducted in CAB Abstracts, Medline and Web of Science. Studies were reviewed against inclusion criteria. Data on study and population characteristics and health outcomes were charted for the final included studies. Results: A total of 1,145 publications were reviewed across all five searches; 33 were retained for inclusion and charting. Only six of the 33 studies categorised the timing of surgical neutering as prepubertal or post-pubertal; one investigating mammary neoplasia and the other five, urogenital disease, commonly urinary incontinence. No studies were identified that examined the impacts of neutering bitches before or after puberty on atopy, DOD or obesity. One study considered bitches that were pre or post-pubertal at the time of the first treatment with deslorelin acetate for oestrus suppression and 26 examined the effects on health related to age, rather than pubertal status, at neutering. Conclusion: This scoping review suggests that robust evidence to support veterinarians, those working with dogs and dog owners when discussing the timing of neutering relative to puberty does not yet exist. The impact of neutering before or after puberty on atopy, DOD, neoplasia, obesity and urogenital disease in female domesticated dogs remains unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research uses an online questionnaire (n = 1148) to survey the Bulgarian public's attitudes and behaviors toward owned and stray cats and explore potential barriers to stray cat population management. Generally, the survey participants indicated positive attitudes toward stray cats, with 82.0% of the respondents reporting feeling sorry for stray cats. Semi-ownership behaviors were prevalent, with 82.5% feeding stray cats but only 18.1% neutering the cats they fed, posing a barrier to stray cat management. Overall, the respondents held mixed attitudes toward neutering. Of all cat owners sampled (n = 859) only 47.2% had neutered all their cats and 44.4% of owners allowed cats outdoor access or their cats lived exclusively outdoors. Multinomial logistic regression predicted that intact cats were more likely to be allowed to roam free and reproduce, which may present a significant barrier to stray cat population management. This is the first academic survey on attitudes toward cats in Bulgaria and the findings should contribute to stray cat management and ultimately improve feline welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overpopulation of stray and unwanted cats has been a serious issue in every country and different individuals have different motivations for their spaying or neutering. The current experiment aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of ovarian cauterization compared to CaCl2 injection for ovarian tissue damage in female cats. Each ovary of three cycling normal cats in reproductive age was punctured at four sites and 40 W was applied to 5 seconds at each point using monopolar electro-coagulation, resulting in 800 J (Joules) of thermal energy. Ovaries of another three cats were injected with 0.25 ml of 20% CaCl2 in 95% ethanol solution. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions were assessed depending on a number of evaluating criteria. Operative time, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and estrogen level estimation showed significant difference between both techniques. The cauterization technique proved easy applicable and safe, and there were no intra-abdominal thermal injuries. Histologic evaluation proved essential to clarify the ovarian functional activity. Ovarian cauterization seems to be feasible and safe, and 40 W (800 J) thermal energy allowed incomplete ovarian thermal damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Neutering, which includes orchiectomy for males and ovariohysterectomy for females, is a common practice in dogs to control populations and prevent health issues. Despite its benefits, neutering can lead to hormonal changes that may contribute to a tendency toward obesity over time. Our study investigated how neutering in both female and male dogs affects hormones involved in metabolism and appetite regulation, specifically nesfatin-1, serotonin, dopamine, TSH, and T4. We observed that neutering decreased levels of nesfatin-1, serotonin, and T4, and increased TSH levels in both genders. These hormonal changes could be part of a mechanism contributing to the higher risk of obesity observed in neutered dogs in the long term. Neutering of dogs, whether male or female, provides various benefits such as contraception, population control, and the prevention of reproductive disorders and undesirable sexual behaviors. However, it is also associated with an increased risk of obesity, which may be directly linked to post-neutering hormonal changes. Our study aims to determine the effects of neutering on plasma levels of nesfatin-1, serotonin, dopamine, TSH, and T4—hormones implicated in obesity and metabolic regulation. Fourteen dogs (seven males and seven females), aged between 1 and 3 years, were included in this study. Male dogs underwent orchiectomy and females underwent ovariohysterectomy. Blood samples were collected before surgery and on days 7 and 14 post-operatively to measure the plasma levels of these hormones using ELISA. The results showed a significant decrease in nesfatin-1, serotonin, and T4 levels, along with a significant increase in TSH levels in both male and female dogs post-neutering. While these hormonal changes are likely part of the body's adaptive response to neutering, they may represent a potential mechanism that contributes to the long-term tendency toward obesity in neutered dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lletres Asturianes is the property of Academia de la Llingua Asturiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Reusable surgical drapes have a lower lifetime environmental impact than disposable drapes in most cases. There is limited evidence regarding whether drape choice impacts patient outcomes including post-operative wound complications. The aim of this study is to compare wound complication rates following routine neutering surgeries in cats and dogs when reusable drapes are used as compared with disposable drapes. Methods: The trial will be conducted as a pragmatic, multi-centre, parallel group randomised controlled trial in the UK. Dogs and cats undergoing routine neutering will be randomised to disposable or reusable drapes with all other aspects of care occurring as they usually would at the practice. The required sample size is 2,850, with 4750 animals to be recruited from up to ten practices to allow for a 40% loss to follow-up. Demographic data and details on peri-operative care will be collected at the time of surgery. Post-operative wound complications will be assessed and recorded as usual at each practice using clinical codes. The post-operative wound clinical codes and any antibiotic use within 30 days of surgery will be retrieved from the practice management software. The primary outcome that will be compared between the two groups is the rate of post-operative wound complications within 30 days of surgery which will be analysed by multivariable logistic regression with a binary outcome of wound complication (yes/no). Secondary outcomes are the prevalence of different types of complications and antibiotic use within 30 days of surgery which will be compared between the two groups by chi square analysis. Discussion: Our hypothesis is that there will be no difference in post-operative wound complication rates between disposable and reusable drapes. If the likely rate of post-surgical wound complications with reusable drapes is similar to that with disposable drapes, then veterinary clinical teams can choose the more sustainable option, confident that their patients will not be impacted by this choice. Trial registration: We have retrospectively registered the protocol on the Open Science Framework on 14 Nov 2023 (Trial registration entry: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/72HMA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In January 1855, the British House of Commons appointed a Select Committee to investigate the parlous state of the British army then encamped before Sebastopol. Originally a radical project driven by the Radical MP John Arthur Roebuck, the Sebastopol Committee wound up tamer than its origins implied. At its outset, it collapsed a government, and prompted anguished complaints from traditionalists that it was overthrowing the constitution. Yet in choosing to work through a Select Committee – a long-established form, albeit one not previously used to investigate an ongoing military operation – Roebuck made a calculated gamble that did not entirely pay off. Sacrificing control over his Committee's composition to secure wide parliamentary approval and thereby legitimacy, he wound up unable to influence its conclusions in his preferred direction. Instead, his more 'establishment' colleagues declined to censure individuals, refused even to consider the government's wider strategic approach, and produced a set of recommendations almost identical to what the government was doing anyway. The effect was to neuter Roebuck's radical inquiry. In the end, the fact that the Sebastopol Committee happened matters more than anything it did, or anything it found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ferrets (Mustello furo) are an increasingly popular pet in the UK, and with this rise in popularity comes a greater need for the general practitioner to be familiar with the basic care of this species. Reproductive control in ferrets is not as straightforward as that of dogs and cats, and the options are not clear cut; however, it is inevitable that the topic of neutering will be raised by ferret owners. Aim of the article: This article aims to provide readers with the knowledge required to enable an active conversation with the ferret owner to select the most appropriate reproductive control option for their pet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GENDER: Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Background In the United Kingdom, spay surgery is routinely performed in dogs and cats by general practitioners. Data from a decade ago showed that, despite an increased attentiveness of veterinarians to peri‐operative pain compared to the past, analgesia could be further improved. Objectives To investigate the current veterinary practice and attitude towards anaesthesia and analgesia for spay surgery in the United Kingdom. Methods An electronic questionnaire composed of 57 questions organised in 6 sections was designed using the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E‐Surveys (CHERRIES guidelines) and distributed online via a hyperlink. Participants were recruited through both personalised email invitation and publication of the hyperlink on social media. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, analysis of means and analysis of proportions, using commercially available software. Results Entries from 150 participants were used for data analysis. The proportion of participants who were confident in treating pain did differ by decade of graduation, with a lower proportion of confident colleagues graduated before 2001 (6%) and from 2021 (14%), compared to those graduated in the decades 2001–2010 (43%) and 2011–2020 (37%) (p = 0.007). Colleagues reported to implement multimodal analgesia for spay procedures of cats and dogs in 43% and 44% of cases, respectively. The proportions of participants who reportedly used locoregional blocks, mostly with lidocaine, in dogs (82%), were higher than that in cats (43%) (p

Gonadectomy, commonly known as neutering, is widely used to address dog overpopulation and reduce reproductive disease risks, such as mammary cancer and pyometra. It is also advocated for behavior modification. However, neutering is associated with an increased risk of certain musculoskeletal disorders, obesity, several types of cancer, immune-mediated diseases, and cognitive dysfunction. These conditions may necessitate ongoing care and treatment, that require special care that the caregiver must provide furthermore burdens the caregiver with daily tasks, which encompasses the emotional, physical, social, and financial impact on pet owners caring for chronically ill animals. This burden can result in burnout, health issues, depression, social isolation, and financial stress. The potential benefits and risk of gonadectomy can affect the quality of life of both humans and pets. Relevant research findings should therefore be incorporated into each pet's and owner's particular situation. The purpose of this review is to address the long-term neutering risks and the potential caregiver burden that arises from these risks.

Abstract Neutering dogs is a widespread method and is carried out for various behavioural and husbandry reasons. This study’s main objective is to investigate the behavioural correlations between neutering and the breed of male dogs. In order to possibly find breed-dependent differences in the behaviour of intact and castrated dogs, a differentiation between two clades - the “Huskies“(chow chow, shar pei, akita/shiba inu, alaskan malamute, siberian/alaskan husky) and the “Bulldogs” (german boxer, english/french bulldog, old english mastiff, boston terrier, english bull terrier, staffordshire bull terrier, american staffordshire terrier), based on Parker et al. [1], was made. Using an online questionnaire,, 31 neutered and 37 intact male dogs from the clade “Huskies“ and 30 neutered and 38 intact male dogs from the clade “Bulldogs”, participated in the study (N = 136).The survey included detailed questions on the dogs’ personality and any associated issues as well as a behavioural anamnesis. Further questions relating to four of the “big five” personality dimensions based on the “Budapest questionnaire” by Turcsán et al. from 2011 [2] were also added. The results show, that neutered males from both breed clades more frequently displayed aggression toward humans than intact males (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.002). When it came to aggression towards other dogs, it was the “Huskies” that differed significantly from the “Bulldogs“(multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.04) with being more aggressive. There were also significant differences in stress-related behaviour depending on castration status and breed (multinomial logistic regression, p

Simple Summary: Neutering is one of the most common procedures for dogs worldwide. While motivations for neutering vary, this procedure is often chosen with the hope of addressing undesirable behaviours in male dogs. In our study, 230 mixed-breed dogs (115 neutered and 115 intact) were examined. The dogs were categorised as "small", "medium", "large", and "giant". An online questionnaire was used, which asked about certain behavioural characteristics on the one hand and personality on the other. The results showed that neutered dogs appeared more stressed and aggressive than intact dogs. In addition, neutered small, medium, and large dogs were more stressed than giant dogs. Neutered dogs were also less social, trainable, emotionally calm and extroverted than intact dogs. This all suggests that neutering should be questioned and decided on an individual basis, as hormonal changes can have a considerable influence on dog behaviour. This study investigates the behavioural differences between neutered and intact dogs. A total of 230 questionnaires of neutered (n = 115) and intact (n = 115) mixed-breed male dogs were collected. Small, medium, large, and giant dogs were analysed to investigate a possible influence of body size. The results showed neuters were significantly more stressed than intacts (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.001). In terms of stress by influences (such as separation anxiety and anxiety at car rides), neutered small, medium, and large dogs were more stressed than giant dogs (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.05). Neuters were also found to be more aggressive in general (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.04) and more aggressive on the walk (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.02). In addition, personality questionnaires revealed significant differences in all characteristics. Neuters were less emotionally calm (multiple ordinal regression, p = 0.03), less trainable and less sociable (each multiple ordinal regression, p < 0.001). They also scored lower on extraversion (multiple ordinal regression, p = 0.04). These findings highlight the importance of further research into the behavioural effects of neutering dogs, as well as the need for evidence-based guidelines for neutering practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate neutering status and age of neutering in female Dachshunds with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. We hypothesised that neutered Dachshunds presented with intervertebral disc extrusion at an earlier age, with a higher grade of neurological deficits and with more extensive extrusion of disc material compared with intact females. Materials and Methods: Retrospective multi‐centre study of client‐owned female Dachshunds with surgically confirmed thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. Dogs were classified as early, late or not neutered (intact). Age, body condition score, duration of clinical signs before presentation, modified Frankel score at presentation, length of extruded disc material, maximum spinal cord compression and whether dogs presented for a subsequent intervertebral disc extrusion were recorded. Results: One hundred and fifty‐four dogs were included: 36 early neutered, 69 late neutered and 49 intact. No significant difference was found between early neutered, late neutered and entire female Dachshunds in any of the variables studied. Clinical Significance: In this cohort of female dogs, neuter status and age of neutering were not found to affect age at onset nor severity of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing evidence supporting clinically important associations between age at neutering in bitches and subsequent urinary incontinence (UI), although much of this evidence to date is considered weak. Target trial emulation is an innovative approach in causal inference that has gained substantial attention in recent years, aiming to simulate a hypothetical randomised controlled trial by leveraging observational data. Using anonymised veterinary clinical data from the VetCompass Programme, this study applied the target trial emulation framework to determine whether later-age neutering (≥ 7 to ≤ 18 months) causes decreased odds of early-onset UI (diagnosed < 8.5 years) compared to early-age neutering (3 to < 7 months). The study included bitches in the VetCompass database born from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2012, and neutered between 3 and 18 months old. Bitches were retrospectively confirmed from the electronic health records as neutered early or later. The primary outcome was a diagnosis of early-onset UI. Informed from a directed acyclic graph, data on the following covariates were extracted: breed, insurance status, co-morbidities and veterinary group. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to adjust for confounding, with inverse probability of censoring weighting accounting for censored bitches. The emulated trial included 612 early-age neutered bitches and 888 later-age neutered bitches. A pooled logistic regression outcome model identified bitches neutered later at 0.80 times the odds (95% CI 0.54 to 0.97) of early-onset UI compared with bitches neutered early. The findings show that later-age neutering causes reduced odds of early-onset UI diagnosis compared with early-age neutering. Decision-making on the age of neutering should be carefully considered, with preference given to delaying neutering until after 7 months of age unless other major reasons justify earlier surgery. The study is one of the first to demonstrate successful application of the target trial framework to veterinary observational data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to examine, in the case of Arabic, the neutralization of gender for realities that are not necessarily gender-neutral from a grammatical point of view. It will show that some so-called "masculine" forms are in fact gender-neutral, functionally rendering the grammatical "masculine" a «neutral by default». This reminds us that there is no one-to-one relationship between grammatical gender on the one hand and gender identity on the other. To do this, several examples are taken which illustrate gender-neutralized uses, as well as particular forms of neutralization where the original masculine has been amputated of its masculine marker. Such forms suggest the existence of intrinsically neutral forms. The article shows through the example of demonstratives of distance (ḏālika ,...) and deictics "there" (hunāka) and "over there" (hunālika), all of which are formed by the addition of the kāf al-ḫiṭāb and originally had a flexion (ḏāliki, hunākumā, hunālikum, etc.), that what we see at work is the fixation of the original kāf al-ḫiṭāb as -ka. This fixation is not an erasure of the feminine and the non-singular in favour of the only masculine singular, but the result of a neutralized use, by resorting to the least marked form of the system, in order to avoid gender and number flexion according to the now «neutered» addressee of speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The age at which the neutering of dogs should be performed is widely debated, with criteria such as the stage of seasons (eg, before or after); breed and adult size; and behavioural aspects all influencing decision making. These criteria need to be taken into consideration alongside the environment in which the animal lives and any other animals around the individual in question; for example, an individual dog kept within a household will have different neutering criteria than a non‐owned, free‐roaming dog. Neutering recommendations need to move away from a blanket approach for all dogs to a more contextualised, patient‐centric approach, incorporating the animal and owner's narrative. In the majority of veterinary practices, registered veterinary nurses and student veterinary nurses are often delegated the task of discussing neutering with pet owners, and to perform the surgical admission for the procedure. This article looks at the elements of neutering that veterinary surgeons delegating these tasks must be aware of (noting that they still hold responsibility of the task under the Veterinary Surgeon's Act 1966). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the practice of spaying and neutering dogs and its potential effects. It discusses concerns about the adverse effects of neutering, such as certain cancers and joint disorders. The article also covers various topics related to spaying and neutering, including attitudes towards neutered dogs, changing patterns of dog ownership, compliance with legal requirements, the impact of COVID-19 on neutering surgeries, and alternative methods for altering reproductive capacity. The authors provide insights and research findings to help readers make informed decisions regarding spay and neuter of dogs. They emphasize the importance of personalized decisions and consider factors such as breed, sex, and individual circumstances. The article also highlights the potential risks and benefits associated with early neutering and provides insights into the relationship between neutering and health and behavioral problems in dogs. [Extracted from the article]

The author of the article reviews the declensional forms of nouns found in the oldest Middle Polish judicial oaths according to Leski's declension system. Within each declension, subtypes were distinguished by gender, taking into account the division into hard- and soft-stem nouns. This review was limited to common nouns, excluding anthroponyms and toponyms due to the volume constraints of this study. For the same reasons, masculine and neuter declension nouns were analyzed, first presenting material suitable for each case and number, then subjecting it to formal and statistical analysis. The conducted research allowed us to conclude that, in this fragment of the inflectional system, the persistence of its fundamentals is still quite evident. The most innovative forms, however, are as follows: - acc. sg. declension -o-//-jo- (appearance of genitive forms in the accusative function in almost all animate nouns), - instr. sg. declension -o-//-jo- (new ending -em< *-ъmь from the -ŭ- declension and -'em< *-ъmь from the -i- and -en- declensions), - loc. sg. for soft-stem nouns with almost exclusive ending -u transferred from the -ŭ- declension. In other represented forms of inflected nouns of masculine and neuter declensions in the rotes, newer forms from the clearly expansive -ŭ- declension appeared. Variations in the distribution of endings or the process of newer and older forms rubbing against each other are illustrated by examples of parallel facultative endings, such as lista//lystu or vszitka//vszitku in gen. sg., kmeczv//kmeczovi in dat. sg., penandzi/penandzy, grossij/groszy/grossz/grossow in gen. pl., or stawech/stawach in loc. pl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When publishing Old Bulgarian chants, hymnologists almost always reconstruct the genitive inflection for the masculine and neuter singular of the full-form adjectives, ordinal numerals and participles in its most archaic form: -aego (or -аjego). However, the early acrostics contain only the contracted variant-ago. This contradiction is resolved in the present article by examining the syllabic structure of various original (not translated) Old Bulgarian chants, among which the four canons with 12-syllable verse have the greatest evidential value. The analyses show that the disciples of SS Cyril and Methodius used both uncontracted and contracted forms of the genitive ending. Taking this characteristic linguistic feature into account will lead to more accurate results of the versification studies on the most ancient Slavic hymnographic works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are limited data on whether neutering a cat affects its risk of contracting feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). A group of cats must be sampled and data collected to examine whether a correlation exists between disease prevalence and neuter status. This comparative study aimed to determine whether the neuter status of cats affected the rates of FIV positivity among the stray cat population of a north London RSPCA hospital. Data were collected from the RSPCA's 'Stray Cat Archives 2019' and stored in Microsoft Excel. The data were analysed using Minitab 15 software. Of 869 stray cats admitted into the hospital, 433 were tested for FIV and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) using the combined MEGACOR FASTest. Of the cats tested, 20% tested positive for FIV and, of these FIV-positive cats, 89% were entire males. The results indicate that entire male cats are substantially more predisposed to being infected with FIV than neutered male cats, entire female cats and neutered female cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared cardiovascular and respiratory effects of dexmedetomidine and xylazine in total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, ketamine, and lidocaine. Twenty-one female dogs were submitted to ovariohysterectomy, premedicated with acepromazine and anesthetized with propofol at a variable rate. The dogs were intubated and supplemented with 100% oxygen in a circuit without rebreathing gases in spontaneous ventilation. They were divided into three groups (n=21) after induction: control (CON) with ketamine (2 mg/kg + 0.6 mg/kg/h) and lidocaine (2 mg/kg + 3 mg/kg/h), DEX and XIL with the same drugs as CON, associated with dexmedetomidine (2 µg/kg + 1 µg/kg/h) or xylazine (0.2 mg/kg + 0.1 mg/kg/h). Propofol consumption, fentanyl analgesic rescue, and cardiorespiratory and blood gas parameters were evaluated during anesthesia. The DEX group had a lower consumption of propofol (0.16 ± 0.09 mg/kg/min) compared to CON (0.24 ± 0.09 mg/kg/min), both not differing from XIL (0.23 ± 0.09 mg/kg/min). The mean arterial pressure was higher after the initial bolus in DEX (107 ± 8 mmHg) and XIL (96 ± 11 mmHg) compared to the CON group (80 ± 10 mmHg). Higher accumulation of arterial carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH were observed in the CON group. The total number of fentanyl rescues did not differ between DEX (7) and XIL (6) and were lower than CON (16). Therefore, dexmedetomidine and xylazine reduced intraoperative fentanyl consumption compared to ketamine and lidocaine infusion alone. However, only dexmedetomidine promoted lower propofol consumption and higher blood pressure values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutering dogs is a widespread method and is carried out for various behavioural and husbandry reasons. This study's main objective is to investigate the behavioural correlations between neutering and the breed of male dogs. In order to possibly find breed-dependent differences in the behaviour of intact and castrated dogs, a differentiation between two clades - the "Huskies"(chow chow, shar pei, akita/shiba inu, alaskan malamute, siberian/alaskan husky) and the "Bulldogs" (german boxer, english/french bulldog, old english mastiff, boston terrier, english bull terrier, staffordshire bull terrier, american staffordshire terrier), based on Parker et al. [1], was made. Using an online questionnaire,, 31 neutered and 37 intact male dogs from the clade "Huskies" and 30 neutered and 38 intact male dogs from the clade "Bulldogs", participated in the study (N = 136).The survey included detailed questions on the dogs' personality and any associated issues as well as a behavioural anamnesis. Further questions relating to four of the "big five" personality dimensions based on the "Budapest questionnaire" by Turcsán et al. from 2011 [2] were also added. The results show, that neutered males from both breed clades more frequently displayed aggression toward humans than intact males (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.002). When it came to aggression towards other dogs, it was the "Huskies" that differed significantly from the "Bulldogs"(multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.04) with being more aggressive. There were also significant differences in stress-related behaviour depending on castration status and breed (multinomial logistic regression, p < 0.001; Cramer's V = 0.33) and only the castration status had an impact on the significance (multinomial logistic regression, p < 0.001). The analysis also revealed significance for stress-indicating behaviour with dependence on neutering status (multinomial logistic regression, p < 0.001) and showed that stress as well as uncertainty are significantly more common in neutered dogs depending on breed and neutering status (multinomial logistic regression, p < 0.001; Cramer's V = 0.42), in that only neutered "Bulldogs" were stressed, but more "Huskies" overall. According to the Budapest questionnaire data, the "Bulldog" clade had considerably greater extraversion scores overall (ordinal regression, p < 0.001) than the "Huskies". Our findings highlight the risks and potential negative effects of neutering. Gonadectomy in no way substitutes for the dog receiving the necessary socialization, training, or bonding. Although in some circumstances it might have a favourable impact on the dog's behaviour, it should not be seen as a panacea for unwanted behaviour. Given that not all behaviours are influenced by sex hormones, every castration decision must be weighed up individually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the changes in concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA) induced by orchidectomy, Burdizzo castration, and in-situ spermatic cord ligation in Red Sokoto bucks were evaluated. Sixteen (16) Red Sokoto bucks, 6 months to one year old and weighing between 11kg and 12 kg, were randomly divided into 4 groups (A-D), each comprising 4 bucks. Bucks in group A were castrated using the Burdizzo method, B in-situ spermatic cord ligation, and C orchidectomy while group D served as control. Blood was collected from each buck, serum was harvested and analyzed for SAA at 0, 4, 8, 12, 15, 20, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours post-castration. Results revealed significant increase (p=0.028) in the levels of SAA in all castrated goats from 4 hours post-castration, reaching peak concentration at 20 hours post-castration with the highest recorded in goats castrated by orchidectomy (63.34 ± 1.49 pg/mL; 120.44 ± 3.74 pg/mL), followed by in-situ spermatic cord ligation (25.08 ± 2.19 pg/mL; 109.77 ± 2.97 pg/mL) and then Burdizzo (61.36 ± 2.63 pg/mL; 87.29 ± 3.92 pg/mL). This was followed by a significant (p=0.041) decrease by 24 hours post-castration and non-significant (p=0.101) fluctuations up to 72 hours post-castration in all castrated bucks. In conclusion, all the castration methods induced changes in serum concentration of SAA, which was less marked in Burdizzo and in-situ spermatic cord ligation compared to orchidectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this study, an investigation was conducted to assess postsurgical pain management in pet rabbits. The efficacy of two pain-relief drugs, carprofen and meloxicam, was compared. Fifty rabbits underwent neutering surgery, and their pain levels were evaluated using a composite scale. The results indicated similar effectiveness of both drugs in alleviating postoperative pain. No adverse effects from either drug were observed. The use of both carprofen and meloxicam can be considered safe in clinical practice, enhancing the welfare of pet rabbits undergoing surgical neutering. Surgical neutering in pet rabbits is common practice to prevent reproduction and associated health issues. Adequate postoperative pain management is crucial for recovery, yet effective methods in clinical settings remain underexplored. This study compared the analgesic effects of carprofen and meloxicam in pet rabbits undergoing surgical neutering. Fifty rabbits of varied demographics were included, with pain assessed using the Centro Animali Non Convenzionali Rabbit Scale (CANCRS). Rabbits were allocated to receive postoperative 2 mg kg−1 carprofen or 1 mg kg−1 meloxicam by subcutaneous injection. Anesthesia was induced with an intramuscular combination of ketamine (20 mg kg−1), medetomidine (0.4 mg kg−1), and butorphanol (0.2 mg kg−1), and ovariectomy or orchiectomy were performed. The CANCRS scale was used to assess pain by evaluating the rabbit preoperatively, 6 h postoperatively, and at three time points the following day. Times of return to spontaneous feeding and fecal production were also recorded. No statistically significant difference was found between treatment groups based on CANCRS scores and resumption of food intake and fecal output. No clinically detectable adverse effects were noted. While limitations include the use of a single pain assessment scale and the absence of a placebo control group, the results suggest that both carprofen and meloxicam can be viable options in clinical practice. Further research utilizing diverse pain assessment methods is warranted to enhance understanding and optimize pain management strategies for rabbits undergoing surgical procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 2‐year‐old chihuahua dog exhibited recurrent mounting episodes toward both known and unknown individuals. The findings from both the physical and blood tests were unremarkable. After ruling out other physical and psychological diseases, displacement behaviour was suspected. Occurrences of mounting behaviour might sometimes be due to conditions unrelated to reproduction. As such, neutering is only advised after a precise diagnosis, and would not have been helpful in this particular situation. Chewing was used as a major activity alternative to provide the dog with an adequate behavioural activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of pet cats in South Korea has sharply increased since 2010. Problems have arisen with feral or stray cats, creating conflict among residents, to such an extent that the government provides some sites for people to offer feeding stations for the stray cats. This study investigated hypotheses on peoples attitudes toward feral cats in Seoul, South Korea: (i) dog and cat owners would show more positive attitudes than non-owners toward feral cats; (ii) females would have more positive attitudes toward feral cats than males; (iii) the number of Seoul-provided feeding stations by district would be correlated with peoples positive attitudes toward feral cats. Responses from 7,394 participants were used for the final analyses with 3,179 males, 3,607 females, and 599 others (includes decline to state). Cat owners reported more extremely positive attitudes toward feral cats than people who had no cats. Females more often had cats than males, and they were more extremely positive toward pet and feral cats than males, and strongly opposed to culling as a management strategy. The attitudes toward feral cats of people with only dogs were intermediate between people with cats and people without pets, more resembling those of people without pets. There was a correlation between the number of city-provided feeding stations and peoples attitudes toward feral cats, but only in the areas with at least 40 feeder stations; having many city-provided feeding stations was associated with very negative attitudes to feral cats. Whether the very large number of feeding stations were provided in the two neighborhoods due to a previously excessive number of feral cats in those neighborhoods, vs. those feeding stations attracting or provisioning an ever-growing number of feral cats, is unknown. These results show sharp differences in attitudes between cat owners and non-owners, and between males and females. Results resemble findings in other studies, perhaps with more extreme differences between sub-groups. The study revealed that attitudes toward pet and feral cats in Seoul were complex and varied with pet ownership, with sex, and with neighborhood context.

Stray animals such as cats and dogs, mainly have an independent life, are homeless, have uncontrollable reproduction, and have a large population in the environment and the city. These animals have become a concern for public health in cities and the environment. With the spread of deadly diseases such as rabies, they are considered a threat to human life and health, and their number is increasing day by day in Tehran City. Therefore, it is necessary to provide basic solutions to control and reduce the population of stray animals in Tehran City. Based on reviewing the laws of successful developed and developing countries and expert interviews with 40 people in different fields, suitable solutions for the basic collection, control, and management of stray animals in Tehran City were obtained according to the existing conditions. The results showed that the best solutions include neutering (19%), education and awareness in society (16%), collecting and transfer to shelters (15%), fines for people who violate the rules and prohibition of food to stray animals (13%), euthanasia (10%), using efficient experts and waste management (9%), registration in the system, birth certification, and microchipping of the animal (8%), amending existing laws (6%), and amending municipal contracts (4%). Therefore, it is necessary to control the population of stray animals in Tehran City with solutions such as neutering, educating informing people, and collecting stray animals to be transferred to the shelter.

Spaying female and castrating male dogs, hereinafter referred to as neutering, is a US convention for the first year in the dog's life. Research on 35 breeds of dogs revealed that early neutering increases risks of joint disorders, such as hip dysplasia (HD), elbow dysplasia (ED), or cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) tear, or cancers, such as lymphosarcoma (LSA), mast cell tumor (MCT), hemangiosarcoma (has), or osteosarcoma (OSA), for some breeds. Joint disorder risks are heightened for some larger breeds and for mixed-breed dogs weighing more than 20 kg. Some breeds had elevated risks for cancers. Several other research teams have reported health complications associated with neutering. The study goal includes using the same methodology for data collection and analyses as in the study on 35 breeds for five additional dog breeds weighing at least 20 kg. The breeds were: German Short/Wirehaired Pointer, Mastiff, Newfoundland, Rhodesian Ridgeback, and Siberian Husky. Major differences among breeds appeared in vulnerability to joint disorders and cancers with early neutering: male and female Pointer breeds had elevated joint disorders and increased cancers; male Mastiff breeds had increased CCL and LSA and females had non-significant elevated CCL risks; female Newfoundland breeds had heightened risks for joint disorders and males had non-significant elevated risks; female Ridgeback breeds had heightened MCT with very early neutering; and Siberian Huskies showed no significant effects on joint disorders or cancers, but female breeds showed a non-significant but elevated CCL. Updated guidelines cover 40 dog breeds. These results further emphasize the importance of personalized decisions regarding the neutering of dogs, considering the dog's breed, sex, and context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B‐mode ultrasound is routinely performed to evaluate the prostate gland in neutered dogs, although, the detection of malignancies may be challenging. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has shown to be useful for the assessment of prostatic perfusion in normal and diseased dogs, although the interpretation of contrast ultrasonographic features may still be subjective. A quantitative tool for evaluating prostatic perfusion might improve the reliability of the results in terms of early detection of prostate neoplasia in neutered dogs. The present study aimed to evaluate the applicability of a postprocessing analysis tool to CEUS of the prostate in healthy neutered dogs, to provide quantitative measurements, and to study the influence of individual characteristics on prostatic regression. Twenty‐three neutered dogs underwent a B‐mode and CEUS examination of the prostate to acquire data about prostatic morphology and microcirculation. The prostate was imaged using a 5–7.5 MHz linear transducer and contrast was administered intravenously. Videoclips were analyzed by using Qontrast software and a postprocessing digital analysis tool (ImageJ) to measure perfusion peak intensity, time to peak, and vascularization ratio at the moment of the peak, which were then related to body weight, age, and time elapsed since orchiectomy. Correlation tests revealed higher vascularization in younger compared with older dogs (P <.05) and in smaller compared with larger dogs (P <.05). Time elapsed since orchiectomy (P >.05) did not affect prostatic perfusion. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound and the postprocessing analysis tool ImageJ allowed analysis of vascular perfusion in all dogs and have the potential to improve the diagnostic possibilities for andrological examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study was to compare time efficiency and complication rates between smooth monofilament suture (SMS) and barbed suture (BS) using the three-layer continuous incisional closure pattern after ovariohysterectomy in a high-quality high-volume spay/neuter clinic. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial enrolling 71 adult female dogs. Dogs were randomly assigned to SMS or BS treatments. The effect of closure with BS or SMS on closure time was tested through multilevel, multivariable linear regression in a generalized linear mixed model. Body condition score, weight, and pre-closure incision length were tested as covariates. Surgeon was included in the model as a random effect. Preclosure incision length (p = 0.01) and method (p = 0.0001) were associated with closure time. Adjusting for pre-closure incision length, the average time for closure with SMS was 6.5 min (range 3.70-10.31 min), and the average time for closure with BS was 4.91 min (range 3.05-8.05 min). Accounting for the closure method, the closure time increased by 39 s for each additional centimeter of incision length. BS was more efficient than SMS when performing the three-layer continuous suture pattern. No short-term telemedicineassessed complications were noted with either treatment method. BS can improve efficiency in surgical closures, especially considering large volumes of animals, and appears to have a similar short-term, telemedicine-assessed complication rate when compared to SMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stray animals such as cats and dogs, mainly have an independent life, are homeless, have uncontrollable reproduction, and have a large population in the environment and the city. These animals have become a concern for public health in cities and the environment. With the spread of deadly diseases such as rabies, they are considered a threat to human life and health, and their number is increasing day by day in Tehran City. Therefore, it is necessary to provide basic solutions to control and reduce the population of stray animals in Tehran City. Based on reviewing the laws of successful developed and developing countries and expert interviews with 40 people in different fields, suitable solutions for the basic collection, control, and management of stray animals in Tehran City were obtained according to the existing conditions. The results showed that the best solutions include neutering (19%), education and awareness in society (16%), collecting and transfer to shelters (15%), fines for people who violate the rules and prohibition of food to stray animals (13%), euthanasia (10%), using efficient experts and waste management (9%), registration in the system, birth certification, and microchipping of the animal (8%), amending existing laws (6%), and amending municipal contracts (4%). Therefore, it is necessary to control the population of stray animals in Tehran City with solutions such as neutering, educating informing people, and collecting stray animals to be transferred to the shelter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses John Gentry's book, "Neutering the CIA: Why U.S. Intelligence versus Trump Has Long-Term Consequences," which examines Donald Trump's relationship with the Intelligence Community (IC) and the CIA. Gentry argues that previous presidents, such as Reagan and Bush, have politicized intelligence, but Trump's open war against the IC is unprecedented. Gentry also claims that there is a "Deep State" within the IC that opposes Trump and that Obama and his appointees built this Deep State for political reasons. However, the article criticizes Gentry's lack of evidence to support these claims and highlights the importance of independent leadership and integrity within the intelligence community. [Extracted from the article]

We evaluated the surgical stress response of dogs undergoing three ovariohysterectomy (OVH) techniques. Twenty-nine healthy females were allocated into groups: celiotomy and ligature (CelioSut), celiotomy and bipolar energy (CelioBip), and a video-assisted technique using two portals and bipolar energy (VidBip). Clinical evaluation was performed, and the following blood analyses were determined: acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein and haptoglobin), white blood cell counting (WBC), and biomarkers of oxidative status. The VidBip required more time despite a smaller incision, lower heart rate, and earlier feeding and urination. All groups had high white blood cells counts; the C-reactive protein (CRP) levels peaked at 6 and 12 h in all groups and was higher in the CelioBip and VidBip groups compared to CelioSut; haptoglobin concentrations peaked at 48 h in all groups and increased in dogs of the CelioSut group. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing ability of plasma, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, and advanced oxidation protein were not significantly different among the groups or time points. Total thiol concentrations were lower in CelioBip and CelioSut groups. All surgical techniques induced an inflammatory and oxidative stress response, but the video-assisted technique produced early clinical recovery. The bipolar device produces fewer disturbances than suspensory ligament rupture and ligature.

"Neutering the CIA: why US intelligence versus Trump has long-term consequences" by John A. Gentry explores the attacks on Donald Trump by some retired intelligence community executives and the implications for the relationship between intelligence and the Chief Executive. Gentry argues that the CIA's culture has become more liberal and politicized, leading to the attacks on Trump. He also examines the changes in the CIA's personnel and training that may have contributed to this politicization. However, Gentry's argument is weaker when it assumes that these changes are the root cause of the attacks on Trump. The public dispute between Trump and the intelligence community may have damaged the reputation of the IC and created an atmosphere where politicized analysis is more accepted. However, the overall impact on US intelligence is likely manageable, and the CIA's role in intelligence has been marginalized since 2004. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Background Advanced bipolar tissue sealer/dividers provide the most reliable and efficient means of tissue dissection and blood vessel sealing in laparoscopic surgery and the techniques are continuously improved. In veterinary practice, cost-effectiveness is of major impact, leading to re-use of instruments designed and sold for single use. Two high-end devices were evaluated and compared in a highly standardized laparoscopic ovariectomy procedure in dogs: The new generation Ligasure Maryland Sealer/Divider (LMSD) with improved atraumatic curved jaw shape for delicate tissue handling and dissection and non-stick nanocoating, and the new-generation Articulating Enseal G2 (AENG2) with several proclaimed features improving surgical performance, including articulation of the forceps tip; improved tissue compression during sealing; unique offset electrode configuration; and specific nanoparticle coating minimizing thermal spread and tissue sticking. Twenty-one client-owned dogs admitted for elective laparoscopic ovariectomy were randomly assigned to one of two groups: ovariectomy using AENG2 on the left ovary and LMSD in the right ovary or vice-versa. Procedural video recordings were used to assess ovarian ligament fat score, smoke formation, occurrence of bleeding, and excision duration. Excised tissues were examined histopathologically and collateral thermal damage was scored in three anatomic zones: suspensory ligament, vascular pedicle, and uterine junction. Tissue sealers were used repeatedly following standardized cleaning protocol with instrument washing machine and ethylene oxide gas sterilization and the number of uses until device failure was recorded. Results Excision times were significantly increased for AENG2 (median 01:35 min) compared to LMSD (median 01:00 min). Minor hemorrhage from incomplete sealing occurred in 3 sites in 2 patients (2x AENG2, 1x LMSD) and was not significantly different between groups. Smoke production as scored on videos and thermal tissue damage scores on histopathology also did not differ between AENG2 and LMSD. Both vessel sealers could be re-used repeatedly. Conclusion AENG2 provides a good alternative to LMSD in laparoscopic ovariectomy, with only minor differences in measured variables. Subjectively, the articulating feature of AENG2 did not improve surgical performance in laparoscopic ovariectomy and the use of LMSD appeared more straight-forward for this specific procedure. However, differences in operating these devices may be subject to personal preference.

Simple Summary: Surgical anesthetic management during short-term procedures such as sterilization is highly relevant due to the hemodynamic, cardiorespiratory, and autonomic alterations that could be present. In the case of sterilization aimed at free-roaming cats, a drug combination to provide hypnosis, analgesia, and autonomic balance can reduce these anesthetic risks. Cat neutering through trap-neuter-return (TNR) programs is a non-lethal alternative for free-roaming cat population control. This study is an evaluation of anesthesia used in the high-quality, high-volume spay and neuter (HQHVSN) model of a TNR program for free-roaming cats in Seoul, Korea. A combination of tiletamine-zolazepam, ketamine, and xylazine (ZKX) was intramuscularly administered to obtain anesthesia. The evaluation was based on the records of 1261 cats with complete records of the injected volume of anesthetics and times, out of a total of 1361 cats. The study confirmed the safety and efficacy of the ZKX combination administered IM in a TNR program in the HQHVSN model and provided a range of appropriate doses. This will enable TNR programs to be more effective and contribute to a stable free-roaming cat population that can be successfully controlled for welfare. This study was performed to evaluate the anesthetic protocol used in the high-quality, high-volume spay and neuter (HQHVSN) of free-roaming cats in Seoul, Korea from 2017 to 2022. The evaluation was performed on a total of 1261 free-roaming cats, with an average weight of 3.48 ± 1.04 kg. The anesthetic combination tiletamine-zolazepam, ketamine, and xylazine (ZKX) was injected intramuscularly. The actual drug doses administered were tiletamine-zolazepam 5.52 ± 1.70 mg/kg, ketamine 8.94 ± 3.60 mg/kg, and xylazine 1.11 ± 0.34 mg/kg. Additional doses were required in 275 cats out of a total of 1261 (21.8%). Following anesthesia and surgery, 1257 cats (99.7%) were returned to their original locations. Four cats (0.3%) died postoperatively. The mean duration of anesthesia (from ZKX combination to yohimbine administration) was 26 ± 22 min for males and 55 ± 36 min for females, while the time from yohimbine administration to the recovery was 31 ± 22 min for males and 20 ± 17 min for females. The use of ZKX for HQHVSN of free-roaming cats is inexpensive, provides predictable results, can be administered quickly and easily in a small volume, and is associated with a low mortality rate during the first 72 h post-surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adrenal tumors in dogs are common in small animal practice and may be divided according to their origin into cortical and medullary, as the most common being adrenocortical carcinomas and adenomas, also pheochromocytomas. Breeds as Poodle, Boxer, Dachshund and Beagle over 9 years old show more risks of developing adrenal neoplasms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible epidemiological risks for the development of adrenal tumors in ten dogs treated at the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias of Universidade Federal de Pelotas (HCV/UFPel) between 2018 and 2023. Factors such as age, gender, breed, reproductive status, weight, living with other animals and comorbidities were listed for descriptive assessment. All dogs had clinical signs and ultrasound features compatible with adrenal tumors. In addition, they were all female, with mean weight of 16.4 kg, age of 11 years old and most of them had defined breed and were neutered. Thus, the profile of the dog affected by adrenal tumor was determined as female, breed defined, neutered, small to medium size and aged between 9 and 16 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restrictions adopted to support the implementation of a main operation are considered ancillary and are not reviewed separately. The Court of Justice has previously confirmed this - but in the recent cases Superleague and ISU, it decided to preclude the doctrine for restrictions by object. This approach does not make sense, legally or practically, and could neuter the doctrines if confined to effect analysis. Considering its essential nature from a practical perspective, the matter commands a revisit by the Court and comments in the interim, including possible readings that would preserve the core doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents two proposals to improve the text of an important passage in Manilius' Astronomica , 1.456–68, in which the poet explains natura 's rationale for arranging the stars in such a way as to create only a partial, rather than a full, representation of the constellation figures. The text of line 464 is repunctuated in order to give proper emphasis to natura 's parsimonious disposition of the stars. Scholars have noted that the sentence atque ignibus ignes | respondent in 466–7 is not consistent with the poet's account of how the constellation figures were delineated nor with what an observer sees in the heavens. The conjecture insignibus (neuter plural), for the transmitted atque ignibus in line 466, is offered to indicate that it is the distinctive features (insignia) of the figures to which specific stars correspond and by means of which the figures are described. Attention is also drawn to a striking paronomasia in 466–7, de sign at ... in sign ibus ign es , which creates a meaningful phonetic constellation of celestial fire (ignis), sign (signum) and insigne (distinctive feature) and thus provides evidence, on the linguistic level, of natura's providentia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]