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The objective of the present article was to present the most important data generated by a multicentric study carried out by Brazilian researchers who, with the support of national and international institutions, worked during the 1990s to describe human exposure to mercury in gold mining areas in the Brazilian Amazon. Three sets of procedures were followed with residents of the Tocantins and Xingu river basins: (1) clinical examination, based on a standardized protocol and performed by a single researcher, in order to identify five basic levels of contamination; (2) determination of mercury levels in blood, hair, and urine, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Xingu Project); and (3) investigation of genotoxicity by using four cytogenetic indicators. During the first stage, 41 individuals were studied. Mercury was found in miners and their family members. Contamination was significantly associated with occupation and showed a differential correlation with genotoxicity indicators. After that, the Xingu project, which encompassed 625 individuals, focused on 417 Kayapo natives from the Gorotire and Djudjetiktire villages; 142 miners; and 66 riverine individuals (ribeirinhos). The highest levels of methylmercury in hair and total mercury in blood and urine were found among the Indian population. Contamination with inorganic forms of mercury was also observed in the blood, hair, and urine of Indians. Following a specific recommendation from the World Health Organization, special attention was given to pregnant Gorotire and Djudjetiktire women, who, although not directly exposed to mercury vapors, showed considerable levels of mercury intoxication. Despite this worrisome scenario, a number of social achievements in the 1990s point to new standards of dignity in health care and of social ethics in Brazil that could benefit everyone, including the victims of environmental injury.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:20:29Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:20:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-08-15 Objective. To assess factors determining growth in a group of children between 3 months and 6 years old enrolled in a public municipal (i.e., government-supported, not private) day-care center, in comparison to a group of children with similar characteristics but who were not enrolled in the center. Methods. A quasi-experimental study was designed to observe 444 children aged 3 to 72 months from a low-income neighborhood in the city of Sorocaba, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Two groups were studied: 164 children enrolled in a local municipal day-care center (intervention group) and 280 not receiving care at the center (nonintervention, comparison group) but instead being cared for at home. Both groups were seen four times over a period of 16 months. At each observation session, the children's weight and height were measured. Information was also collected on the mother's sociodemographic characteristics and the illnesses she had suffered as well as the child's weight and other health characteristics at birth, the child's illnesses in the 15 days before each observation, and any hospitalizations. Results. The children in both groups were from low-income families, with 65% of the families having an average monthly income below US$ 100; 80% of the mothers had received 8 years of schooling or less. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that at the first observation (just before enrollment in the day-care center), birth weight was the only factor that explained the nutritional differences between the two groups. Subsequent analyses showed that being in day care was the factor that best explained the differences between the groups, especially in terms of the adequacy of weight for age, after controlling for birthweight, sex, age at the beginning of the study, and illnesses in the 15 days before an observation session. The nutritional impact of the intervention was significant as early as 3 months after being enrolled in day care. Conclusions. The nutritional benefits of the care provided at the center outweighed the negative effects sometimes seen in such centers, such as the greater morbidity that children in day-care centers often experience in comparison to children receiving care at home. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social, Área de Epidemiologia Universidade Estadual de São Paulo em Botucatu (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Bioestatística, Botucatu, São Paulo Faculdade de Educação Física Grupo de Saúde Coletiva e Atividade Física Universidade Estadual de São Paulo em Botucatu (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Bioestatística, Botucatu, São Paulo

Objetivo. Avaliar os determinantes do crescimento em crianças de 3 meses a 6 anos assistidas em creche usando como grupo de comparação crianças de características semelhantes mas que não freqüentavam creche. Métodos. Foi planejado um estudo quase experimental com observação de 444 crianças entre 3 e 72 meses de idade, residentes em área periférica de Sorocaba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, constituindo dois grupos: o grupo de intervenção (164 crianças matriculadas em creche) e o grupo de não intervenção (280 que não freqüentavam creche). Ambos os grupos foram acompanhados por 16 meses, mediante quatro observações. Foram medidos o peso e a altura e coletadas informações sobre antecedentes sócio-demográficos e de morbidade da mãe, características das crianças ao nascimento, morbidade nos últimos 15 dias antes de cada observação e hospitalizações. Resultados. Os lactentes e pré-escolares dos dois grupos eram de famílias de baixo poder aquisitivo, 65% com renda média mensal inferior a 100 dólares. Oitenta por cento das mães tinham ensino fundamental (8 anos) ou menor. A regressão linear multivariada mostrou que na primeira observação -- portanto, antes da entrada na creche -- o peso ao nascer foi a única condição a explicar as variações nutricionais dos grupos. Modelagens subseqüentes revelaram que a freqüência ou não à creche é condição determinante do crescimento, especialmente quando se analisa a adequação do peso para idade, tendo sido controlados os efeitos do peso ao nascer, sexo, idade ao início do estudo e doenças nos 15 dias anteriores às entrevistas. O impacto nutricional da freqüência à creche já era significativo nos primeiros 3 meses de observação. Conclusões. O benefício nutricional da assistência prestada nas creches supera os efeitos negativos da maior morbidade observada entre crianças que freqüentam creche.Objective. To assess factors determining growth in a group of children between 3 months and 6 years old enrolled in a public municipal (i.e., government-supported, not private) day-care center, in comparison to a group of children with similar characteristics but who were not enrolled in the center. Methods. A quasi-experimental study was designed to observe 444 children aged 3 to 72 months from a low-income neighborhood in the city of Sorocaba, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Two groups were studied: 164 children enrolled in a local municipal day-care center (intervention group) and 280 not receiving care at the center (nonintervention, comparison group) but instead being cared for at home. Both groups were seen four times over a period of 16 months. At each observation session, the children's weight and height were measured. Information was also collected on the mother's sociodemographic characteristics and the illnesses she had suffered as well as the child's weight and other health characteristics at birth, the child's illnesses in the 15 days before each observation, and any hospitalizations. Results. The children in both groups were from low-income families, with 65% of the families having an average monthly income below US$ 100; 80% of the mothers had received 8 years of schooling or less. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that at the first observation (just before enrollment in the day-care center), birth weight was the only factor that explained the nutritional differences between the two groups. Subsequent analyses showed that being in day care was the factor that best explained the differences between the groups, especially in terms of the adequacy of weight for age, after controlling for birthweight, sex, age at the beginning of the study, and illnesses in the 15 days before an observation session. The nutritional impact of the intervention was significant as early as 3 months after being enrolled in day care. Conclusions. The nutritional benefits of the care provided at the center outweighed the negative effects sometimes seen in such centers, such as the greater morbidity that children in day-care centers often experience in comparison to children receiving care at home.

As condições nutricionais da população brasileira melhoraram nas últimas 3 décadas. Mesmo assim, é pouco conhecido o papel da assistência oferecida por instituições públicas ou filantrópicas que atendem crianças pré-escolares de baixa renda e de maior risco nutricional. Visando avaliar o impacto nutricional do programa municipal de assistência alimentar em creches do município de Sorocaba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, realizou-se um estudo quase-experimental. Durante 1 ano, em quatro observações trimestrais, acompanhou-se a evolução no peso e altura de 444 crianças de 3 meses a 6 anos completos: 164 assistidas em uma creche (grupo de intervenção) e 280 não assistidas (grupo de não intervenção), residentes na área adstrita à creche porém não freqüentes à mesma, e identificadas em censo específico. Depois de colhidos termos de assentimento e executado um pré-teste, profissionais e alunos universitários entrevistaram as mães das crianças participantes no estudo, segundo técnicas e condições padronizadas. A antropometria foi realizada por dupla de investigadores, um deles sempre fixo na equipe, com equipamentos aferidos pela agência técnica regional. Avaliou-se a concordância entre a primeira observação e as observações subseqüentes, com estratificação da população em três grupos de escores z de peso para idade e peso por altura (tendo como referência as curvas do National Center for Health Statistics) verificados ao início do estudo e em três faixas etárias (menores de 24 meses, de 24 a 36 e maiores de 36 meses). Os grupos de intervenção e não intervenção foram semelhantes quanto às condições sócio-demográficas, exceto trabalho materno (as mães no grupo de intervenção trabalhavam fora com maior freqüência); foram significativamente distintos quanto à idade (mais velhas no grupo de intervenção), condições nutricionais (piores no grupo de intervenção) e prevalência de internação hospitalar anterior (maior no grupo de intervenção). Já nos primeiros 3 meses, 32% das crianças no grupo de intervenção migraram para estrato de status nutricional superior, enquanto no grupo de não intervenção apenas 13% apresentaram melhora. A diferença favorecendo o grupo de intervenção aumentou com a duração da intervenção e foi maior entre crianças mais velhas, permitindo concluir que a assistência na creche melhorou a nutrição das crianças atendidas.

To assess factors determining growth in a group of children between 3 months and 6 years old enrolled in a public municipal (i.e., government-supported, not private) day-care center, in comparison to a group of children with similar characteristics but who were not enrolled in the center.A quasi-experimental study was designed to observe 444 children aged 3 to 72 months from a low-income neighborhood in the city of Sorocaba, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Two groups were studied: 164 children enrolled in a local municipal day-care center (intervention group) and 280 not receiving care at the center (nonintervention, comparison group) but instead being cared for at home. Both groups were seen four times over a period of 16 months. At each observation session, the children's weight and height were measured. Information was also collected on the mother's sociodemographic characteristics and the illnesses she had suffered as well as the child's weight and other health characteristics at birth, the child's illnesses in the 15 days before each observation, and any hospitalizations.The children in both groups were from low-income families, with 65% of the families having an average monthly income below US$ 100; 80% of the mothers had received 8 years of schooling or less. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that at the first observation (just before enrollment in the day-care center), birth weight was the only factor that explained the nutritional differences between the two groups. Subsequent analyses showed that being in day care was the factor that best explained the differences between the groups, especially in terms of the adequacy of weight for age, after controlling for birthweight, sex, age at the beginning of the study, and illnesses in the 15 days before an observation session. The nutritional impact of the intervention was significant as early as 3 months after being enrolled in day care.The nutritional benefits of the care provided at the center outweighed the negative effects sometimes seen in such centers, such as the greater morbidity that children in day-care centers often experience in comparison to children receiving care at home.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:41:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-38292001000200011.pdf: 60806 bytes, checksum: cf9856a8a9e4bd66762a9b233890ce23 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:41:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-38292001000200011.pdf: 60806 bytes, checksum: cf9856a8a9e4bd66762a9b233890ce23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-08-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:28:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-38292001000200011.pdf: 60806 bytes, checksum: cf9856a8a9e4bd66762a9b233890ce23 (MD5) S1519-38292001000200011.pdf.txt: 12046 bytes, checksum: 99d1f2420f947dfa53d17a188951482d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-08-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:07:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-38292001000200011.pdf: 60806 bytes, checksum: cf9856a8a9e4bd66762a9b233890ce23 (MD5) S1519-38292001000200011.pdf.txt: 12046 bytes, checksum: 99d1f2420f947dfa53d17a188951482d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:07:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-38292001000200011.pdf: 60806 bytes, checksum: cf9856a8a9e4bd66762a9b233890ce23 (MD5) S1519-38292001000200011.pdf.txt: 12046 bytes, checksum: 99d1f2420f947dfa53d17a188951482d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-08-01 OBJETIVOS: recupera-se síntese dos principais aspectos das publicações referentes a projeto conduzido pela equipe, na década passada, com o objetivo de subsidiar a avaliação de política pública setorial de suplementação alimentar na infância. MÉTODOS: acompanharam-se trimestralmente, durante um ano, indicadores de crescimento e desenvolvimento em populações periféricas de dois a 72 meses de idade, em Sorocaba, São Paulo. Após realização do censo infantil de duas regiões da cidade, as crianças freqüentes a creches (em número de 164) foram comparadas às demais (280). O impacto nutricional foi quantificado através de análises univariadas (testes inferenciais Kappa e de Goodman) e multivariadas. Vieses e confundimento foram averiguados e controlados. RESULTADOS: observou-se, entre muitas outras informações obtidas, que o grupo assistido apresentou: 1) idade média superior; 2) menor taxa de aleitamento natural; 3) menores valores de peso/altura à admissão, com maiores ganhos durante a evolução; 4) essa melhora aumentou com a duração da exposição e foi maior entre os mais velhos. CONCLUSÕES: avalia-se que assistir apropriadamente pré-escolares constitui hoje, em nosso meio, relevante imperativo de ordem social. OBJECTIVES: to review the main aspects of a project conducted by the authors during the last decade with the aim of presenting elements of nutritional supplement in childhood in relation to public policies. METHODS: the growth and development indicators had been accompanied every three months during one year in a population of two to 72 month old children in the outskirts of Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil. After completing a child census in two regions of the city, children who had received nutrional assistance (in number of 164) were compared to 280 who had not. A quantitative analysis was performed by Kappa's and Goodman's tests, and by multivariate models. Bias and confounding were investigated and controlled. RESULTS: the main information obtained refers to the characteristics of the assisted group: 1) higher average age; 2) lower rates of natural milk feeding; 3) lower values of weight/height at admission and greater gains during evolution; 4) this improvement grew with the length of exposure and was greater in the oldest children. CONCLUSIONS: emphasize that today in our country assistance to preschool children should be a mandatory social policy. Universidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Bioestatística Universidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Educação Física Grupo de Saúde Coletiva e Atividade Física Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Bioestatística