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Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) have no disease-modifying treatments, resulting in a global dementia crisis that affects more than 50 million people. Amyloid-beta (A[beta]), tau, and alpha-synuclein ([alpha]-Syn) are three crucial proteins that are involved in the pathogenesis of these age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Only a few approved AD medications have been used in the clinic up to this point, and their results are only partial symptomatic alleviation for AD patients and cannot stop the progression of AD. Immunotherapies have attracted considerable interest as they target certain protein strains and conformations as well as promote clearance. Immunotherapies also have the potential to be neuroprotective: as they limit synaptic damage and spread of neuroinflammation by neutralizing extracellular protein aggregates. Lately, disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) that can alter the pathophysiology that underlies AD with anti-A[beta] monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (e.g., aducanumab, lecanemab, gantenerumab, donanemab, solanezumab, crenezumab, tilavonemab). Similarly, in Parkinson's disease (PD), DMTs utilizing anti-[alpha]Syn (MAbs) (e.g., prasinezumab, cinpanemab,) are progressively being developed and evaluated in clinical trials. These therapies are based on the hypothesis that both AD and PD may involve systemic impairments in cell-dependent clearance mechanisms of amyloid-beta (A[beta]) and alpha-synuclein ([alpha]Syn), respectively, meaning the body's overall inability to effectively remove A[beta] and [alpha]Syn due to malfunctioning cellular mechanisms. In this review we will provide possible evidence behind the use of immunotherapy with MAbs in AD and PD and highlight the recent clinical development landscape of anti-A[beta] (MAbs) and anti-[alpha]Syn (MAbs) from these clinical trials in order to better investigate the therapeutic possibilities and adverse effects of these anti-A[beta] and anti-[alpha]Syn MAbs on AD and PD. Keywords: Immune checkpoint, Age-related neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Monoclonal antibodies, Author(s): Noha N. Lasheen[sup.1,2], Salma Allam[sup.3], Abdullrahman Elgarawany[sup.3], Darin W. Aswa[sup.3], Rana Mansour[sup.3] and Ziad Farouk[sup.3] Introduction Aging is a progressive degenerative process that can be physiological and pathological [1-3] [...]

Background: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent childhood disorder. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a replicated environmental risk factor for this disorder. It is also a robust modifier of gene methylation during the prenatal developmental period. In this study, we sought to identify loci differentially methylated by maternal smoking during pregnancy and relate their methylation levels to various behavioural and physical outcomes relevant to ADHD. Methods: We extracted DNA from blood samples from children diagnosed with ADHD and deeply phenotyped. Genome-wide DNA methylation was assessed using Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was self-declared and assessed retrospectively. Results: Our sample included 231 children with ADHD. Statistically significant differences in DNA methylation between children exposed or not to maternal smoking during pregnancy were detected in 3457 CpGs. We kept 30 CpGs with at least 5% of methylation difference between the 2 groups for further analysis. Six genes were associated with varied phenotypes of clinical relevance to ADHD. The levels of DNA methylation in RUNX1 were positively correlated with the CBCL scores, and DNA methylation in MYO1G correlated positively with the score at the Conners rating scale. Methylation level in a CpG located in GFI1 correlated with birthweight, a risk factor for ADHD. Differentially methylated regions were also identified and confirmed the association of RUNX1 methylation levels with the CBCL score. Limitations: The study has several limitations, including the retrospective recall with self-report of maternal smoking during pregnancy as well as the grouping of individuals of varying age and developmental stage and of both males and females. In addition, the correlation design prevents the building of causation models. Conclusion: This study provides evidence for the association between the level of methylation at specific loci and quantitative dimensions highly relevant for ADHD as well as birth weight, a measure that has already been associated with increased risk for ADHD. Our results provide further support to public health educational initiatives to stop maternal smoking during pregnancy., Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common early-onset neurobehavioural disorders, with a worldwide prevalence of 5.9%-7.1% in the school-aged population. (1) It is a complex disorder involving [...]

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is not recommended for treating learning and memory decline in menopausal women because it exerts adverse effects by activating classic estrogen receptors ERa and ERp. The membrane estrogen receptor G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) has been reported to be involved in memory modulation; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we found that GPR30 deletion in astrocytes, but not in neurons, impaired learning and memory in female mice. Astrocytic GPR30 depletion induced A1 phenotype transition, impairing neuronal function. Further exploration revealed that Praja1 (PJA1), a RING ubiquitin ligase, mediated the effects of astrocytic GPR30 on learning and memory by binding to Serpina3n, which is a molecular marker of neuroinflammation in astrocytes. GPR30 positively modulated PJA1 expression through the CREB signaling pathway in cultured murine and human astrocytes. Additionally, the mRNA levels of GPR30 and PJA1 were reduced in exosomes isolated from postmenopausal women while Serpina3n levels were increased in the plasma. Together, our findings suggest a key role for astrocytic GPR30 in the learning and memory abilities of female mice and identify GPR30/PJA1/Serpina3n as potential therapeutic targets for learning and memory loss in peri- and postmenopausal women., Introduction The process of learning and memory is how people acquire, encode, store, retain and later retrieve information in the brain. For perimenopausal women, learning and memory abilities decline rapidly [...]

DRUG OVERDOSE IS NOW THE LEADING CAUSE OF death for Americans under the age of 50 and has lowered the average life expectancy in the United States. (1) Over the [...]

Byline: Ravindra. Shukla, Sameer. Khasbage, Mahendra. Garg, Surjit. Singh We present a case of hypertensive urgency in a diabetic patient with painful diabetic neuropathy on duloxetine treatment. The patient's blood [...]

Byline: Shilpa. Devamare, Kavish. Ihtisham, Himani. Bhasin, Vikram. Bhasker, Suvasini. Sharma, Manjari. Tripathi Sir, Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a fatal chronic encephalitis occurring secondary to primary measles virus infection [...]

Byline: Arushi. Saini, Renu. Suthar Dear editor, The tsunami of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has hit hard to the world with a massive impact on healthcare [...]

Byline: Nitika. Mahajan, Monika. Singla, Balveen. Singh, Venkatesh. Sajja, Parth. Bansal, Birinder. Paul, Parveen. Goel, Rahul. Midha, Rajinder. Bansal, Gagandeep. Singh The 2019 novel Corona Virus pandemic beginning from Wuhan, [...]