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Con el tiempo, se han desarrollado varios métodos de neuroimagen para abordar el diagnóstico, monitoreo, tratamiento e investigación del cerebro; sin embargo, existe una brecha en términos de sensibilidad, área de cobertura, invasividad y movilidad del participante durante la neuroimagen. La resonancia magnética funcional (fMRI, según sus siglas en inglés), por ejemplo, proporciona un análisis en alta resolución de toda la función cerebral, pero requiere que el sujeto permanezca inmóvil. Esta limitación restringe el estudio de la funcionalidad cerebral durante actividades cotidianas. Además, la fMRI no es un método barato ni portátil. Por otra parte, la electroencefalografía (EEG) en cuero cabelludo permite el movimiento del paciente durante la evaluación, pero no capta la actividad cerebral profunda, mientras que la EEG intracraneal sí aborda esta limitación, pero es invasiva y se reserva para casos especiales donde los beneficios superan los riesgos.

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Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare the features of the structural complexity of the cerebral hemispheres in men and women using fractal analysis of outlined and skeletonized images, as well as quantitative analysis of digital skeletons of the cerebral hemispheres. Material and Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging brain scans of 100 individuals aged 18-86 years (44 males and 56 females) were investigated. Five sections of each brain were selected for morphometric study (4 coronal and 1 axial sections). The sections were preprocessed, and outlined and skeletonized images were obtained. Fractal analysis was conducted using the twodimensional box counting method, and fractal dimensions of outlined and skeletonized images were determined. Additionally, quantitative analysis of skeletonized images was performed, determining the following parameters: branches, junctions, end-point voxels, junction voxels, slab voxels, triple points, quadruple points, average branch length, and maximum branch length. Results: We observed that both variants of fractal dimension in males and females did not show significant differences, although most quantitative parameters in males were larger than those in females. Conclusions: The spatial and structural complexity of the cerebral hemispheres, as characterized by fractal dimensions, is almost indistinguishable between males and females. However, in some individual brain sections, the male brain may exhibit a slightly higher number of end-point voxels, corresponding to the gyri of the cerebral hemispheres. The obtained data can be used in clinical practice for diagnostic purposes (e.g., for detecting malformations) and for theoretical studies in neuroanatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although COVID-19 is primarily considered a respiratory pathology, it has been observed to impact other bodily systems, including the nervous system. While several studies have investigated anatomical changes in brain structures, such as volume or thickness post-COVID-19, there are no comprehensive reviews of these changes using imaging techniques for a holistic understanding. The aim of this study was to systematically analyze the literature on brain changes observed through neuroimaging after COVID-19. We conducted a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines using Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, Pubmed, Sciencedirect, and LitCOVID. We selected studies that included adult patients during or after COVID-19 development, a control group or pre-infection images, and morphometric measurements using neuroimaging. We used the MSQ scale to extract information on sample characteristics, measured anatomical structures, imaging technique, main results, and methodological quality for each study. Out of 1126 identified articles, we included 19 in the review, encompassing 1155 cases and 1284 controls. The results of these studies indicated a lower volume of the olfactory bulb and variable increases or decreases in cortical and limbic structures' volumes and thicknesses. Studies suggest that brain changes occur post-COVID-19, primarily characterized by a smaller olfactory bulb. Additionally, there may be variations in cortical and limbic volumes and thicknesses due to inflammation or neuroplasticity, but these findings are not definitive. These differences may be attributed to methodological, geographical, and temporal variations between studies. Thus, additional studies are required to provide a more comprehensive and quantitative view of the evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Cubana de Ciencias Informáticas is the property of Universidad de las Ciencias Informaticas (UCI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Introducción: la necrosis laminar cortical es un término radiológico que describe la presencia de lesiones hiperdensas de localización cerebral, las cuales siguen una distribución giriforme y se observan con mayor sensibilidad en los estudios de resonancia magnética cerebral (RM). Esta condición patológica, que afecta a la corteza del cerebro, suele ser secundaria a una depleción de sus fuentes energéticas como consecuencia de hipoxia cerebral, alteraciones metabólicas, hipoglicemia, falla renal o hepática, intoxicaciones o infecciones. Presentación del caso: se reporta el caso de un hombre de 23 años, con antecedente de consumo crónico de alcohol, quien ingresó al servicio de urgencias de nuestra institución con un estado epiléptico. El estudio de resonancia magnética cerebral demostró la presencia de una necrosis laminar cortical con posterior déficit neurocognitivo y funcional. Conclusión: si se consideran las secuelas neurológicas potenciales asociadas a un estado epiléptico, relacionadas con necrosis laminar cortical cerebral, es necesario hacer un diagnóstico etiológico precoz, así como una atención terapéutica temprana a los pacientes.

Copyright of Acta Neurológica Colombiana is the property of Colombian Association of Neurology / Asociacion Colombiana de Neurologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: cognitive impairment in patients with neurocysticercosis is frequent, therefore, it is very useful to have prognostic instruments to establish a better management of it.Objective: to propose a predictive scale of cognitive impairment in adult patients with neurocysticercosis.Methods: study with a correlational, prospective and cross-sectional design, which included 93 patients with neurocysticercosis. Through data provided by previous research, the variables related to the appearance of cognitive impairment were selected in the bivariate analysis (p As a multivariate analysis technique, a multidimensional scaling (PROXSCAL) was performed (s-stress < 0.001 and Tucker's congruence coefficient > 0.999). The prognostic performance of each of the variables was determined by means of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values, with their respective 9 5% confidence intervals.Results: a scale with a dichotomous format was developed, which included 7 factors (4 clinical and 3 tomographic), with which a score of 0 to 7 points was obtained for the prediction of cognitive impairment in adult patients with neurocysticercosis, with a probability of: 0-1 point: 75.3 %; 2-3 points: 95 %; ≥ 4 points: 96 %.Conclusion: the proposed instrument has an acceptable prognostic accuracy; it is simple, reproducible and requires little time for its application. This score can improve the quality of care for patients with neurocysticercosis, since it allows guiding the management of this condition

Background: Many patients with neurocysticercosis manifest cognitive damage, with important effects on their quality of life.Objective: to determine the correlation between cognitive status and tomographic findings in patients with neurocysticercosis.Method: correlational, prospective and cross-sectional study, which included 93 patients diagnosed with neurocysticercosis treated in two Ecuadorian hospitals, from May 2019 to May 2020. The Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination was used for cognitive assessment. The relative risk and the Chi square test were estimated, considering statistical significance if pResults: among the tomographic findings, lesions greater than 1 cm (32.2%), multiple (30.1%), located in the parietal region (34.4%) and subarachnoid (46.2%) enhance. The cognitive evaluation showed normal results in 74.2% of the cases, as well as mild to moderate dementia in 9.7% of the patients. The most affected area was the language (54.8%). Dementia was mainly associated with lesion size greater than 1 centimeter [RR: 7.35; 95% CI: 1.62-33.3], followed by the number of lesions (multiple or racemose) and the mixed topography. In the multivariate analysis, these lost the correlation.Conclusion: The cognitive deficit had a lower prevalence than that described in the specialized literature, and was associated with tomographic variables such as the size, number and location of the lesions; in multivariate analysis, none of these factors maintained their statistical significance

Introduction: the neuronavigation system is a technological advance whose role is to allow real-time visualization of intracranial structures, which are obtained from preoperative images and reconstructed in third dimension, which are projected through the screen. Objective: to characterize the advantages and disadvantages of neuroimaging and neuronavigation. Method: medical-scientific electronic databases such as MEDLINE, Pubmed, Clinical Key, Scopus and Web of Science involving certain articles of medical relevance, in addition to books recognized within the scientific community, for which we used the keywords "neurosurgery", "neuronavigation", whose search period was between 2018 and 2022. About 22 publications were collected of which 10 have been considered for the realization of this literature review. Results: the advent of this technology has served to perform several highly complex neurosurgical procedures in a safer and more precise way, including minimally invasive ones, improving the accuracy of the approach and reducing the risks of complications, which is why it plays a fundamental role in the neurosurgeon's accuracy while making the success of operations feasible with a lower risk. Conclusions: neuronavigation is a tool that considerably decreases surgical time, craniotomy dimensions and therefore decreases complications and lesions of adjacent structures, improving prognosis and decreasing sequelae in the patients studied.

Introducción: El tratamiento del tumor de fosa posterior implica la resección quirúrgica, sola o en combinación con tratamientos coadyuvantes, como la radioterapia y quimioterapia. Luego de la resección quirúrgica, el 20-30% de los niños presentan síndrome de fosa posterior. En esta serie de casos, describimos el abordaje médico y la recuperación funcional de tres niños con síndrome de fosa posterior en una clínica de rehabilitación de Buenos Aires. Presentación del caso: Se analizaron tres niños (dos de sexo masculino y una femenino), de entre 5 y 15 años de edad, con síndrome de fosa posterior dentro de los 30 días postquirúrgicos e internados para neurorrehabilitación entre el 2016 y 2021. Se realizaron evaluaciones, previo y posterior a la rehabilitación, de los hallazgos en los estudios de imágenes, de las manifestaciones neurológicas mediante la escala para la evaluación y calificación de la ataxia (SARA) y de la movilidad funcional mediante la escala de movilidad funcional (FMS). Conclusión: Al alta del centro de rehabilitación, los tres niños evidenciaron mejoría en las manifestaciones neurológicas, la movilidad funcional y los hallazgos en las imágenes. Sugerimos la realización de estudios prospectivos con mayor tamaño muestral y utilizando escalas validadas.

Introducción: se ha planteado que no existe otra enfermedad asociada a tantos problemas sociales como lo es la epilepsia. Objetivo: describir el impacto social del desarrollo científico-técnico en el estudio de la epilepsia. Método: se realizó una revisión narrativa a partir del estudio documental de varias fuentes bibliográficas encontradas en base de datos electrónicas. Los principales criterios de búsqueda fueron: artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años sobre impacto psicosocial del desarrollo científico-técnico en el estudio de la epilepsia. Desarrollo: El efecto sobrenatural atribuido a la epilepsia, con su consecuente repercusión social, es resultado de especulaciones provocadas por siglos de falsas creencias sobre esta enfermedad. El impacto social de la enfermedad es negativo, genera problemas financieros, de aislamiento, de exclusión social y discriminación. Se plantea que la epilepsia tiene gran influencia en todos los niveles de calidad de vida. Las anomalías detectadas por las novedosas técnicas de estudio por neuroimagen en la epilepsia se han relacionado con el deterioro cognitivo, refractariedad de la enfermedad y otros hallazgos que pueden estar relacionados indirectamente con las alteraciones psicosociales de los pacientes. Consideraciones finales: La epilepsia, además del daño orgánico, genera consecuencias psicosociales negativas que limitan el desempeño saludable de los enfermos. En los últimos años los adelantos científico-técnicos han limitado de forma parcial los efectos sociales negativos de la enfermedad con la incorporación de novedosas tecnologías para su estudio y tratamiento.

Introduction: Basal nuclei are gray matter substances, involved in the regulation of different metabolic functions and are vulnerable to situations of hypoxia and different pathological situations. Imaging findings are not specific in most cases. Case of report: The cases of ten patients with bilateral metabolic lesions in the basal nuclei treated at a national reference hospital in Peru are reported, and a review of the literature is carried out: 3 cases of postoperative hypoparathyroidism, 2 of Wernicke's encephalopathy, 1 with hepatolenticular degeneration, 1 with extrapontine myelinolysis, 1 methanol intoxication and 2 with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Conclusion: Bilateral lesions of the basal nuclei as a result of metabolic lesions are nonspecific, so the clinical context is of vital importance, as well as the particularities of the imaging findings, for the adequate recognition of the etiological entities and their timely management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Argentinian Journal of Respiratory & Physical Therapy (AJRPT) is the property of Asociacion Civil Cientifica de Difusion y Promocion de la Kinesiologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Advances in neuroimaging techniques have significantly enhanced our ability to study differences in cognitive efficiency in children and adolescents. However, these studies have traditionally used intelligence quotient (IQ) as the sole measure of cognitive ability. Talent development experts are increasingly drawing attention to the major limitations of exclusively using this measure to identify the variables associated with giftedness, in terms of the validity of the construct they intend to measure and in respect of the measurement's reliability and stability. The aim of this study is to analyse whether the construct of intelligence on which recent neuroimaging studies are based, the type of instrument used to quantify giftedness and the corresponding neurobiological results are consistent with the advances made by differential pedagogy in respect of the multidimensional construct of intelligence. To this end, a systematic review both of neuroimaging research that seeks to explain the neural correlates of giftedness in children and adolescents, on the one hand, and of research focussing more prominently on the field of giftedness development, on the other, has been carried out. The findings suggest that brain networks and dynamics associated with creativity and motivation may have a bearing on cognitive performance variability. However, as the majority of neuroimaging studies continue to use IQ as the sole measure of intellectual ability, most of the data produced by these studies cannot be generalised for the purpose of determining what differential pedagogy experts refer to as "giftedness". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Una de las variables clave a la hora de analizar la efectividad publicitaria es el recuerdo del mensaje. Un anuncio no es efectivo únicamente por captar la atención del público, sino que debe conseguir permanecer en la memoria de éste. Y de las muchas metodologías existentes, la neurociencia es la que más puede ayudar en el estudio de dicha efectividad a partir del análisis del recuerdo. Por otra parte, la preocupación medioambiental cada vez tiene una mayor relevancia social; por lo que esta investigación tratará de conocer el papel del enfoque del anuncio y la preocupación por el medio ambiente, al analizar el recuerdo provocado por los anuncios y determinar qué zonas cerebrales se activan. Para ello se implementó un experimento fMRI mediante escáner y apoyado por cuestionarios sobre la actitud de 50 personas hacia los mensajes que habían visualizado. Nuestros análisis indican que los sujetos que tienen un mayor nivel de preocupación por el medio ambiente, recuerdan en mayor medida los anuncios negativos. Más específicamente, la combinación de técnicas de autoinforme con técnicas de neuroimagen ha permitido confirmar la vinculación entre el recuerdo de mensajes negativos en sujetos preocupados por el medio, con la actividad en las regiones que anticipan un mayor recuerdo durante la codificación del mensaje, como son la amígdala y CMPF.

Background: cognitive impairment in patients with neurocysticercosis is frequent, therefore, it is very useful to have prognostic instruments to establish a better management of it. Objective: to propose a predictive scale of cognitive impairment in adult patients with neurocysticercosis. Methods: study with a correlational, prospective and cross-sectional design, which included 93 patients with neurocysticercosis. Through data provided by previous research, the variables related to the appearance of cognitive impairment were selected in the bivariate analysis (p<0.05). As a multivariate analysis technique, a multidimensional scaling (PROXSCAL) was performed (s-stress < 0.001 and Tucker's congruence coefficient > 0.999). The prognostic performance of each of the variables was determined by means of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values, with their respective 9 5% confidence intervals. Results: a scale with a dichotomous format was developed, which included 7 factors (4 clinical and 3 tomographic), with which a score of 0 to 7 points was obtained for the prediction of cognitive impairment in adult patients with neurocysticercosis, with a probability of: 0-1 point: 75.3 %; 2-3 points: 95 %; = 4 points: 96 %. Conclusion: the proposed instrument has an acceptable prognostic accuracy; it is simple, reproducible and requires little time for its application. This score can improve the quality of care for patients with neurocysticercosis, since it allows guiding the management of this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the key variables when analyzing advertising effectiveness is message recall. An advertisement is not only effective because it captures the public's attention, but it must also manage to remain in the public's memory. And of the many existing methodologies, neuroscience is the one that can help the most in the study of this effect based on the analysis of memory. On the other hand, environmental issues are becoming more and more socially relevant, so this research will try to understand the role of the focus of the advertisement and the awareness of the environment, by analyzing the memory provoked by the advertisements and determining which brain areas are activated. To do this, an fMRI experiment was implemented using scanners and supported by questionnaires on the attitude of 50 people towards the messages they had viewed. Our analyses indicate that subjects who have a higher level of concern for the environment remember negative advertisements to a greater extent. More specifically, the combination of selfreport and neuroimaging techniques has confirmed the link between the memory of negative messages in environmentally concerned subjects and activity in regions that anticipate greater recall during message encodings, such as the amygdala and CMPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many patients with neurocysticercosis manifest cognitive damage, with important effects on their quality of life. Objective: to determine the correlation between cognitive status and tomographic findings in patients with neurocysticercosis. Method: correlational, prospective and cross-sectional study, which included 93 patients diagnosed with neurocysticercosis treated in two Ecuadorian hospitals, from May 2019 to May 2020. The Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination was used for cognitive assessment. The relative risk and the Chi square test were estimated, considering statistical significance if p<0.05. For the multivariate analysis, a binary logistic regression model was used. Results: among the tomographic findings, lesions greater than 1 cm (32.2%), multiple (30.1%), located in the parietal region (34.4%) and subarachnoid (46.2%) enhance. The cognitive evaluation showed normal results in 74.2% of the cases, as well as mild to moderate dementia in 9.7% of the patients. The most affected area was the language (54.8%). Dementia was mainly associated with lesion size greater than 1 centimeter [RR: 7.35; 95% CI: 1.62-33.3], followed by the number of lesions (multiple or racemose) and the mixed topography. In the multivariate analysis, these lost the correlation. Conclusion: The cognitive deficit had a lower prevalence than that described in the specialized literature, and was associated with tomographic variables such as the size, number and location of the lesions; in multivariate analysis, none of these factors maintained their statistical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tal y como constata la Organización Mundial de la Salud, las demencias se consideran una prioridad de salud pública. Se reconoce un aumento de 10 millones de casos por año situándose entre las diez principales causas de muerte en el mundo. La conceptualización psicológica de las demencias se beneficia del análisis integral, desde diferentes perspectivas, para mejorar su comprensión y abordaje. En este trabajo se presenta un análisis de la literatura científica con el objetivo de comparar, desde un prisma psiconeurobiológico, las tres principales demencias corticales: la Enfermedad de Alzheimer, la Demencia Frontotemporal y la Demencia por cuerpos de Lewy. En primer lugar se presentan los síntomas psicológicos y conductuales que se producen en cada cuadro demencial. Posteriormente,se destacacómo los estudios realizados através de técnicas de neuro imagen nos permiten conocer las repercusiones estructurales y funcionales de las alteraciones, a lo largo de la progresión del deterioro, relacionándolas con sus bases neuroanatómicas. Finalmente, se plantea la presencia diferentes alteraciones proteínicas, que permiten diferenciar estas demencias en función de sus biomarcadores patológicos.

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Copyright of Kranion is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa. La EA es la principal causa de demencia en el mundo, siendo el envejecimiento el principal factor de riesgo. Los criterios diagnósticos para la enfermedad de Alzheimer suelen basarse en datos clínicos. No obstante, es necesario establecer una definición biológica de la enfermedad de Alzheimer basada en biomarcadores que reflejen la neuropatología subyacente.

Introducción: El trastorno por estrés postraumático afectan la salud mental de los pacientes pediátricos, se considera muy común en estos pacientes. Estudios científicos apoyados en la resonancia magnética han fundamentado una estrecha relación entre el estrés postraumático y cambios estructurales en el cerebro. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en el periodo de abril a mayo de 2021, en los recursos disponibles en MEDLINE, SciELO, Pubmed y Elsevier. Del total de consultas se citaron 25 referencias. Objetivo: Describir los signos radiológicos en la neuroimagen de pacientes pediátricos con estrés postraumático. Desarrollo: Los estudios de neuroimagen en niños y adolescentes con trastorno por estrés postraumático se han centrado en estructuras anormales y la funcionalidad de algunas regiones individuales del cerebro; estas implican las regiones cerebrales asociadas con la fisiopatología, ellas son: la corteza prefrontal medial y dorsolateral; la corteza orbitofrontal; ínsula; núcleo lentiforme; amígdala; hipocampo y el parahipocampo; la corteza cingulada anterior y posterior; el precúneo; cúneo; el giro fusiforme y lingual y los tractos de materia blanca que conectan estas regiones cerebrales. Conclusiones: Los signos radiológicos en la neuroimagen de pacientes pediátricos con trastorno por estrés postraumático son: reducción de los volúmenes del hipocampo; del volumen cerebral e intracraneal y del volumen de la amígdala, así como una disminución del área total del cuerpo calloso. Además se observa que el volumen hipofisario y los volúmenes de materia gris cerebral fueron menores en los pacientes con estrés postraumático.

Systemic oppression, particularly towards sexual minorities, continues to be deeply rooted in the bedrock of many societies globally. Experiences with minority stressors (e.g. discrimination, hate-crimes, internalized homonegativity, rejection sensitivity, and microaggressions or everyday indignities) have been consistently linked to adverse mental health outcomes. Elucidating the neural adaptations associated with minority stress exposure will be critical for furthering our understanding of how sexual minorities become disproportionately affected by mental health burdens. Following PRISMA-guidelines, we systematically reviewed published neuroimaging studies that compared neural dynamics among sexual minority and heterosexual populations, aggregating information pertaining to any measurement of minority stress and relevant clinical phenomena. Only 1 of 13 studies eligible for inclusion examined minority stress directly, where all other studies focused on investigating the neurobiological basis of sexual orientation. In our narrative synthesis, we highlight important themes that suggest minority stress exposure may be associated with decreased activation and functional connectivity within the default-mode network (related to the sense-of-self and social cognition), and summarize preliminary evidence related to aberrant neural dynamics within the salience network (involved in threat detection and fear processing) and the central executive network (involved in executive functioning and emotion regulation). Importantly, this parallels neural adaptations commonly observed among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the aftermath of trauma and supports the inclusion of insidious forms of trauma related to minority stress within models of PTSD. Taken together, minority stress may have several shared neuropsychological pathways with PTSD and stress-related disorders. Here, we outline a detailed research agenda that provides an overview of literature linking sexual minority stress to PTSD and insidious trauma, moral affect (including shame and guilt), and mental health risk/resiliency, in addition to racial, ethnic, and gender related minority stress. Finally, we propose a novel minority mosaic framework designed to inform future directions of minority stress neuroimaging research from an intersectional lens. Minority stress exposure may be associated with alterations within intrinsic connectivity networks. There currently exists a limited number of neuroimaging studies directly investigating the neural correlates of minority stress. Here, we propose a novel minority mosaic framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Signos is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The infection due to cytomegalovirus is the most common congenital infection in developed countries, and one of the main causes of psychomotor impairment and neurosensory hearing loss of infectious origin.The present study has its objectives to describe the clinical-analytical and neuroimaging of patients with secondary neurological sequelae secondary to the congenital cytomegalovirus infection and then compare them with the group of patients with a congenital cytomegalovirus infection that did not have neurological symptoms during their follow-up. Material and methods: A retrospective, observational, cohort study was conducted that included all the cases of congenital cytomegalovirus infection from 2003 until 2018 and the short-medium term neurological sequelae were evaluated. Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal data of patients with neurological sequelae were compared against those that did not present with any. Results: A total of 60 patients with congenital cytomegalovirus infection were recorded during the study period, with 65% having neurological involvement during their follow-up period (62.2% with psychomotor impairment, 61.5% with microcephaly, 46.2% loss of hearing, 27.8% motor disorders, 20.5% epilepsy, and 5.6% with chorioretinitis). In the patient group that had sequelae, the presence of clinical symptoms during the neonatal period, as well as changes in the neuroimaging study, were the most common, with both being statistically significant compared to the asymptomatic group. The patients with neurological involvement also had a higher score on the Noyola et alneuroimaging scale. Conclusions: The symptoms at birth, and certain findings in the neuroimaging, like the changes in the white matter or neuronal migration disorders, could predict neurocognitive sequelae in patients with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Resumen: Introducción: La infección por citomegalovirus es la infección congénita más frecuente en los países desarrollados y una de las principales causas de retraso psicomotor y sordera neurosensorial de origen infeccioso.El presente estudio tiene como objetivos: describir las características clínico-analíticas y neuroimagen de los pacientes con secuelas neurológicas secundarias a la infección congénita por citomegalovirus y compararlas con el grupo de pacientes con infección congénita por citomegalovirus que no presentaron clínica neurológica durante su seguimiento. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo, observacional. Se incluyeron todos los casos de infección congénita por citomegalovirus desde 2003 hasta 2018 y se evaluaron las secuelas neurológicas a corto-medio plazo. Se compararon datos prenatales, perinatales y postnatales de los pacientes con secuelas neurológicas frente a los que no las presentaron. Resultados: En el periodo descrito se registraron 60 pacientes con infección congénita por citomegalovirus, presentando un 65% afectación neurológica durante su periodo de seguimiento (retraso psicomotor 62.2%, microcefalia 61.5%, hipoacusia 46.2%, trastornos motores 27.8%, epilepsia 20.5% y coriorretinitis 5.6%). En el grupo de pacientes que presentó secuelas, la presencia de clínica en el período neonatal así como las alteraciones en el estudio de neuroimagen fueron más frecuentes, siendo ambas estadísticamente significativas respecto al grupo asintomático. Los pacientes con afectación neurológica también presentaron mayor puntuación en la escala de neuroimagen según Noyola et al. Conclusiones: La sintomatología al nacimiento y ciertos hallazgos en la neuroimagen como la presencia de alteraciones de la sustancia blanca o trastornos de la migración neuronal podrían predecir las secuelas neurocognitivas en los pacientes con infección congénita por citomegalovirus.

La presente revisión de literatura hace referencia a los modelos que la neuropsicología manifiesta en relación a la drogodependencia, con el propósito de explicar el origen y desarrollo de los trastornos adictivos, respaldados por medio de la neuroimagen. El modelo clásico de la adicción, propuesto por Wikel (1965), el cual fue reformulado por nuevos modelos, entre los más destacados, el modelo basado en la transición entre impulsividad y compulsión de Everitt y Robbins (2005), el modelo de alostasis y estrés de Koob y Le Moal (2001, 2008), y el modelo de la sensibilización al incentivo de Robinson y Berridge (2001, 2003, 2008). De manera alternativa surgió el modelo (I-RISA) de Goldstein y Volkow (2002). Al final se formuló el modelo somático de las drogodependencias propuesto por Verdejo-García y Bechara (2009) y Pérez-García y Bechara (2006). Por último se aborda la recuperación o rehabilitación de la adicción desde una perspectiva neurológica y neuropsicológica.

En el presente trabajo se efectúa una aproximación general a los reparos éticos que la investigación neurocientífica plantea, especialmente respecto de sus usos extralimitados en el proceso penal. Así pues, con el objetivo de regular un uso adecuado, respetuoso con los principios generalmente aceptados en el ámbito biomédico, se desarrolla una propuesta de regulación ética de esta materia que preceda a su uso probatorio en el ámbito forense.

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A systematic review was conducted of publications on the relationship between exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and changes in brain structure and function through neuroimaging. The Scopus, PubMed, Scielo, and Mendeley databases were used to search for publications. This process yielded 849 articles containing the keywords used, of which 122 met the inclusion criteria. These studies tested 8498 people exposed to adversities such as maltreatment, sexual abuse, domestic violence, institutionalization, and poverty. The studies found significant alterations in the structure, function, and connectivity of 21 cortical and subcortical areas. The prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, and striatum were the most cited. These areas constitute four neuro-behavioral systems involved in sensory processing, affective assessment, social inferences, and executive control, whose exposure to ACE increases the risk of developing mental problems. The discussion addresses the importance of considering genetic variations, environmental conditions, and epigenetic moderation to understand how ACE alters neuro-behavioral systems. This approach will make it possible to design more efficient intervention and prevention strategies targeted at vulnerable populations. In conclusion, neuroimaging research on people exposed to childhood adversity demonstrates the impairment of neural networks involved in perceptual, affective, social, and executive processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los mecanismos neuronales que subyacen a los estímulos emocionales sobre el control cognitivo aún no son concretos en el paradigma de la prueba Stroop emocional que evalúa el conflicto cognitivo-emocional. Esta revisión en idioma español de artículos especializados sobre Stroop abarca desde los años 70’s a la actualidad para: 1) analizar los enfoques desde los cuales ha sido aplicado, 2) las técnicas de imagenología utilizadas para monitorear las estructuras cerebrales implicadas en el procesamiento de la prueba y 3) sugerir un posible circuito con las estructuras más importantes durante el procesamiento. Con la búsqueda sistemática en PubMed (1970- 2017) con las palabras "emotional Stroop" se obtuvo un total de 104 estudios. Se hace énfasis en la retroalimentación del procesamiento cognitivo- emocional sinérgico donde participan estructuras como la corteza prefrontal (dorsolateral y ventromedial), la corteza del cíngulo, amígdala e ínsula. Sin embargo, es dependiente del enfoque clínico el cual varía el grado de interferencia de la prueba Stroop y es lo que delimita la base neurobiológica de la prueba.

Copyright of Ciencia e Innovación en Salud is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar (USB) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medicina (Buenos Aires) is the property of Medicina (Buenos Aires) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Los últimos datos aportados por la Comisión Europea señalan que la demencia afecta actualmente a casi cincuenta millones de personas en todo el mundo y que cada año se detectan 7.7 millones de nuevos casos. A día de hoy, el Alzheimer es la demencia más padecida por la población mundial pudiendo constituir en términos relativos el 70% de las demencias. En la actualidad no existen tratamientos farmacológicos que den una respuesta definitiva a este tipo de patologías. Las utilizaciones de terapias no farmacológicas abren un amplio abanico de posibilidades desde el ámbito de la prevención, y de la mejora de la calidad de vida en cuidadores y familiares de enfermos con demencia, básicamente con sintomatología de “sobrecarga”. En este articulo hacemos una revisión sobre investigaciones relacionadas con la “atención plena” ( MF) y de su implementación como estrategias potenciales en el abordaje de este tipo de patologías. Los últimos trabajos aportados con técnicas morfométricas por neuroimagen constituyen un importante avance a la hora de intentar aportar evidencia científica en este campo.

Varios estudios clínicos muestran cómo los ejercicios de las tradiciones védicas, como el yoga, o budistas theravada o mahayana así como las prácticas tántricas tienen un impacto psicobiológico significativo. Este estudio busca el correlato neurofisiológico de las prácticas llamadas meditaciones tántricas y no-tántricas mediante una revisión sistemática cualitativa de los datos recolectados. Primero se verificaron los resultados de las no-tántricas, luego se recolectaron los datos de las tántricas, se las comparó y presentamos el resultado dividido en tres partes. En esta primera parte se encontró que las no-tántricas crean una mejor respuesta de relajación con actividad parasimpática incrementada e inhibición del sistema simpático, que induce un estado hipometabólico de descanso profundo donde el practicante permanece despierto y su atención, en «alerta tónica» con los síntomas correspondientes a ese estado hipometabólico -hipotonía, disminución del consumo de oxígeno, de la tasa cardíaca y de la concentración de lactato en sangre-, modificación del normal funcionamiento endócrino, aumentos en la concentración de fenilalanina en los meditadores avanzados, en los niveles de prolactina plasmática, un incremento de cinco veces en los niveles plasmáticos de arginina vasopresina, mientras que la hormona estimulante de la tiroides disminuye de forma crónica y aguda. Esta investigación abre el camino para desarrollar estudios clínicos longitudinales, para confirmar los efectos benéficos a largo plazo de las prácticas y establecer mecanismos para contrarrestar los secundarios indeseados mostrados aquí. Abstract Several clinical studies show how exercises in Vedic traditions, such as Yoga, or Theravada or Mahayana Buddhisms as well as tantric practices have a significant psychobiological impact. This study seeks the neurophysiological correlate of the practices called tantric and non-tantric meditations through a qualitative systematic review of the data collected. First the non-tantric meditations results were checked, then the tantric meditations data was collected, finally both were compared and we hereby report the results arranged in three sections. In this first section, it was found that non-tantric meditations create a better relaxation response with increased parasympathetic activity and inhibition of the sympathetic system, which induces a deep rest hypometabolic state where the practitioner remains awake and their attention, in "tonic alertness" with the symptoms corresponding to such hypometabolic state -hypotonia, decreased oxygen consumption, heart rate and blood lactate concentration- change in normal endocrine function, increased phenylalanine concentration in advanced meditators, increased plasma prolactin levels, a five-fold increase in arginine vasopressin plasma levels, while thyroid stimulating hormone decreases chronically and acutely. This research opens the door to conduct longitudinal clinical studies, to confirm the long-term beneficial effects of practices and establish mechanisms to counteract the unwanted side-effects herein presented.

Varios estudios clínicos realizados muestran cómo las prácticas tántricas así como los ejercicios de las tradiciones védicas, como el yoga, o budistas theravada o mahayana, tienen un impacto psicobiológico significativo. Este estudio busca el correlato neurofisiológico de las prácticas llamadas meditaciones tántricas y no-tántricas mediante una revisión sistemática cualitativa de los datos recolectados. Se evidenció que las prácticas tántricas producen un aumento en la actividad simpática, del estado de «alerta fásica» y en el rendimiento en tareas cognitivo visuales. Promueven una mayor vigilia y menor propensión al sueño, generan un incremento en la actividad cognitiva y modificaciones metabólicas contrarias a las que se verifican de las no-tántricas como consecuencia del relax inducido por esas prácticas. Las prácticas tántricas producen un estado de calma y claridad mental, con la energía y excitación suficiente para funcionar en el entorno con eficacia en el manejo de la irritabilidad, la tensión y la fatiga, al igual que el manejo del miedo y de la ansiedad. La experiencia espiritual «del despertar» y de la «autorrealización» tienen su correspondencia neurofuncional y anatómica, de modificaciones neuroplásticas que desarrollan un nuevo nivel de sensibilidad, percepción y autopercepción. Abstract Several clinical studies show how exercises in Vedic traditions, such as Yoga, or Theravada or Mahayana Buddhisms as well as tantric practices have a significant psychobiological impact. This study seeks the neurophysiological correlate of the practices called tantric and non-tantric meditations through a qualitative systematic review of the data collected. Tantric practices were proved to show increased sympathetic activity, «phasic alertness», and better performance at cognitive visual tasks. They promote greater wakefulness and decresead propensity to sleep, increased cognitive activity and metabolic changes as contrasted with those resulting from non-tantric practices due to the relaxation induced by such practices. Tantric practices create calmness and mental clarity, with enough energy and excitement to function in the environment effectively in managing irritability, stress and fatigue, as well as fear and anxiety management. The spiritual experience of "awakening" and "self-realization" has a neurofunctional and anatomical correlate of neuroplastic modifications that create new levels of sensitivity, perception and self-perception.

Varios estudios clínicos muestran cómo las prácticas tántricas y los ejercicios de las tradiciones védicas -como el yoga- o budistas theravada o mahayana tienen un impacto psicobiológico significativo. Este estudio compara el correlato neurofisiológico de las prácticas llamadas meditaciones tántricas y no-tántricas mediante una revisión sistemática cualitativa de los datos recolectados. Se evidenció que las prácticas tántricas producen aumento en la actividad simpática, del estado de «alerta fásica» y en el rendimiento en tareas cognitivo visuales. Promueven una mayor vigilia y menor propensión al sueño, generan un incremento en la actividad cognitiva y modificaciones metabólicas contrarias a las que se verifican de las no-tántricas como consecuencia del relax inducido por esas prácticas. En oposición, las no-tántricas crean una mejor respuesta de relajación con actividad parasimpática incrementada e inhibición del sistema simpático, que induce un estado hipometabólico de descanso profundo donde el practicante permanece despierto y su atención en «alerta tónica» con los síntomas correspondientes a ese estado hipometabólico -hipotonía, disminución del consumo de oxígeno, de la tasa cardíaca y de la concentración de lactato en sangre-, modificación del normal funcionamiento endócrino, aumentos en la concentración de fenilalanina en los meditadores avanzados, en los niveles de prolactina plasmática, un incremento de cinco veces en los niveles plasmáticos de arginina vasopresina, mientras que la hormona estimulante de la tiroides disminuye de forma crónica y aguda. Esta diferencia neurofisiológica se corresponde con las diferencias encontradas en los textos investigados que señalan que las tántricas apuntan a incrementar el estado de alerta o una cualidad despierta de la mente y advierten contra la calma excesiva y, por el contrario, las escrituras y las instrucciones de meditación de la tradición védica -yoga, theravada o mahayana- apuntan a lograr quietud y calma. Indicamos futuras investigaciones clínicas desde un enfoque más interdisciplinario e incorporamos el marco teórico/filosófico de los diferentes tipos de meditación. Abstract Several clinical studies show how tantric practices and exercises of Vedic traditions - such as yoga- or Theravada or Mahayana Buddhists - have a significant psychobiological impact. This study compares the neurophysiological correlates of the practices called tantric and non-tantric meditations by a qualitative systematic review of the data collected. It was evidenced that the tantric practices produce increase in the sympathetic activity, the state of "phasic alertness" and in the performance in visual cognitive tasks. They promote greater alertness and lower propensity to sleep, generate an increase in cognitive activity and metabolic modifications contrary to those that are verified of non-tantric as a result of the relaxation induced by these practices. In contrast, non-tantric creams create a better relaxation response with increased parasympathetic activity and inhibition of the sympathetic system, inducing a deep rest hypometabolic state where the practitioner remains awake and his attention on "tonic alertness" with corresponding symptoms to that hypometabolic state -hypotonia, decreased oxygen consumption, heart rate and blood lactate concentration- change in normal endocrine function, increased phenylalanine concentration in advanced meditators, increased plasma prolactin levels, a five-fold increase in arginine vasopressin plasma levels, while thyroid stimulating hormone decreases chronically and acutely. This neurophysiological difference corresponds to the differences found in the investigated texts which point out that: the tantric ones aim to increase alertness or an awakened quality of the mind and warn against excessive calm and on the contrary, the writings and instructions of meditation of the Vedic tradition, yoga, Theravada or Mahayana aim to achieve stillness and calmness. We indicate future clinical research from a more interdisciplinary approach and incorporating the theoretical / philosophical framework of the different types of meditation.