Search

Introducción: la disbiosis intestinal ha sido reconocida como un factor relevante en la etiología de trastornos neuropsiquiátricos, como la depresión y la ansiedad; aunque la relación entre una microbiota intestinal alterada y estos trastornos está bien documentada, los mecanismos moleculares subyacentes aún no se comprenden completamente. Este estudio revisa la literatura reciente para analizar las vías biológicas que podrían explicar esta conexión. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura disponible en bases de datos biomédicas, seleccionando estudios que abordan la relación entre disbiosis intestinal y trastornos afectivos. Se clasificaron los mecanismos implicados en tres categorías: la vía vagal, la permeabilidad intestinal y los efectos de metabolitos bacterianos. Se incluyeron estudios en modelos animales y humanos. Resultados: la revisión identificó que la disbiosis intestinal afecta al sistema nervioso central a través de tres mecanismos principales: la vía vagal que actúa como un puente entre la microbiota intestinal y el cerebro; la permeabilidad intestinal aumentada que permite la translocación de productos; y los metabolitos bacterianos, como el lipopolisacárido, que inducen neuroinflamación y alteraciones en la neurotransmisión. Discusión: los resultados sugieren que la disbiosis intestinal desempeña un papel crucial en la modulación de la inflamación sistémica y cerebral, lo que contribuye a la aparición de síntomas de depresión y ansiedad. La alteración de la barrera intestinal y los efectos de los metabolitos bacterianos son elementos clave en esta relación. Conclusiones: la disbiosis intestinal y las alteraciones en el eje cerebro-intestino son determinantes en la manifestación de trastornos afectivos, destacando el potencial de la microbiota como objetivo terapéutico en el manejo de la depresión y la ansiedad.

Based on a multi-sited ethnography conducted over 14 months in northern Santiago, I examine how the introduction of a series of health policies and the global mental health agenda has interacted with and impacted Haitian migrants in the context of a postdictatorship neoliberal Chile (1990–2019). Specifically, I explore the interactions between health and social institutions, mental health practitioners, psy technologies, and Haitian migrants, highlighting migrants' subjectivation processes and everyday life. I argue that Haitian migrants engage with heterogeneous subjectivation processes in their interactions with health and social institutions, challenging normative values of integration into Chilean society. These processes are marked not only by the presence of, or exposure to, psy interventions and mental health discourses but also by the degree of compatibility between a psychiatric and neurological language and Haitians' ideals and moral frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivo: La transición entre Educación Parvularia y Educación Básica es una problemática identificada en las prácticas y la teoría pedagógica actual. En este contexto, las bases para la comprensión neurocientífica de la enseñanza de la lectoescritura es un sesgo epistemológico persistente y débilmente abordado en la investigación, por lo que se convirtió en el problema de origen del presente artículo. Este tiene como objetivo fundamentar en el plano neurocientífico la enseñanza de la lectura y la escritura en la transición educativa entre los niveles Transición II de Educación Parvularia y primero básico.Método: Los fundamentos expuestos tienen como precedente la revisión crítico-reflexiva de publicaciones científicas de los últimos cinco años, con focos en las indexadas en las bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science, DOAJ o Dialnet, en acceso abierto y en idiomas inglés y español.Resultados: La estructuración lógico-argumentativa aportó la construcción de tres núcleos de conocimiento referidos a: 1) la conceptualización de la transición educativa y términos asociados; 2) las bases neurobiológicas de la lectura y escritura en la infancia; y 3) los predictores cognitivos y modelos del proceso lector.Conclusión: El principal valor científico de este texto radica en aportar saberes neurocientíficos para la toma de decisiones pedagógicas referente a la enseñanza de la lectura y la escritura en el proceso de transición educativa.

Copyright of Acta Neurológica Colombiana is the property of Colombian Association of Neurology / Asociacion Colombiana de Neurologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introducción: las investigaciones en salud mental de la población pediátrica en Colombia son escasas, aun cuando se han reportado impactos importantes relacionados con el COVID-19. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo describir y comparar las alteraciones en la salud mental en la población pediátrica diagnosticada con COVID-19 y sin este diagnóstico, en Caldas, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: el estudio se desarrolló en niños y niñas que fueron diagnosticados con COVID-19 desde marzo del año 2020 hasta marzo del año 2021. Para esto se aplicó el Reporting Questionnaire for Children (RQC) por medio de entrevistas telefónicas, de las cuales 89 fueron incluidas en la investigación. Resultados: en la muestra total se encontró que el síntoma más frecuente fue asustarse o ponerse nervioso sin razón (35?%), seguido de los problemas del lenguaje (30?%) y los problemas de sueño (29?%). Discusión: aunque la mayoría de estudios afirma que la salud mental pediátrica se vio afectada durante la pandemia, pocas veces se relaciona con las implicaciones directas de la infección. El presente estudio señala que los niños diagnosticados con COVID-19 tuvieron mayores dificultades en su salud mental. Conclusiones: tanto las medidas para evitar la propagación del COVID-19 como la enfermedad sistémica que causa el virus, afectaron negativamente la salud mental de la población pediátrica estudiada.

Comparative neurobiology allows us to investigate relationships between phylogeny and the brain and understand the evolution of traits. Bats constitute an attractive group of mammalian species for comparative studies, given their large diversity in behavioural phenotypes, brain morphology, and array of specialised traits. Currently, the order Chiroptera contains over 1,450 species within 21 families and spans ca. 65 million years of evolution. To date, 194 Neotropical bat species (ca. 13% of the total number of species around the world) have been recorded in Central America. This study includes qualitative and quantitative macromorphological descriptions of the brains of 12 species from six families of Neotropical bats. These analyses, which include histological neuronal staining of two species from different families (Phyllostomus hastatus and Saccopteryx bilineata), show substantial diversity in brain macromorphology including brain shape and size, exposure of mesencephalic regions, and cortical and cerebellar fissure depth. Brain macromorphology can in part be explained by phylogeny as species within the same family are more similar to each other. However, macromorphology cannot be explained by evolutionary time alone as brain differences between some phyllostomid bats are larger than between species from the family Emballonuridae despite being of comparable diverging distances in the phylogenetic tree. This suggests that faster evolutionary changes in brain morphology occurred in phyllostomids — although a larger number of species needs to be studied to confirm this. Our results show the rich diversity in brain morphology that bats provide for comparative and evolutionary studies. La neurobiología comparativa nos permite investigar las relaciones entre filogenia y el cerebro, y comprender la evolución de rasgos. Los murciélagos constituyen un grupo atractivo de especies de mamíferos para estudios comparativos, dada su gran diversidad en fenotipos de comportamiento, morfología cerebral y variedad de rasgos especializados. Actualmente, el orden de murciélagos Chiroptera contiene más de 1,450 especies a lo largo de 21 familias y abarcando ca. 65 millones de años de evolución. 194 especies de murciélagos Neotropicales han sido registrados en América Central en la actualidad. Este estudio incluye descripciones macromorfológicas cualitativas y cuantitativas de cerebros de doce especies de seis familias de murciélagos Neotropicales. Estos análisis, que incluyen tinción neuronal usando una técnica histológica en dos especies de diferentes familias (Phyllostomus hastatus y Saccopteryx bilineata), muestran una diversidad sustancial en la macromorfología cerebral, incluida la forma y el tamaño del cerebro, la exposición de las regiones mesencefálicas y la profundidad de las fisuras corticales y cerebelosas. La macromorfología del cerebro puede explicarse en parte por la filogenia, ya que las especies dentro de la misma familia son más similares entre sí. Sin embargo, la macromorfología no puede explicarse solo por el tiempo evolutivo, ya que entre algunas especies de murciélagos filostómidos hay mayores diferencias que entre especies de la familia Emballonuridae, a pesar de tener distancias divergentes comparables en el árbol filogenético. Esto sugiere que se produjeron cambios evolutivos más rápidos en la morfología del cerebro en filostómidos, aunque para confirmar esto es necesario estudiar un mayor número de especies. Nuestros resultados muestran la gran diversidad en la morfología del cerebro que proporcionan los murciélagos para estudios comparativos y evolutivos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of Philosophy / Roczniki Filozoficzne is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Faculty of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kosmos is the property of Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hungarian Medical Journal / Orvosi Hetilap is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Alcoholism & Drug Addiction / Alkoholizm i Narkomania is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tanulmányunkban egy nagyobb ívű interdiszciplináris kutatási programba ágyazódó néptáncos tréning tervét és módszertani hátterét mutatjuk be. Célunk a tréning során alkalmazandó táncház-módszer és néptáncpedagógiai előzményeinek vázlatos áttekintése után a 32 foglalkozásból álló tanítási folyamat leírása. Ezzel a táncház-módszer tanórai alkalmazásához kívánunk útmutatást nyújtani a néptáncpedagógusok számára.

Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Literatura y Lingüística is the property of Universidad Catolica Cardenal Raul Silva Henriquez and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Científica de Ciencias de la Salud is the property of Revista Cientifica de Ciencias de la Salud and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The situation in the world today, encompassing multiple armed conflicts, notably in Ukraine, the Coronavirus pandemic and the effects of climate change, increases the likelihood of childhood exposure to physical injury and pain. Other effects of these worldwide hardships include poverty, malnutrition and starvation, also bringing with them other forms of trauma, including emotional harm, neglect and deliberate maltreatment. Objective: To review the neurobiology of the systems in the developing brain that are most affected by physical and emotional trauma and neglect. Method: The review begins with those that mature first, such as the somatosensory system, progressing to structures that have a more protracted development, including those involved in cognition and emotional regulation. Explored next are developing stress response systems, especially the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and its central regulator, corticotropin-releasing hormone. Also examined are reward and anti-reward systems and genetic versus environmental influences. The behavioural consequences of interpersonal childhood trauma, focusing on self-harm and suicide, are also surveyed briefly. Finally, pointers to effective treatment are proffered. Results: The low-threshold nature of circuitry in the developing brain and lack of inhibitory connections therein result in heightened excitability, making the consequences of both physical and emotional trauma more intense. Sensitive and critical periods in the development of structures such as the amygdala render the nervous system more vulnerable to insults occurring at those points, increasing the likelihood of psychiatric disorders, culminating in self-harm and even suicide. Conclusion: In view of the greater excitability of the developing nervous system, and its vulnerability to physical and psychological injuries, the review ends with an exhortation to consider the long-term consequences of childhood trauma, often underestimated or missed altogether when faced with adults suffering mental health problems. Circumstances in the world today, including armed conflicts, the Coronavirus pandemic, climate change, famine and the worsening economic situation, increase the likelihood that children of all ages are exposed to multiple traumas, including physical as well as emotional pain. Trauma of whatever kind in childhood has a greater impact than that occurring in adulthood, due to greater excitability and a lack of inhibition in the developing brain and nervous system. If the trauma occurs during 'sensitive' or 'critical' periods of certain structures and systems, the potential for long-term damage and its behavioural consequences, including self-harm and even suicide, is heightened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Investigación en Salud VIVE is the property of Revista de Investigacion en Salud VIVE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lege Artis Medicine (LAM) is the property of LifeTime Media Kft. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medicina (Buenos Aires) is the property of Medicina (Buenos Aires) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of Theology / Roczniki Teologiczne is the property of Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL & Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. The occasional consumption of nicotine can generate a dependency or addiction, being detectable through changes in neurobiological mechanisms. Objective. Contextualize from consumption to addiction and theoretically identify the neurobiological mechanism of transition from regular tobacco use to nicotine addiction. Methodology. A search for articles in English and Spanish was carried out using different databases and combinations of keywords, articles that described the characteristics of the neurobiological processes involved in the use or intermittent consumption of tobacco and nicotine addiction were selected. as the main theme. Results. The number of investigations related to this topic is reduced, even more in relation to the description of the processes and neural changes of nicotine addiction. Drug addiction is a complex neurobehavioral process that alters the circuits of the motivation-reward system of the brain, due to the decrease in dopamine and the affectation in the regulation of glutamate in the basal ganglia and extension of the amygdala is associated with the craving, anticipation, and deficits in executive function. Conclusions. Tobacco is considered a legal drug, so its consumption seems to be harmless. However, the evidence shows that its long-term consumption has serious consequences on the health of individuals. Understanding how occasional smoking changes to chronic use makes us more aware of adaptations in the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Entramado is the property of Universidad Libre Seccional Cali and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

INTRODUCCIÓN: El presente artículo incluye una mirada histórica de algunas teorías y clasificaciones del trastorno del espectro del autismo (TEA), incluyendo a los autores más reconocidos y las perspectivas semiológicas vigentes. Se pretende contribuir así a la unificación de criterios entre los profesionales, y propender por la reflexión acerca de las consecuencias de una conceptualización desacertada del trastorno. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Se trata de una revisión documental de artículos indexados en bases de datos, y otros documentos seleccionados intencionalmente. RESULTADOS: Tres categorías a saber fueron consideradas para la organización de la información: a) de la ficción a la ciencia: el paso de la sintomatología mítica a la clasificación nosológica; b) los pioneros austríacos: la dualidad inicial que se transformó en espectro; y c) trastorno del espectro del autismo: una trayectoria en la estructuración de sus criterios diagnósticos. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES: La variabilidad en las hipótesis etiológicas, así como en la manifestación de los síntomas nucleares del TEA, han impactado en su clasificación y abordaje terapéutico. Se requiere una actualización permanente de los profesionales por el avance de la genética y las neurociencias, siendo posible la futura generación de cambios en el rol de los profesionales que intervienen en su detección, evaluación e intervención.

The bonding system of attachment is fundamental in understanding the relationships between different individuals of a species as well as the relationship of mothers with their progeny. The attachment system has an evolutionary component across different species and an intergenerational transmission pattern. In the following review, a framework is developed to understand this attachment system from both an evolutionary and neurobiological perspective. Reviewing attachment in different species has allowed us to know the underlying biological substrate and its correspondence with humans neurobiology, as well as its implication in the response to stress and the evolutionary similarities and differences of attachment relationships in different mammalian species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to integrate the perspectives of analytical psychology and neurobiology in order to understand the phenomenon of addiction in contemporary society, taking into account the COVID-19 pandemic. Jung emphasizes the role of the psyche's self-regulation and the development of consciousness in the individuation process. The search for experiences of transcendence is archetypal and can be achieved by the use of some substances or behaviours and can contribute to individuation. However, in contemporary society, many individuals seek to restore internal balance through behaviours that merely soothe discomfort. The difficulty in discerning use, abuse, and dependence, particularly in the case of behavioural addictions, is discussed and neurobiological factors are presented. Empathic relationships play a key role in this process as they can promote the integration of the right and left hemispheres, integrating non-verbal experiences and language, contributing to self-regulation. Jung emphasizes the importance of real encounters in the transformation process. Currently, meetings have become a source of anguish. The author concludes that more than ever it is necessary to invest in the quality of the interactions to prevent and treat addictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen Introducción: Nos proponemos señalar y contribuir a elucidar las violencias extremas que representan el homicidio y el suicidio en relación con los sustratos psico-neuro-biológicos correspondientes. Material y método: Se han escrutado las bases de datos PubMed/Medline, Scilit-Scientific Literature y otras. La literatura encontrada es inmensa y variada, por lo que hemos elegido realizar una revisión narrativa, todo lo actualizada posible. Resultados y discusión: Además de las aproximaciones más psicologistas, la violencia extrema se ha relacionado con mecanismos epigenómicos como la metilación del ADN. Las vías anatomo-fisiológicas vinculadas con la Oxitocina pueden contribuir a las diferencias individuales en las consecuencias fisiológicas y moleculares de la exposición a la violencia. Parece importante la determinación en las células mononucleares del ARNm de la enzima «Histona Desacetilasa-1», en tanto que media en los procesos epigenéticos. Respecto al suicidio en particular, se ha hallado agregación familiar de las conductas suicidas relacionadas con polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido, lo que subraya su probable transmisión génica. Las personas suicidadas tenían mayor riesgo genético de desinhibición conductual y de sufrir ciertos trastornos mentales. Hay correlato neural entre pensamientos-conductas suicidas y la disminución del grosor de la circunvolución temporal superior. Igualmente se halla involucrado el sistema enzimático MAO. Conclusión: Resultan innegables los fundamentos biológicos de las conductas homicidas y, sobre todo, de las suicidas. La información científica relacionada es muy prolija y generalmente basada en muestras pequeñas. Se requieren más estudios de calidad para determinar bien los cambios moleculares y otros biológicos asociados con ambos tipos de conductas.

On the ship taking him to the Clark lectures in the United States, Jung told Freud about a dream, which became famous, in which a four-story house, or levels, seemed to represent the structure of a psyche based on the archetypal unconscious. Although the idea of archetype has been repeatedly criticized, since the second half of the 1900s scientific studies on the organization of the human brain have confirmed the hypothesis of a stratification of mental functions and a predominantly instinctual and hereditary determination of the first and earliest layer of neuropsychic evolution. Therefore, taking up the structure of the house dreamed up by Jung, in this article we propose the idea of a psycho-neuro-archaeological stratification divided into 3+1 overlapping layers, which constitutes an elaboration of the ternary neuro-archaeological model elaborated first by Paul MacLean and then by Jaak Panksepp, in which affectivity represents the fundamental organizing factor of the brain-mind. The most evolved layer, characteristic of the human species, is that of reflective self-consciousness. Immediately below is the layer of intersubjective consciousness, characteristic of homeothermic species (mammals and birds) and related to the evolution of a complex of medial cortical structures called Default-Mode-Network. Still below is the layer of cognitive-imaginative consciousness, which evolved in vertebrates equipped with cerebral cortex. Finally, the first and oldest layer, is that of affective awareness, related to the functioning of medial subcortical structures (core-Self), where the instinctual and archetypal circuits identified in Panksepp's neuro-ethological studies reside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent scandal in the Netherlands painfully underscored that sexual harassment and abuse are unfortunately still happening around the world, even after decades of advocacy on this issue and five years of #MeToo. To make progress in prevention and treatment we argue that we should address sexual violence from a public health perspective. Furthermore, looking back on the past year, the COVID-19 pandemic was the dominant and potentially traumatic stressor affecting large populations around the world. Another big topic was that of the impact of climate change, we are only beginning to realize its impact on stress across the globe. The European Journal of Psychotraumatology (EJPT), with its increasing global readership and scientific and social impact, is focusing on the traumatic stress aspects of these and many other events. Relatedly, neurobiological aspects are an important and growing focus of the journal in that they help us better understand the mechanisms behind the development of trauma-related disorders and their treatment. In this editorial, we present recent trends, new Open Science developments, journal metrics, the plans and themes for next year and the ESTSS EJPT award winners for best paper of 2021. • Next years' research focus should be on sexual violence from a public health lens, climate change, and neurobiologal aspects of trauma-related disorders. The European Journal of Psychotraumatology (EJPT) calls or papers on these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic oppression, particularly towards sexual minorities, continues to be deeply rooted in the bedrock of many societies globally. Experiences with minority stressors (e.g. discrimination, hate-crimes, internalized homonegativity, rejection sensitivity, and microaggressions or everyday indignities) have been consistently linked to adverse mental health outcomes. Elucidating the neural adaptations associated with minority stress exposure will be critical for furthering our understanding of how sexual minorities become disproportionately affected by mental health burdens. Following PRISMA-guidelines, we systematically reviewed published neuroimaging studies that compared neural dynamics among sexual minority and heterosexual populations, aggregating information pertaining to any measurement of minority stress and relevant clinical phenomena. Only 1 of 13 studies eligible for inclusion examined minority stress directly, where all other studies focused on investigating the neurobiological basis of sexual orientation. In our narrative synthesis, we highlight important themes that suggest minority stress exposure may be associated with decreased activation and functional connectivity within the default-mode network (related to the sense-of-self and social cognition), and summarize preliminary evidence related to aberrant neural dynamics within the salience network (involved in threat detection and fear processing) and the central executive network (involved in executive functioning and emotion regulation). Importantly, this parallels neural adaptations commonly observed among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the aftermath of trauma and supports the inclusion of insidious forms of trauma related to minority stress within models of PTSD. Taken together, minority stress may have several shared neuropsychological pathways with PTSD and stress-related disorders. Here, we outline a detailed research agenda that provides an overview of literature linking sexual minority stress to PTSD and insidious trauma, moral affect (including shame and guilt), and mental health risk/resiliency, in addition to racial, ethnic, and gender related minority stress. Finally, we propose a novel minority mosaic framework designed to inform future directions of minority stress neuroimaging research from an intersectional lens. Minority stress exposure may be associated with alterations within intrinsic connectivity networks. There currently exists a limited number of neuroimaging studies directly investigating the neural correlates of minority stress. Here, we propose a novel minority mosaic framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 20th century a new scientific field emerged with the aim of investigating the human mind and the cerebral realization of it. Many other conceptual and technological advances accompanied this period, for example the logial-mathematical language and the concept of computing that maked the understanding of the human mind be like a computational process. This new field was structured in the 1970 decade with an interdisciplinary approach and a cognitivist emphasis. Later, in 1990, the cognitivism account was questioned by the embodied cognition hypothesis and an organic neurobiological perspective of human cognition. To us, the scientific investigation of the human mind is a very wide and diversified field, with many enlightening debates. This diversity is precisely what makes cognitive sciense so important for the interprise of know the human mind in a naturalized approach that is complementary of the philosophical abstractions. In this context is necessary to understanding the historical path of cognitive sciense and be able of messured the value of this field for the progressive undertanding of what human mind is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo: O presente artigo traça um perfil da importância do ensino de métodos que permitam aos médicos lidarem com a crescente violência à sua volta e a desenvolverem modelos teóricos que permitam ações sociais efetivas.

Este artículo compara críticamente los planteamientos de Günther Anders y filósofos contemporáneos transhumanistas, como Julian Savulescu, Ingmar Persson o Thomas Douglas. Se expondrán los conceptos andersianos de ceguera moral, desnivel prometeico y vergüenza prometeica para comprender la obsolescencia del ser humano, paralelamente al análisis transhumanista de la desadaptación humana en términos evolutivos y cognitivos. Se mostrará cómo buena parte del análisis transhumanista es una reformulación de las tesis andersianas bajo terminología científica. Por último, se abordará la propuesta transhumanista de mejora moral, exponiendo y abordando algunas críticas surgidas sobre la libertad y la responsabilidad moral.

Artykuł prezentuje zjawisko ASMR (Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response, tłum. pol. samoistna odpowiedź meridianow czuciowych) z perspektywy ogólnej i lingwistycznej. Definicja pojęcia i zreferowanie stanu badań stanowią wprowadzenie do klasyfikacji wyzwalaczy ASMR ze względu na zmysły stanowiące źródło doświadczania tzw. efektu ASMR. Autor przedstawia argumenty za włączeniem dotyku i zapachu do klasyfikacji wyzwalaczy. Lingwistyczna analiza zjawiska koncentruje się wokół fonetycznych właściwości wyzwalaczy głosowych, aspektów onomastycznych – analiza gramatyczna i konceptualna wyodrębnionych 17 klas medionimów (nazw kanałów ASMR) oraz dyskursu jako przestrzeni, w której realizowane są funkcje – fatyczna i socjalizująca (budujące więź w obrębie społeczności ASMR; ich realizacja leży po stronie artysty ASMR) oraz ewaluatywna i perswazyjna (ich realizacja leży po stronie odbiorców nagrań).

This article is a complete reworking of a paper presented in 2015, at the V International Conference on Education Administration CIAE, held in San José, Costa Rica, with the title "Neurodidactics: towards a new educational paradigm". For the elaboration of this article some sources and rethinking of ideas are introduced. Neurodidactics is a pedagogical approach resulting from research in the field of neuroscience. The problem and objective that is assumed in this article is to discuss and analyze whether neurodidactics can be referred a paradigm in education and, at the same time, reflect on the importance of neurodidactics in the teaching and learning processes. The approach is qualitative and the research technique is documentary. The review of the literature is non-systematic. The selection of sources is subject to the author's discretion.

Objetivo: Describir las consecuencias neurobiológicas en ninos, ninas y adolescentes con antecedente de abuso sexual infantil (ASI). Metodologia: Se realizó una revisión de literatura entre los años 2015 al 2020 en tres bases de datos (Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo), utilizando las palabras clave: abuso sexual infantil, neurobiologia. Se recopiló información acerca de los tipos de alteraciones neurobiológicas (estructurales, funcionales, endocrinos, psicológicos, inmunológicos y genéticos) en ninos, ninas y adolescentes con antecedente de ASI. Se excluyeron articulos cuyo titulo o resumen no incluyeran los temas de esta revisión. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 99 estudios asociados a las consecuencias neurobiológicas del ASI, con las consecuentes alteraciones estructurales, funcionales, endocrinas, inmunológicos y genéticos que afectan a un importante número de victimas. Conclusiones: Diversos autores han encontrado una relación entre la exposición al ASI y los cambios neurobiológicos, visibilizando asi, el impacto que esto ocasiona en la salud de las victimas, por tal, se hace importante promover intervenciones tempranas y tratamiento adecuado por las múltiples consecuencias que genera, algunas irreversibles.

Copyright of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Psicologia, Diversidade e Saúde is the property of Revista Psicologia, Diversidade e Saude and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El Trastorno Dismórfico Corporal (TDC) corresponde a una preocupación excesiva por los defectos o imperfecciones físicas, que no son observables o parecen sin importancia para otras personas. Objetivo: este trabajo constituye una revisión narrativa sobre el estado del conocimiento de los aspectos neurobiológicos, neuropsicológicos y dimensiones clínicas del TDC. Método: para ello, se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, MedLine, Embase, Science Direct y Bibliomed, y se utilizaron los descriptores “trastorno dismórfico corporal” “funcionamiento cognitivo” “dismorfofobia” y “procesamiento cognitivo”, tanto en inglés como en español. Resultados: seencontró que el TDC se sitúa dentro del trastorno obsesivo compulsivo y otros trastornos relacionados, una categoría diferente a la de los trastornos de ansiedad en la cual se incluía anteriormente. Las personas con TDC presentan dificultades en el procesamiento perceptual visual y la atención selectiva; en algunos casos, también pueden aparecer cambios en la corteza visual, así como en las estructuras límbicas y frontoestriatales. Se identificó que los individuos diagnosticados con TDC tienen cuatro veces más probabilidades de experimentar ideación suicida y mayor riesgo de participar en intentos de suicidio. Discusión: es necesario actualizar la intervención clínica y generar nuevas líneas de investigación al respecto; el TDC es un desorden complejo que actualmente es más prevalente dadas las recientes demandas del contexto respecto al valor social del cuerpo.

Improving the efficacy of depression treatment is a clinical necessity. «Synergy» is the systematic process in which different treatments of and approaches to mood disorders are evaluated and made to work coherently to optimize their results. Depression treatment has shown to benefit from the synergy of pharmacological and psychological processes. Our aim was to evaluate present evidence as to synergizing psychological therapy and pharmacotherapy in mood disorders, reflecting the related brain systems and circulating biological substances. Multiple brain regions are involved in mood disorders, resulting in multiple-target effects of substances, each influencing neurobiological balance, and depending on individual aspects. Large studies showed that psychological treatment may, overall, be more effective than medication. However, the synergy of both provided significantly increased effects that were largely independent of each other, and each added about 50% to the overall effects of combined treatment. Identified neuropsychobiological pathways were found, as well as appreciable evidence that, in depression, the synergy of both treatments can be expected to produce better results through reciprocal effects in cortical, subcortical and visceral systems. In compromised situations such as pregnancy and adolescence, psychological treatments for mood disorders may have preference over drug treatment, but synergy remains essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo O viés atencional corresponde à alocação de recursos de atenção a materiais irrelevantes à tarefa. Supõe-se que pacientes com transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) apresentem viés atencional voltado à ameaça. Com o objetivo de descrever os achados neurobiológicos do viés atencional voltado à ameaça no TOC, foi realizada uma busca sistemática por estudos experimentais com investigação neurobiológica nas bases de dados: MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus e LILACS. Quatro estudos com grupo controle são descritos nos resultados, todos indicam diferenças estatisticamente significativas na atividade encefálica associada a atenção em pacientes. Os achados neurobiológicos dos estudos incluídos na revisão sugerem a alocação de recursos da atenção a estímulos irrelevantes, independente da valência emocional no TOC.

Meta-analytic results indicate that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with hypoactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hyperactivation of the amygdala, and volume reductions of the hippocampus. Effective psychotherapeutic treatments were hypothesized to normalize these neural patterns via upregulation of prefrontal structures, which in turn downregulate limbic regions. To gain a sound understanding of the effects of successful psychotherapy on the brain, neural changes from pre- to post-treatment in PTSD patients will be aggregated. A systematic literature search identified 24 original studies employing structural or functional MRI measurements both before and after treatment of patients diagnosed with PTSD. In conjunction, the review returned little evidence of an activation increase in the mPFC/rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) following successful treatment. Five out of 12 studies observed such an increase (especially during emotion processing tasks), albeit in partially non-overlapping brain regions. Conversely, neither the putative related activation decrease in the amygdala nor volumetric changes or altered activation during the resting state could be convincingly established. Successful psychological treatments might potentially work via upregulation of the mPFC, which thus may be involved in symptom reduction. However, the role of the amygdala in recovery from PTSD remains unclear. There is currently no indication that the various PTSD treatment approaches employed by the reviewed studies differ regarding their action mechanisms, but further research on this topic is needed. There is little evidence for an activation increase in mPFC/rACC following successful PTSD treatment. Most studies detected no significant activation changes in amygdala, insula, or hippocampus. There is no consistent evidence for post-treatment volume changes in any brain region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental dyslexia is characterised by many problems with learning of reading and writing. Despite many studies, there is still no clear answer what is causing these problems. Now, it is known, that dyslexia is conditioned by many factors — syndrome of alterations in the central nervous system. The present paper aimed to review of the neuroscience conceptualisations and results, that focused on the etiopathogenesis of dyslexia. Here showed results from dyslexia researches in the relation of lateralization and dyslexia, including evolution of the theories from neurobiological researches. Moreover, there are also discussed therapeutic methods and their importance in dyslexic children’s cognitive functions stimulation. In this paper showed, that based on current data dyslexia should be regarded as an important health problem. It is necessary, that ensure of the access to specialized diagnostic, as well as teacher’s, parent’s, psychologist’s, physician’s education in the field of therapeutic possibilities and work with dyslexic children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attentional bias is the allocation of attentional resources to irrelevant stimuli during a task. It is assumed that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) presents attentional bias toward threatening stimuli. In order to describe OCD's neurobiological findings of attentional bias towards a threat, it was performed a systematic review of experimental studies with neurobiological assessment in the following databases: MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus and LILACS. Four studies with control group are described in this review, all presenting statistically significant differences in brain activity associated with attention in patients. The neurobiological findings of the studies included in the review suggest allocation of attentional resources to irrelevant stimuli, regardless of the emotional valence in OCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propósito del ensayo: La hipótesis del presente estudio es que los cambios Neurobiológicos producidos por el Maltrato Infantil perpetúan el Ciclo de violencia. Buscamos reportes en donde se presentan cambios Neurobiológicos y neuroendócrinos en la relación a niños con maltrato infantil. Recientes Hallazgos: El estrés crónico en los niños produce lesiones en el sistema límbico que afecta las emociones y la memoria. Hay variantes genéticas, como por ejemplo en el gen de transporte de serotonina, estas variantes son la causa para el desarrollo de resilencia neurobiológica Extracto: El Maltrato Infantil a temprana edad produce consecuencias devastadoras en el cerebro del niño, resultando en múltiples psicopatologías y, lo que es más importante, perpetuando o repitiendo los ciclos de violencia. Esto ocurre no únicamente por conductas aprendidas sino, sobre todo, por cambios neurobiológicos que experimentan los niños maltratados.

Objective: During the last decades a novel addictive group has been detected, the so-called 'behavioral addictions', that share several clinical features with substance addictions, such as craving, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. Love addiction is one of these conditions and seems to result from a dysfunction of the natural characteristics of romantic love. It is characterized by a problematic pattern of love relations leading to significant distress within spite of being aware of the adverse consequences. Method: The aim of this paper was to critically review the available literature by a Pubmed and Google Scholar search. Subsequently, we implemented an electronic manual search of the reference lists of the retrieved articles. Some books, albeit popular, were also cited. Results and Conclusions: The current data would indicate the need for deepening psychopathological, clinical and neurobiological characteristics of love addiction in order to define a correct diagnosis and to implement standardized therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The concept of FA (FA), despite not being universally accepted and recognized, elicited in the latest decades an increasing interest within the scientific community and common people, particularly due to the increase in the prevalence of obesity in the general population and its impact on the psychophysical health of the individual, in particular, in the child population-adolescents, constituting one of the main factors of morbidity and mortality of our times. Although not uniquely accepted, some authors speculated that this increase might be due to the FA. The FA is included within the new behavioural addictions and is defined as a high individual sensitivity in the search for certain foods, especially hyperpalatable ones, high in sodium, simple sugars and fat, but also food additives which are able of stimulating and modifying brain reward circuits, in the same way that an abuse substance leads to the development of a substance-use disorder (SUD). A correlation has also been found with eating disorders (EA), with which it shares some important features, in particular binge eating disorder (BED) and with obesity, with which it shares some important features, both neurobiological and psychological, including a high prevalence of depressive symptoms, low self-esteem and emotional dysregulation such as episodes of emotional eating and night-eating, being able to represent a mechanism for stress management. Several diagnostic tests have been validated for the assessment of the FA, including the Eating Behaviors Questionnaire (EBQ) and in particular the Yale FA Scale (YFAS) in order to identify the risk factors most associated with the FA, as well as different therapeutic approaches, both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological, borrowed from the treatment of SUD and DCA, in particular Cognitive-Behavioraul Therapy, 12-step program and Tele-CBT. Method: The PubMed and Scopus database were searched for full text articles published in the latest ten years, using keywords, with particular attention to the psychological and neurobiological aspects that underlie the disorder. Results and Conclusions: FA is an emerging and controversial concept by virtue of the similarities with the SUD and EA. It could be considered as a proper transnososological dimension or a SUD. On the other hand, recent literature highlights that the FA at least partially meets the requirements to be seen as an independent nosographic entity. Although the concept of FA as an independent disorder is still controversial the identification of individuals that could be vulnerable to the development of FA represents a fundamental health goal for the prevention and treatment of dysfunctional eating behaviours that may lead to the development of obesity and related detrimental psycho-physical consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]