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Background: This phase 1b/2 PCYC-1123-CA study evaluated efficacy and safety of the combination of ibrutinib, lenalidomide, and rituximab (iR 2 regimen) in patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) ineligible for stem cell transplantation., Methods: In phase 2, patients with relapsed/refractory non-germinal centre B-cell-like DLBCL received oral ibrutinib 560 mg once daily and oral lenalidomide 20 mg or 25 mg once daily on Days 1-21 of each 28-day cycle until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity and intravenous rituximab 375 mg/m 2 on Day 1 of Cycles 1-6. The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR) in the response-evaluable population (received any study treatment and had ≥1 post-baseline disease assessment). The study was done at 24 academic and community hospitals in Belgium, Germany, United Kingdom, and USA. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02077166., Findings: Between March 13, 2014 and October 2, 2018, 89 patients were enrolled with a median time on study of 35.0 months. Best ORR in the response-evaluable population (n = 85) was 49% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38-61) across dose cohorts and 53% (95% CI, 39-67) and 44% (95% CI, 26-62) in the 20 mg and 25 mg lenalidomide cohorts, respectively, with complete responses in 24/85 (28%), 17/53 (32%), and 7/32 (22%) patients, respectively. Grade 3/4 adverse events (AEs) occurred in 81/89 patients (91%), most frequently neutropenia (36/89; 40%), maculopapular rash (16/89; 18%), anaemia (12/89; 13%), and diarrhoea (9/89; 10%). Serious adverse events occurred in 57/89 patients (64%). Fatal AEs occurred in 12/89 patients (13%); causes of death were worsening of DLBCL (n = 7), pneumonia (n = 3), sepsis (n = 1), and cardiac arrest (n = 1)., Interpretation: The most frequent AEs (diarrhoea, neutropenia, fatigue, cough, anaemia, peripheral oedema, and maculopapular rash) were consistent with known safety profiles of the individual drugs. The iR 2 regimen demonstrated antitumour activity with durable responses in patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL., Funding: Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company., Competing Interests: R.R. reports a consulting/advisory role with Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company; and research funding from Janssen and Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company. P.J. reports honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genmab, Incyte, Kymera, MorphoSys, Novartis, and Takeda; a consulting/advisory role for Epizyme and Janssen; and patents/royalties/other intellectual property with the University of Southampton. N.G. reports a consulting/advisory role for AbbVie, ADC Therapeutics, Adaptive Biotech, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genmab, Gilead/Kite, Incyte, Janssen, TG Therapeutics, and Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company; research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech, TG Therapeutics, and Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company; and speakers bureau for AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Epizyme, Gilead/Kite, Janssen, and Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company. JRu reports a consulting/advisory role for Celgene/Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Kite Pharma, Seagen, and Secura Bio; and research funding from AstraZeneca, Celgene/Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, and Genentech. K.M.A. reports honoraria from and a consulting/advisory role for BeiGene, Celgene, Gilead, Novartis, and Roche; research funding from ADC Therapeutics, Autolus, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Novartis, and Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company; and travel/accommodations/expenses from Celgene, Gilead, Novartis, and Roche. R.J. reports honoraria from Gilead and Novartis; and a consulting/advisory role for Gilead, Novartis, and Takeda. G.V., S.d.V., S.K., and F.O. have nothing to disclose. D.C. reports a consulting/advisory role with OVIBIO; and research funding from 4SC, Bayer, Celgene, Clovis, Eli Lilly, Leap, MedImmune/AstraZeneca, the National Institute for Health and Care Research Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme, and Roche. L.F. reports honoraria from and a consulting/advisory role for EUSA Pharma; and research funding from Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company. J.Ra. reports stock or other ownership with ADC Therapeutics (self) and AstraZeneca (spouse); honoraria from ADC Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Takeda; a consulting/advisory role and speakers bureau for ADC Therapeutics and Takeda; and research funding from Takeda. S.B. reports a consulting/advisory role for and travel/accommodations/expenses from AbbVie, Gilead, Janssen, Roche, and Takeda. D.M. reports stock or other ownership with Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, and Vertex Pharma. J.M. reports honoraria from Curio, Kyowa, OneView, Physicians' Education Resource, Seagen, and Targeted Oncology; a consulting/advisory role for ADC Therapeutics, Alexion, Bayer, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Debiopharm, Epizyme, Fosun Kite, Genmab, Gilead/Kite Pharma, Innovent, Janssen, Juno/Celgene, Kyowa, Karyopharm, Morphosys/Incyte, Novartis, Pfizer, Seagen, Servier, and Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company; research funding from Bayer, Celgene, Genentech, Gilead/Kite Pharma, Incyte, Janssen, Merck, Millennium, Portola, Seagen, and Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company; and speakers bureau for Acrotech/Aurobindo, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BeiGene, Celgene/Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech/Roche, Gilead/Kite Pharma, Janssen, Kyowa, Seagen, Verastem, and Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company. J.P. reports employment and stock or other ownership with AbbVie. E.S.-G. reports employment and stock or other ownership with AbbVie. K.E. reports employment with Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company; and stock or other ownership with AbbVie. J.K.N. reports employment and stock or other ownership with AbbVie. A.G. reports a leadership position with COTA Healthcare, Genomic Testing Cooperative LCA, and Resilience; stock or other ownership with Alloplex, COTA Healthcare, Genomic Testing Cooperative LCA, Resilience, and Vincerx; a consulting/advisory role for Alloplex, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Clinical Advances H&O, Elsevier's Practice Update Oncology, Gilead, Hoffmann-La Roche, Janssen, Kite Pharma, Medscape, Michael J Hennessey Associates, MorphoSys, Novartis, Onclive Peer Exchange, Physicians Education Resource, Roswell Park, Vincerx, and Xcenda-Amerisource; research funding from Acerta, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech, Hoffmann-La Roche, Infinity, Janssen, Karyopharm, Kite Pharma, MorphoSys, Seagen, Verastem, and Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company; travel/accommodations/expenses from Alloplex, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Clinical Advances H&O, COTA Healthcare, Elsevier's Practice Update Oncology, Genomic Testing Cooperative LCA, Gilead, Hoffmann-La Roche, Janssen, Kite Pharma, Medscape, Michael J Hennessey Associates, MorphoSys, Novartis, Onclive Peer Exchange, Physicians Education Resource, Roswell Park, Resilience, Vincerx, and Xcenda-Amerisource; and other relationship with Acerta, Alloplex, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Clinical Advances H&O, COTA Healthcare, Elsevier's Practice Update Oncology, Genentech, Genomic Testing Cooperative LCA, Gilead, Hoffmann-La Roche, Infinity, Janssen, Karyopharm, Kite Pharma, Medscape, Michael J Hennessey Associates, MorphoSys, Novartis, Onclive Peer Exchange, Physicians Education Resource, Resilience, Roswell Park, Seagen, Verastem, Vincerx, Xcenda-Amerisource, and Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Ibrutinib plus venetoclax, given with an ibrutinib lead-in, has shown encouraging clinical activity in early phase studies in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). The ongoing phase 3 SYMPATICO study evaluates the safety and efficacy of concurrently administered, once-daily, all-oral ibrutinib plus venetoclax in patients with relapsed/refractory MCL. A safety run-in (SRI) cohort was conducted to inform whether an ibrutinib lead-in should be implemented for the randomized portion. Patients received concurrent ibrutinib 560 mg continuously plus venetoclax in a 5-week ramp-up to venetoclax 400 mg for up to 2 years. The primary endpoint was occurrence of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs). The SRI cohort enrolled 21 patients; six and 15 were in low- or increased-risk categories for TLS, respectively. During the 5-week venetoclax ramp-up, three patients had DLTs, and one patient at increased risk for TLS had a laboratory TLS; no additional TLS events occurred during follow-up. With a median follow-up of 31 months, the overall response rate was 81% (17/21); 62% (13/21) of patients had a complete response. SRI data informed that the randomized portion should proceed with concurrent ibrutinib plus venetoclax, with no ibrutinib lead-in. Ibrutinib plus venetoclax demonstrated promising efficacy; no new safety signals were observed.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03112174. Registered 13 April 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03112174 ., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is difficult to cure; non-germinal center B-cell-like (non-GCB) and activated B-cell-like (ABC) DLBCL have worse outcomes than GCB DLBCL. Ibrutinib and lenalidomide are synergistic in vitro in ABC DLBCL and may augment salvage chemotherapy. In part 1 of this phase 1b/2 study (NCT02142049), patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL received ibrutinib 560 mg and escalating doses of lenalidomide on Days 1-7 with DA-EPOCH-R (Days 1-5) in 21-day cycles. In part 1 ( N  = 15), the maximum tolerated dose was not reached with lenalidomide 25 mg (recommended part 2 dose [RP2D]); most common grade ≥3 adverse events were anemia (73%) and febrile neutropenia (47%); the overall response rate (ORR) was 40%. At the RP2D ( n  = 26), ORR was 71% in non-GCB and 64% in ABC. Ibrutinib and lenalidomide with DA-EPOCH-R had a manageable safety profile and antitumor activity in relapsed/refractory DLBCL, especially the non-GCB subtype.

This phase 2 study evaluated the activity and safety of ibrutinib, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, plus rituximab in adults with previously untreated follicular lymphoma. Patients received once-daily ibrutinib 560 mg continuously plus once-weekly rituximab 375 mg/m 2 for 4 weeks beginning Week 1 (Arm 1, n = 60) or Week 9 (following an 8-week ibrutinib lead-in) to explore biomarkers (Arm 2, n = 20). The primary endpoint was the best overall response rate (ORR). The median age was 58 years; most had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status of 0 (74%) and Stage III/IV disease (84%). At a median study follow-up of 34 months in Arm 1 and 29 months in Arm 2, ORRs were 85% [95% confidence interval (CI) 73-93] and 75% (95% CI 51-91), respectively, with complete responses in 40% and 50%. The median duration of response was not reached in either arm; 30-month progression-free and overall survival rates were 67% and 97% (Arm 1) and 65% and 100% (Arm 2). The most common adverse events were fatigue, diarrhoea and nausea. Higher grade (Grade 3/4) haematological, haemorrhagic and cardiac events occurred infrequently. Ibrutinib plus rituximab was active and tolerable in first-line follicular lymphoma., (© 2020 The Authors. British Journal of Haematology published by British Society for Haematology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The outcome of patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is poor, particularly in patients ineligible for stem cell transplantation or who fail induction therapy or salvage therapy. The phase 1b portion of this open-label, dose-escalation (3+3+3 design) study examined the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and preliminary safety and activity of the regimen in transplant-ineligible adults with histologically confirmed relapsed/refractory DLBCL after at least 1 prior therapy. Patients received once-daily 560 mg ibrutinib, 375 mg/m 2 intravenous rituximab day 1 of cycles 1 to 6, and 10, 15, 20, or 25 mg lenalidomide days 1 to 21 of each 28-day cycle. Forty-five patients were treated; median time since diagnosis was 14.1 months, and 51% of the patients had non-germinal center B-cell-like (non-GCB) DLBCL, 33% had transformed DLBCL, 60% were refractory, and 27% were primary refractory. Because of dose-limiting toxicities, a de-escalation cohort (10 mg lenalidomide) was initiated, and with subsequent re-escalation up to 25 mg lenalidomide, the MTD was not reached. In response-evaluable patients, the overall response rate (ORR) was 44% (complete response [CR], 28%); among them, the ORR was 65% (CR, 41%) in non-GCB and 69% and 56% in relapsed (n = 16) and secondary refractory (n = 27) disease, respectively. Overall and for non-GCB, median response duration was 15.9 months, with 2 patients receiving therapy beyond 3 years. Phase 2 was initiated with 20 mg lenalidomide in relapsed/refractory non-GCB, whereas the phase 1b 25-mg lenalidomide cohort was being completed; an additional 25-mg cohort in phase 2 is currently ongoing. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02077166., (© 2019 by The American Society of Hematology.)

Ibrutinib represents a therapeutic advance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) but as monotherapy produces few complete remissions in previously treated patients. Anti-CD20 antibodies have improved response and progression-free survival (PFS) when combined with chemotherapy. We evaluated the safety and activity of adding ofatumumab to ibrutinib in 3 different administration sequences. Patients with CLL/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), prolymphocytic leukemia, or Richter's transformation who failed ≥2 prior therapies were enrolled. Patients received ibrutinib 420 mg daily and 12 doses of ofatumumab 300/2000 mg in 3 schedules: ibrutinib lead-in (group 1; n = 27), concurrent start (group 2; n = 20), or ofatumumab lead-in (group 3; n = 24). Seventy-one patients were treated; most had high-risk disease including del(17)(p13.1) (44%) or del(11)(q22.3) (31%). The most frequent adverse events (any grade) were diarrhea (70%), infusion-related reaction (45%), and peripheral sensory neuropathy (44%). Overall response rates in CLL/SLL patients (n = 66) were 100%, 79%, and 71% in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Estimated 12-month PFSs for all patients were 89%, 85%, and 75%, respectively. Four patients in group 3 progressed prior to receiving ibrutinib. This study demonstrates the tolerability and clinical activity of this combination with quicker time to best response than single-agent ibrutinib and with durable responses. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01217749., (© 2015 by The American Society of Hematology.)

Background: Phenylketonuria is an inherited disease caused by impaired activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase, the enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine, leading to accumulation of phenylalanine and subsequent neurocognitive dysfunction. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase is a prokaryotic enzyme that converts phenylalanine to ammonia and trans-cinnamic acid. We aimed to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and efficacy of recombinant Anabaena variabilis phenylalanine ammonia lyase (produced in Escherichia coli) conjugated with polyethylene glycol (rAvPAL-PEG) in reducing phenylalanine concentrations in adult patients with phenylketonuria., Methods: In this open-label, phase 1, multicentre trial, single subcutaneous injections of rAvPAL-PEG were given in escalating doses (0·001, 0·003, 0·010, 0·030, and 0·100 mg/kg) to adults with phenylketonuria. Participants aged 18 years or older with blood phenylalanine concentrations of 600 μmol/L or higher were recruited from among patients attending metabolic disease clinics in the USA. The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability of rAvPAL-PEG. Secondary endpoints were the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug and its effect on concentrations of phenylalanine. Participants and investigators were not masked to assigned dose group. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00925054., Findings: 25 participants were recruited from seven centres between May 6, 2008, and April 15, 2009, with five participants assigned to each escalating dose group. All participants were included in the safety population. The most frequently reported adverse events were injection-site reactions and dizziness, which were self-limited and without sequelae. Two participants had serious adverse reactions to intramuscular medroxyprogesterone acetate, a drug that contains polyethylene glycol as an excipient. Three of five participants given the highest dose of rAvPAL-PEG (0·100 mg/kg) developed a generalised skin rash. By the end of the study, all participants had developed antibodies against polyethylene glycol, and some against phenylalanine ammonia lyase as well. Drug concentrations peaked about 89-106 h after administration of the highest dose. Treatment seemed to be effective at reducing blood phenylalanine in all five participants who received the highest dose (mean reduction of 54·2% from baseline), with a nadir about 6 days after injection and an inverse correlation between drug and phenylalanine concentrations in plasma. Phenylalanine returned to near-baseline concentrations about 21 days after the injection., Interpretation: Subcutaneous administration of rAvPAL-PEG in a single dose of up to 0·100 mg/kg was fairly safe and well tolerated in adult patients with phenylketonuria. At the highest dose tested, rAvPAL-PEG reduced blood phenylalanine concentrations. In view of the development of antibodies against polyethylene glycol (and in some cases against phenylalanine ammonia lyase), future studies are needed to assess the effect of repeat dosing., Funding: BioMarin Pharmaceutical., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Nuclear genes encode most mitochondrial proteins, and their mutations cause diverse and debilitating clinical disorders. To date, 1,200 of these mitochondrial genes have been recorded, while no standardized catalog exists of the associated clinical phenotypes. Such a catalog would be useful to develop methods to analyze human phenotypic data, to determine genotype-phenotype relations among many genes and diseases, and to support the clinical diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders. Here we establish a clinical phenotype catalog of 174 mitochondrial disease genes and study associations of diseases and genes. Phenotypic features such as clinical signs and symptoms were manually annotated from full-text medical articles and classified based on the hierarchical MeSH ontology. This classification of phenotypic features of each gene allowed for the comparison of diseases between different genes. In turn, we were then able to measure the phenotypic associations of disease genes for which we calculated a quantitative value that is based on their shared phenotypic features. The results showed that genes sharing more similar phenotypes have a stronger tendency for functional interactions, proving the usefulness of phenotype similarity values in disease gene network analysis. We then constructed a functional network of mitochondrial genes and discovered a higher connectivity for non-disease than for disease genes, and a tendency of disease genes to interact with each other. Utilizing these differences, we propose 168 candidate genes that resemble the characteristic interaction patterns of mitochondrial disease genes. Through their network associations, the candidates are further prioritized for the study of specific disorders such as optic neuropathies and Parkinson disease. Most mitochondrial disease phenotypes involve several clinical categories including neurologic, metabolic, and gastrointestinal disorders, which might indicate the effects of gene defects within the mitochondrial system. The accompanying knowledgebase (http://www.mitophenome.org/) supports the study of clinical diseases and associated genes.

Objectives: In HIV infection, activated monocytes are enriched in blood and in the perivascular area of the brain, especially in patients with HIV-associated dementia. Although clinical brain disease is uncommon during combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), autopsy series indicate that HIV-infected brain tissue can contain high numbers of monocytes/macrophages despite ART., Design: We assessed activated monocytes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 76 living patients on and off ART. Plasma lipids were measured because they have been associated with monocyte activation and ART., Methods: A novel quantitative six-color flow cytometric approach was used to identify monocytes in blood and CSF and to evaluate monocyte activation status., Results: The mean percentage and number of activated CD16 monocytes in CSF was highest in individuals on combination ART, especially in those receiving protease inhibitors (PI). CSF viral load was also associated with higher monocyte activation in CSF. The mean calculated low density lipoprotein (LDL)-, oxidized LDL- and total cholesterol in plasma were highest in patients receiving PI., Conclusions: Activated monocytes are enriched in the CSF of persons living with HIV-1 and receiving ART. This finding is consistent with previously reported autopsy series. The mechanisms and long-term clinical consequences of persistent monocyte activation require further study.

We characterized T cell phenotypes in 74 paired blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of HIV-infected and uninfected persons using four-color flow cytometry. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells subsets were further characterized by identifying activated/resting and memory/naive subsets in CSF and blood using the markers CD38/HLA-DR and CD45RA/CD62L, respectively. With and without HIV-infection, the proportion of CD4+ T cells and memory T cells among T cells in CSF was higher compared to blood. In HIV-infection, activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in CSF were more abundant than in uninfected controls. As expected, combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduced T cell activation in CSF and blood.

In HIV-1-infected subjects, the magnitude of HIV-1 viral load in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) correlates with the CSF white cell count. To determine whether HIV-1-producing T cells appear in CSF and whether their percentage and number correlate with viral load in CSF, we developed a flow cytometric assay that detects HIV-1-producing T cells by identifying intracellular p24 HIV-1 antigen. We found that most CSF T cells were not HIV-1 producing, even when cell-free viral load in CSF was high. Most activated T cells in CSF were also not HIV-1 producing, but the activated CD38+ CD4 T-cell fraction in CSF was independently associated with the fraction of HIV-1-producing T cells in CSF. We conclude that HIV-1-producing T cells appear in CSF and that their percentage and number correlate with cell-free viral load in CSF, even though the CSF total white cell count remains the best predictor for CSF viral load. In HIV-1 infection, CSF white cell counts seem to contain a large number of uninfected cells. White cell counts and viral load in CSF may result from systemic inflammation and immune activation.

Postmortem neuropathologic reports for a consecutive series of 436 HIV-seropositive patients who died between 1985 and 1999 were matched with clinical data for 371 of them. Cases were divided into four groups depending on the date of death. The chosen time periods reflected the type of antiretroviral therapy available: before 1987 (before zidovudine); 1987-1992, the period of monotherapy (nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs]); 1993-1995, the era of the use of dual NRTI combinations; and 1996-1999, the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) containing protease inhibitors. Fifty-seven percent of our cases in this group had been prescribed HAART. In our study population, accessibility to the latest antiretroviral therapy was widespread. The total number of HIV autopsies declined after the advent of combination therapy. The prevalence of opportunistic infections-cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and central nervous system lymphoma-decreased over time. Cerebral tuberculosis, aspergillosis, herpes, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy showed a downward trend, but the numbers were too low for statistical analyses. The incidence of HIV encephalopathy increased over time (p =.014). The rising prevalence of HIV encephalopathy at time of death may reflect a longer survival time after initial HIV infection in the HAART era. Although combination therapies decrease overall mortality and prevalence of CNS opportunistic infections, these therapies may be less active in preventing direct HIV-1 effects on the brain.