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TECHNE - Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment, TECHNE 13 (2017): Theories Practice Design

A considerable amount of information that students and teachers in architectural education would find useful in their practice is available in multitude of online databases and repositories, all structured in different ways and providing disparate search methods. The European project MACE (Metadata for Architectural Contents in Europe) will provide a framework to facilitate finding, acquiring, using and discussing about online digital architectural content previously reachable only to small user groups. In the context of MACE we have been building a database of more than 200 architectural repositories, structured according to several criteria which are relevant for architectural education. The database allows for multi-criterial filtering or search of repositories. Each repository is presented in the same format offering an immediate view on and allowing direct access to that repository. ispartof: pages:298-305 ispartof: Browsing Architecture, Metadata and Beyond. EAAE Transactions on Architectural Education no. 40 pages:298-305 ispartof: Online repositories in Architecture location:Venice (Italy) date:20 Sep - 21 Sep 2008 status: published

This deliverable is an update to the Joint Deliverable: “Functional prototype for metadata tools and concepts”. The purpose is to describe now the production version of the metadata tools and concepts developed in MACE. As a joint deliverable, it is a collection of the following deliverables listed in the Description of Work: D3.4: Production Version for usage metadata, D4.6: Production Version for contextual metadata, D5.6: Production Version for competence and process metadata, D6.6: Production Version for content and domain metadata .

Finding the right information has never been an easy task. Before the Web, information resources were hard to locate and reach. In present times, however, digital contents about all fields of life are just a few clicks away, yet their discovery through the increasingly complex maze of available on-line resources can be a very time-consuming effort. Traditional general-purpose search engines look at these resources as conceptually independent Web documents. Indexing as many as they can reach, they store the limited information about them that enables a basic keyword search. The MACE project sets out to demonstrate the benefit of describing already existing contents about the specific domain of Architecture, Building Technology and Construction with semantically well defined metadata (information about those contents), in order to make them more accessible, usable and exploitable, especially during learning activities. It does this by providing unique search services over different types of metadata both, harvested from the on-line sites hosting the contents, and created within the MACE infrastructure. ispartof: EDULEARN ispartof: The International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies ispartof: EDULEARN location:Barcelona (Spain) date:6 Jul - 7 Jul 2009 status: published

With the increased usage of 3D modeling, visualization, simulation and Building Information Modeling, architects produce 3D models, both for new designs and for historic reconstructions. However, these models are seldom shared to transfer structured information about the project. Even if they are exchanged, they are often not usable outside of their original design application. Additionally, digital archives with architectural content can not easily provide structured information about these 3D models, limiting their usefulness. This article discusses an approach to provide better structured models, using a combination of a sound methodology, the application of open file formats and additional metadata creation. ispartof: pages:119-132 ispartof: Joining languages, cultures and visions pages:119-132 ispartof: CAAD Futures location:Montréal (Canada) date:17 Jun - 19 Jun 2009 status: published

Schools and teachers increasingly apply Online Learning Environments for teaching and course management. In many cases, an existing platform is used to support the curriculum. At the K.U.Leuven in Belgium a campus-wide platform is provided, using a commercial Content Management System. At the same time, the Design and Building Methodology research group at the Department of Architecture, Urbanism and Planning developed a custom portal to organize Computer Aided Architectural Design courses and seminars. Integration of this portal into the university system was rather disappointing, since much of the flexibility and customizability was lost, without any chance of filling in the gaps. This article discusses the possibilities and limitations of existing web-based systems to support Computer Aided Architectural Design teaching and reports on our own experiences from the last decade. A comparison of selected systems is juxtaposed with the requirements derived from these experiences. ISBN 986018080-0 ispartof: pages:285-294 ispartof: Between Man and Machine - Integration, Intuition, Intelligence pages:285-294 ispartof: CAADRIA location:Yunlin, Taiwan, R.O.C. date:22 Apr - 25 Apr 2009 status: published

In Architectural Design and Education, it is common to refer to prior design cases. This is apparent in a teaching context, where students study existing projects, but also in a professional context, where reflection on existing design examples can inform the designer about possible solutions or as historic reference. With the increased usage of 3D techniques in visualization, simulation and Building Information Modelling, architects nowadays produce more and more designs as 3D models. While these models provide new means to visualize and interrogate the design, much of this potential is left unused, as the models are seldom shared to exchange design information. This article discusses results from the 3D reconstruction of exemplary building projects and sites from recent history. The reconstructions used widely differing techniques, from regular 3D modelling using CAD and visualization software, to extensive measuring and surveying techniques. These examples illustrate the added value 3D models enable, compared to traditional drawings or photographs. Even the structure and presentation of recent design projects can be improved using diagrams and overlays, capitalizing on the results of the 3D modelling efforts. In parallel, it is possible to improve and increase information about the design, by adding additional metadata to the 3D model. The “enrichment” of the 3D models make better structured information available, which can in turn, facilitate the retrieval and recovery of such models, when searching or browsing for design information through online repositories. The combination of these diverse techniques enables an increased accessibility of the inherent design information, which would not be established using each technique as such ispartof: pages:67-73 ispartof: Digital Heritage : Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia pages:67-73 ispartof: Virtual Systems and MultiMedia location:Limassol, Cyprus date:20 Oct - 25 Oct 2008 status: published

This paper discusses advantages and limitations of different representation types, illustrated with examples from current commercial Building Information Modeling applications. There is still a potential benefit in more thoroughly adapting additional representations to access and manage project data. The paper presents arguments to adapt a hybrid approach, where multiple representations should form a series of interfaces to interact with a building model. Inspiration is derived from software applications not associated with Building Information Modeling. ispartof: pages:35-42 ispartof: Architecture ‘in computro’ – Integrating methods and techniques pages:35-42 ispartof: eCAADe location:Antwerpen (Belgium) date:17 Sep - 19 Sep 2008 status: published

This research paper tries to shed light on the cognitive aspect of tutors’ guiding in the design studio. To this end, it starts by reviewing the characteristics of design knowledge, as well as how knowledge is transferred and constructed during the process of studio guiding. We use the term ‘guiding’ instead of ‘teaching’ to highlight the trait that distinguishes studio tutoring, which appreciates multiple representations for developing design capacity, from conventional classroom lecturing. Subsequently the focus will shift to describing the behavior involved in design guiding and its implications on the cognitive mechanism operating in the tutor’s mind. The aim is not to develop a prescriptive method for design tutors, but to provide a possible frame of mind for pedagogical improvement in design guiding. CD-Rom ispartof: pages:1-4 ispartof: CONNECTED 2007 pages:1-4 ispartof: International Conference on Design Education location:Sydney (Australia) date:9 Jul - 12 Jul 2007 status: published

Computerized production of working drawings, specifications and renderings are common practice in architecture today. Post-design computation is still the rule. However, the most important design decisions are taken in the early stages of design. Therefore the future of real CAAD resides in developing a digital design environment capable of helping the architect while conceiving a design. What the architect needs is a CAAD system that ‘looks over his/her shoulder’ while designing and that informs about the qualities of the design, and at the same time leaves the decisions up to the designer or design team. The paper discusses an approach to an integrated design environment for architecture. ispartof: pages:36-40 ispartof: The 9th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics vol:3 pages:36-40 ispartof: WMSCI location:Orlando, FL (USA) date:10 Jul - 12 Jul 2005 status: published

Design solutions do not occur in a vacuum. They are nourished by a breeding ground that embraces various substances, phenomena and traces, all of which function as raw material for concept generation and ultimately for design. Perhaps an appropriate name for this breeding ground is ‘culture medium’, which combines the notion of cultural baggage that individuals and groups hold as part of their make-up, with the idea of a seedbed for growing micro-organisms. This paper examines the composition of this ‘culture medium’ and how it functions in the context of design education through reporting two unrelated, yet content-wise connected studies. The first results from indepth interviews with experienced design tutors, the second is comprised of an ethnographically oriented study with a group of design students. Combining, comparing and contrasting information gathered in these two studies, reveals some interesting insights about the ‘culture medium’ that is valued by tutors and students. ispartof: pages:59-63 ispartof: Crossing Design Boundaries pages:59-63 ispartof: Engineering and Product Design Education Conference location:Edinburgh date:15 Sep - 16 Sep 2005 status: published

Documenting cultural heritage is an important step towards the conservation and restoration of monuments. ‘Precise documentation’ in conservation works, deals with the use of techniques capable of acquiring geometry as well as texture information with high precision and integrity. Only recently orthophoto’s have been accepted and are used as a standard tool in archeological and cultural heritage documentation. By analyzing two existing software packages for orthophotograph production, we conclude that standard automatic surface modeling techniques as well as laser scanning do not fulfill the high needs of close range architectural orthophotography because of the large amount of discontinuities in the surface. This paper presents ongoing research that combines the use of laser scanning, photogrammetry and image processing to overcome these problems. The major problem lies in achieving automation and efficiency together with robustness and reliability so that the algorithms and methods can be used for a successful and economically feasible implementation in practice. ispartof: pages:473-480 ispartof: Proceedings of the 11th International conference on Virtual Systems and multimedia (VSMM2005) pages:473-480 ispartof: VSMM2005 location:Ghent, Belgium status: published

Research and development on Computer Aided Architectural Design often focuses on simulating a building as a digital model. Our research on the early design stages explores concepts we feel are lacking in current design tools and research projects. Building models are usually static models, serving as a snapshot of the design. We aim to support design phase and scale level transitions, to better support the workflow of the designer. This paper formulates our approach at supporting transitions in an integrated design environment for architecture. ispartof: pages:829-836 ispartof: Digital Design: The Quest for New Pardigms pages:829-836 ispartof: eCAADe location:Lisbon (Portugal) date:21 Sep - 23 Sep 2005 status: published

The paper examines whether and how design methods, as advocated by the Design Methods Movement, have influenced design studio education in Taiwanese architecture schools. Taiwan is chosen as a case because it allows utilizing the authors’ learning and teaching experiences in both Taiwanese and Western architecture schools as entry point. Rather than analyzing the discrepancies between both worlds, the study aims to describe the generality of architectural design education, and focus more on the role of design methods therein. Or rather roles, for design methods turn out to show multiple faces from different perspectives. From the perspective of pedagogical awareness, the design process and the notion of programming—major issues for the Design Methods Movement—stand out. From the point of view of teaching aids, at least three faces can be distinguished: pattern language, anthropomorphic standards and operation of form. However, from the perspective of the ‘deep structure’ of design, design methods’ influence almost disappears. Research tracks on e.g. problem solving, reflectionin- action and designerly ways of thinking hardly seem to have affected Taiwanese architectural education. Therefore the paper closes by deriving some hypothetical roles design methods could have played from parallel evolutions in Western schools, so as to reveal what Taiwan, as well as other parts of the world, might reflect on. CD Rom ispartof: pages:9- ispartof: Proceedings of the International Design Congress--IASDR2005 (2005idc) New Design Paradigm pages:9- ispartof: IASDR 2005 International Design Congress location:Yunlin (Taiwan) date:27 Oct - 28 Oct 2005 status: published

When monuments are seriously damaged, or completely destroyed, the amount and quality of documentation becomes highly important. Nowadays orthophoto’s have become a standard tool in archeological and in cultural heritage documentation. By analyzing two existing software packages that are used to create orthophotographs today, we find that standard automatic surface modeling techniques as well as laser scanning do not fulfill the high needs of close range architectural orthophotography because of the large amount of discontinuities in the surface. In this paper we plan to combine the use of laser scanning, photogrammetry and image processing to overcome these problems. The major problem lies in achieving automation and efficiency together with robustness and reliability so that the algorithms and methods can be used for a successful and economically feasible implementation in practice. ispartof: pages:35-44 ispartof: Augmented Heritage: New Era for Architectural Design, Civil Engineering and Urban Planning pages:35-44 ispartof: EuropIA - Augmented Heritage location:Damascus, Syria date:13 Sep - 15 Sep 2005 status: published

The paper presents a longitudinal study on the iterative implementation and testing of a support tool for precedent-based design. DYNAMO—Dynamic Architectural Memory On-line—was originally conceived as an interactive workhouse to stimulate and support student and professional architects in learning from previous design experience as encapsulated by concrete design projects. Five years after its baptism of fire, the paper looks back on how DYNAMO’s role has gradually evolved from an information and communication platform to an instrument for improving curriculum integration through a process of cumulative knowledge development. After briefly recalling the underlying ideas of DYNAMO and their stepwise implementation as an operational platform, a series of case studies documents how the platform has been brought into action in different contexts—within, across and beyond architecture schools. Besides valuable feedback on DYNAMO’s prototype, these case studies have generated more general insights regarding design and design tool support, which largely transcend the platform as such. Special Issue Digital Media Libraries ispartof: Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon) vol:9 pages:101-120 status: published

IDEA+ is an integrated design environment for architecture, which is currently being implemented at our department. It requires the development of an architecture-oriented data-structure and a prototype application. In the research project, the focus lies on transitions between different design phases and scale levels, and at the same time integrating evaluation tools in the design environment. The paper tries to give an overview of implementation issues and focuses on both programming and architectural topics: “Representations” – How the project data will be displayed and at the same time, will serve as an interface to the design. How the different views on the data (2D, 3D, textual) will give other insights into the design. “Transitions” – How the environment will try to follow the workflow of an architect/designer, by allowing a transition of the design into different scale levels and design phases “Tests” – how the evaluation tests can be integrated in the design environment and at the same time be developed independently. ispartof: pages:71-76 ispartof: E-activities in design and design education, Proceedings of the 9th EuropIA International Conference pages:71-76 ispartof: EuropIA location:Istanbul (Turkey) date:8 Oct - 10 Oct 2003 status: published

IDEA+ is an “Integrated Design Environment for Architecture”. The need for such an environment lies in the lack of tools that address architectural design as a process and focus on the early design phases. The conceptual foundation for this environment has been laid out in a scheme with different design phases and scales, together with appropriate tests at different levels (Neuckermans, 1992). This scheme has been translated into a theoretical framework, the “Core Object Model” (Hendricx, 2000). The ongoing research focuses specifically on the design phase and scale transitions (Boeykens, 2002) and on a daylighting test (Geebelen, 2001). The paper tries to lay out the implementation strategy for both the data-structure and a prototype application, which are currently in progress. The paper will discuss not only programming aspects but also architectural issues, which has always been one of the main goals for the research project. ispartof: pages:761-771 ispartof: 3rd International Postgraduate Research Conference in the Built and Human Environment pages:761-771 ispartof: IPRC location:Lisbon (Portugal) date:3 Apr - 4 Apr 2003 status: published

Addressing the subject of Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) in architectural design, we present a Web-based design assistant for student- and professional architects called DYNAMO. Its main objective is to initiate and nurture the life-long process of learning from (design) experience as suggested by CBR’s cognitive model. Rather than adopting this model as such, DYNAMO extrapolates it beyond the individual by stimulating and intensifying several modes of interaction. One mode – the focus of this paper – concerns the interaction between the realm of design education and the world of practice. DYNAMO offers a platform for exchanging design efforts and insights, in the form of cases, between both parties, which perfectly chimes with the current tendency towards life-long learning and continuing education. Just like our university advises graduates to ‘Take a maintenance contract with your degree’, architecture schools may encourage recently qualified architects to subscribe to DYNAMO. To what extent the tool can fulfill this role of maintenance contract is discussed at the end of the paper, which reports on how DYNAMO was used and appreciated by professional architects at different levels of expertise. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design In Architecture, ACADIA, Buffalo (NY) ispartof: pages:90-99 ispartof: Reinventing the Discourse pages:90-99 ispartof: Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design In Architecture (ACADIA) location:Buffalo (NY) status: published

Paper and pencil sketching, visual analogies, and creativity are intuitively interconnected in design. This paper reports on previous and current research activities of a psychologist (the 1st author) and an architect/designer (the 2nd author) on issues concerning sketching and analogies, and analogies and creativity respectively. In this paper we tried to unite these findings into a combined theory on how sketching, analogies, and creativity interrelate. An appealing theory emerges. It is hypothesized that with no paper available or no expertise to use it, analogies can be used to support the creative process instead of sketches. This theory, however, is a tentative one that needs more research to be confirmed. ispartof: pages:299-310 ispartof: Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design II pages:299-310 ispartof: Visual and spatial reasoning in design II status: published

In Winter/Spring 1999, DYNAMO – a Web-based design assistant for student architects – received its baptism of fire in a 4th year design studio at our department. The paper describes the setting and procedure of the baptism, the participation of the studio teaching staff, and the students’ reactions and appreciation. Based on students’ responses to a questionnaire and observations of the tool in use, we investigated whether DYNAMO succeeded in engaging students and what factors stimulated/hampered this engagement. Although students were noticeably enthusiastic about the tool, three factors revealed themselves as major obstacles to student engagement: lack of time, of encouragement by the teachers and of studio equipment. The paper concludes with lessons learned for the future of DYNAMO and, more in general, of ICT in education. Proceedings of the International Colloquium organised by EuroPACE at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven University Press, Leuven (Belgium) ispartof: pages:133-136 ispartof: The Wanderstudent 2000: The Wanderstudent of 1425 revived in virtual reality in 2000? Towards a European Virtual University pages:133-136 ispartof: The Wanderstudent 2000 location:Leuven 2000 status: published

This paper describes the current status of DYNAMO, a web-based design assistant for students and professional designers in the field of architecture. The tool can be considered a Case-Based Design (CBD) system in so far that it was inspired by the view of cognition underlying CBD. The paper points out how DYNAMO incorporates this view, and at the same time extrapolates it beyond the individual. In this way, the tool attempts to embrace and profit from several kinds of interaction that are crucial for the development and renewal of design knowledge. This should result in a design tool that both feels cognitively comfortable to (student-) designers, and offers them a platform for exchanging knowledge and insights with colleagues in different contexts and at different levels of experience. In addition, the paper describes the implementation of these theoretical ideas as a working prototype, which has recently been tested by 4th year design students. Finally, DYNAMO is situated in the context of other comparable tools that have been or are being developed in the field of architectural design. ispartof: Educational Technology and Society vol:3 issue:2 pages:86-95 status: published

Proceedings of the 2nd EAAE-ARCC Conference, Paris (France) ispartof: pages:231-241 ispartof: RECHERCHE ET ARCHITECTURE / RESEARCH and ARCHITECTURE pages:231-241 ispartof: EAAE-ARCC Conference location:Paris 2000 status: published

International Society on Virtual Systems and MultiMedia ispartof: 5th International Conference on Virtual Systems and MultiMedia 1999 (VSMM'99) ispartof: VSMM'99 location:Dundee (Scotland) date:1 Sep - 3 Sep 1999 status: published

This paper focuses on one single aspect of the relationship between cyberspace and architecture: the domain of information visualisation. This field embraces many different approaches to represent data-derived information in a three-dimensional way. One of them, Benediktine Cyberspace, is discussed in more detail. First, the role and importance of visualisation techniques are situated within the context of the information revolution. Second, the cyberspatial principles of Michael Benedikt are described, and finally investigated in a concrete computer application called VR/search. This should illustrate both the three-dimensional consequences as well as the still visionary character of Benedikt’s ideas. ispartof: International Journal of Design Sciences and Technology vol:7 issue:1 pages:23-39 status: published

International Society on Virtual Systems and MultiMedia ispartof: pages:618-622 ispartof: 4th International Conference on Virtual Systems and MultiMedia pages:618-622 ispartof: Virtual Systems and MultiMedia location:Gifu, Japan date:Nov - Nov 1998 status: published