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Tag4M is a Wi-Fi RFID active tag with the functionality of a multifunctional Input/Output measurement device. The tag offers a comb ination of Wi-Fi radio and measurement capabilities for sensors and actuators that generate output as voltage, current, or digital signal. Tag4M is very suitable for prototyping of wireless sensor measurements and also for teaching wireless measurement using the existing Wi-Fi infrastructure. In many applications cables need to be removed from measurement setups and replaced with wireless devices that are connected to sensors and send data wirelessly to the network and to computers. Wireless measurement devices that replace cabling need to be small and cheap and reliable in order to be a valid replacement for cabling. Mobile type measurement applications like monitoring of rotating machinery or moving objects also benefit from wireless measurement devices. Inside the class of wireless measurement devices there are those running on batteries. These devices are built around low or very low power microcontrollers, have the capability of going to sleep for long periods of time, and implement some kind of radio and associated communication protocol that are designed to save battery power. Wireless USB, ZigBee, Bluetooth and ultra low-power Wi-Fi are the most common radio platforms used in wireless measurement and communication. Basic performance benchmarks for comparison of these technologies, things like application domains, typical range, network connectivity, network topology and key attributes are available in the reference (Sidhu et al., 2007). Wireless USB devices, like the wireless mouse for example, are mostly used as computer peripherals. Bluetooth devices are more power hungry therefore this wireless technology is used in PDAs and computers that can be (re)charged overnight. The strength of Bluetooth lies in its ability to allow interoperability and replacement of cables. ZigBee and ultra low power Wi-Fi are the two wireless technologies best suited for sensor measurement. The one major difference between ZigBee and ultra-low power Wi-Fi is that ZigBee nodes use the ZigBee protocol and not any native Internet protocol like TCP/IP or UDP, and therefore ZigBee nodes need a dedicated Access Point that translates ZigBee into TCP/IP in order for the data to be sent over the network. ZigBee networks can support a larger number of devices and in most cases, longer range between devices than Bluetooth

Sharing spectrum resources in unlicensed bands grants vehicular applications inexpensive and ubiquitous access to wireless services. However, wireless technology coexistence concerns are gaining increased attention. In response, coexistence test methods are now being reported in the literature, and novel solutions are considered in the American National Standards Institute C63.27 Standard for Evaluation of Wireless Coexistence. Furthermore, the IEEE 802 standards committee formed a new study group, named wireless automotive coexistence, operating under the umbrella of 802.19 working group to highlight the increasing concerns of wireless coexistence in the automotive domain. The radiated open environment coexistence test (ROECT) method offers high flexibility to test wireless devices for coexistence. Radio signal propagation during testing is over the air, reducing access to the signal path. Consequently, monitoring instantaneous device performance is a challenge yet to be addressed. This paper introduces a novel method for estimating the channel utilization of multiple, concurrent wireless transmitters sharing the 2.4-GHz ISM band in the context of ROECT. Passively received power measurements were collected during testing, and then a Gaussian mixture model was used to build a classifier for labeling observed power samples relative to their source. Case studies utilizing IEEE 802.11n as an interfering system with an under test system based on either IEEE 802.11n or ZigBee are detailed. Findings demonstrate the mutual effect of spectrum sharing on both interfering and under test systems in terms of per-second channel utilization and frame collision. Experimental results show an overall accuracy exceeding 98%.

This paper analyses the performance of the Xbee-PRO IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee protocol) based Wireless Area Network transmission component for urban environment, as part of the Smart City concept. This embedded solution was designed to provide a wireless networking layer for Machine-2-Machine (M2M) communication. A series of carefully designed field comparison tests in a “0” obstruction environment and a real urban area was conducted using three-dimensional positioned nodes. The objective of the study was to simulate the potential applications and expose the cases where this technology cannot be applied. The obtained results reveal significant deviation from the technical manufacturer specifications when applied in the actual field measurement environment.

Overhead and underground power line monitoring is an essential infrastructure for advanced operation in the smart grid. Wireless sensor networks are attractive to remote power line monitoring, due to their rare geography restrictions, simple engineering design, and flexible equipment expansion. Considering the ZigBee’s characteristic of low transmission rate, almost commercial sensors adopt the high-speed communication, such as Cellular and WiFi, to implement the real-time wireless monitoring. However, among all wireless technologies, ZigBee, characterizing high security, ultra-low power consumption, reliable network, low cost, and ease of design, is widely used in many industries. This paper proposes a new ZigBee-based communication for multifunctional electronic current transformers (ECTs), which are used in overhead and underground line monitoring. To tackle ZigBee’s low transmission rate, the proposed method involving a transmission strategy can make the ZigBee-based communication satisfy both measurable and protective purposes of multifunctional ECTs. Finally, the new ZigBee-based wireless communication is implemented and integrated with an ECT, which is based on the coreless Hall-effect current transformer (HCT), and the proposed ZigBee-based wireless multifunctional HCT is called ZiHCT. The measurement results show that the ZiHCT can achieve accuracy not only to Class 0.5 for measuring CTs, but also to Class 5P20 for protective CTs according to IEC standard 60044-8.

This paper proposed a low cost wireless monitoring system based on ZigBee wireless transmission, and designed a new floating voltage sensor which is suitable for the monitoring of medium voltage and high voltage(MV/HV) public equipment. The system used TI-CC2530 as the controller, proposed a new moving average voltage sensing(MAVS) algorithm by reasonable assumptions, and adopted algorithms to perform the theoretical analysis for the single phase and three-phase voltage. At last, the author carried out a practical experiment on the wireless floating voltage sensor under the voltage up to 30kV, the experimental results showed that the proposed low cost wireless sensor can achieve a good voltage monitoring function, and the error is less than 3%.

The internet of Thing (IoT)technology has much development in this era. It has various wireless media transmission systems such as ESP and XBEE. Some IoT device can monitor website or application. On the other hand, Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that used more on the entertainment sector. Here, we try to use AR to monitor the xbee based IoT device. As a result, there is the different result between Zigbee Protocol and IEEE 802.14.5 real time monitoring system. The optimum estimation of realtime time tolerance of those monitoring systems is >1500 ms (IEEE 804.14.5) and > 50 ms (Zigbee protocol).

Within thisproject, it is intended to design and implement a web-based wirelessphotovoltaic monitoring system that can measure important parameters forphotovoltaic power systems and perform performance calculations and comparisonsof the modules. A webbased, low-cost wireless monitoring system using theZigbee wireless communication protocol has been developed, taking into accountthe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards. Thanks to thisdeveloped Zigbee based monitoring system, the data in the power plant can berecorded without any loss without regard to weather conditions. It also has thenecessary infrastructure for various emergency scenarios. At this point, theinvestor can access the system from any device with internet access, regardlessof where in the world. As a result of the tests made, there is no data lossbetween the receiver and the transmitter in this developed system. Emergencysystems, which are developed as solutions to electricity or internetinterruption problems, prevent data losses.

This paper deals with a cognitive overlay IEEE 802.15.4e wireless sensor network relying on a low-complexity spectrum sensing technique. In particular, the paper critically compares two spectrum sensing schemes with the aim of identifying the most appropriate solution in terms of performance and implementation complexity. Furthermore, the paper provides an analytical framework to investigate the cognitive overlay IEEE 802.15.4e wireless sensor network behavior in terms of throughput, packet dropping probability, and energy efficiency. The obtained results clearly highlight the good behavior of the proposed approach without burdensome cost or complexity and its advantages for several emerging applications such as those supported by fog computing architecture.

The advancements in the home area networks call for wireless data transmission for continuous monitoring and taking control decisions to strengthen the smart grid technologies. The wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using Zigbee, WiFi operating in 2.4GHz frequency band play a key role in the data transmission. Because of coexistence in the same frequency band, there is a need for research to develop a mechanism for avoiding interference and proper encoding for precise data retrieval. In our prior work, we have presented a cross-layer multi-channel MAC (CMCMAC) [25] protocol for WSNs for estimation and avoiding interference. In this paper we propose an algorithm, Forward Error Correction (CMCMAC-FEC) encoding technique for improving the performance of CMCMAC in order to enhance reliability in communication of the data by ZigBee nodes to the specified destination under the influence of WiFi environment. In this paper, the CMCMAC-FEC model estimates the corrupted Zigbee packets and recovers the corrupted data packets at the destination accordingly maximizing the packet delivery ratio and throughput. The results attained illustrate the enhanced network performance.

Technological advances allowed in recent years the development of numerous applications and systems that improve people's lives in various sectors, especially the home automation. Already the wireless communication has become dominant in the data transmission segment to allow greater adaptability and flexibility in access to multiple devices among users, and networks based on wireless protocols (IEEE 802.11) widely used. However other protocols such as ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) appear quite attractive relative to price, power consumption, and reduced implementation of electronic projects. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the mesh topology operating modes in a ZigBee network. Results showed that there is a performance difference between the operation modes of the mesh topology. In the residential environment were carried out communication tests between the ZigBee network devices, where the results were acceptable to the tested environment. Distances and response times between the ZigBee network devices were within the minimum quality requirements for the operation of home automation project.

A modified AODV Junior routing protocol is adopted as part of the combined routing strategy in the ZigBee networks. However, its routing overhead caused by the routing discovery and the routing table maintenance needs to be further reduced. Considering the deploying environment, the emerging 5G technology tends to be ubiquitous in the near future. Due to its native support to the smart devices and the M2M communication, the 5G terminals may be used as gateways for the ZigBee networks to improve the existing routing method. The ZigBee coordinator and the 5G terminals, which both have the accessibility to the internet, are defined as associated gateways (AG). Aiming to the higher efficiency and the shorter path, an improved ZigBee AODV (Z-AODV) routing protocol using associated gateways for the heterogeneous networks in the 5G environment is proposed in this paper. Besides the regular ZigBee function, by sharing the neighbour and routing information via IP network, the AGs are also responsible for collaboratively finding the optimum path and transmitting the packets to reduce the consumption for ZigBee devices. Moreover, an additional routing information collecting method is developed to further improve the routing performance. The proposed algorithm is evaluated based on simulation results. It is shown that our routing method outperforms the existing ones by higher picketer deliver ratio, shorter path length, lower latency, fewer packets sent per ZigBee node and lower routing overhead.

In recent years, applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) have become a part of our everyday life. Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are a new and emerging application of IoT that contain sensor nodes equipped with cameras, microphones, and other sensors producing multimedia content. ZigBee is the most common standard radio protocol used in WMSNs because of its lightweight standard and its low-cost and low-power characteristics. Most ZigBee network systems are constructed using the tree topology. Using the root node, intermediate nodes, and leaves of this topology, packets can be easily forwarded to the next hop by the tree routing mechanism, which calculates the packet destination address using the distributed address assignment mechanism. However, network parameter constraints cause the orphan node problem. Therefore, we proposed a novel recommendation scheme, the ZigBee connectivity enhancement mechanism (ZCEM), based on the improvement probability and improvement effect of multiparent nodes (MNs) in ZigBee networks. The ZCEM chooses MNs with better IP to connect to other parent nodes to increase the connectivity of ZigBee networks, reducing the number of orphan nodes. The ZCEM is compared to the standard ZigBee mechanism and the ZigBee connectivity-improving mechanism (ZCIM). The results show that the proposed ZCEM improves connectivity in ZigBee networks. The proposed mechanism can achieve a join ratio of 90%, approximately 3% more efficient than the ZCIM, and is 6% more efficient than the standard ZigBee mechanism.

The article presents a method of wireless sensor network attacks modelling. The main ways of attack committing are briefly described. The existing modelling environments are analysed to select the most appropriate tools for model creating. In order to simplify software implementation of the model of attacks on the ZigBee wireless sensor network, the main parameters of the packet transmission at the physical layer for different frequency bands and signal modulation schemes in accordance with the standard IEEE 802.15.4 are calculated. Based on these data, the basic assumptions and limitations for the model are introduced. A software model of implementation of the various attacks on integrity and availability in wireless sensor networks based on OMNeT++ simulator is realized. Two topologies: mesh network and cluster tree are presented. For each topology its own addressing scheme and routing is provided: AODV for mesh network and domain addressing for the clustered tree. The experiment connected with the count of all packets and route packets in consecutive intervals is conducted. The described model may be used to obtain statistical information about the interactions in the wireless sensor network and about the attacks on such network.

The ZigBee network is widely studied and deployed recently because of its low cost and simplicity features. However, the power consumption issue needs a further improvement since the application requirements are not fully satisfied. The emerging 5G communication technology is characterized by the smarter devices and the native support for the M2M communication. On that basis, the 5G terminals are capable of joining the existing ZigBee networks and have the potential to improve the data transmission. In this paper, we investigate the performance of the ZigBee networks in the 5G environment for different scenarios. Then a nearest access routing (NAR) algorithm based on the physical depth is proposed for different communication types. To reduce the loads in ZigBee networks, the data flow in the neighborhood of 5G terminals is gathered and transmitted via the IP networks. The simulation results showed that NAR effectively share the communication in ZigBee networks. It leads to better performances with higher packet delivery ratio, less hop counts from ZigBee devices, lower latency, fewer packets sent by ZigBee nodes and zero routing overheads.

In this paper we provide a model for analyzing the saturation throughput of the ieee 802.15.4 mac protocol, which is the de-facto standard for wireless sensor networks, ensuring fair access to the channel. To this end, we introduce the concept of a natural layer, which reflects the time that a sensor node typically has to wait prior to sending a packet. The model is simple and provides new insight how the throughput depends on the protocol parameters and the number of nodes in the network. Validation experiments with simulations demonstrate that the model is highly accurate for a wide range of parameter settings of the mac protocol, and applicable to both large and small networks. As a byproduct, we discuss fundamental differences in the protocol stack and corresponding throughput models of the popular 802.11 standard.

ZigBee is one of the key standards that enable low-cost and low-power wireless mesh networks. Working on top of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC/PHY standard, ZigBee defines higher layers that support reliable multi-hop wireless communications. In particular, ZigBee provides multiple routing protocols to support diverse application traffic types such as multipoint-to-point, point-to-multipoint, and point-to-point. However, there are no studies that thoroughly incorporate multiple ZigBee routing protocols. In this paper, we explore multiple unicast routing and many-to-one protocols incorporated into the ZigBee standard and compare them through extensive simulations using NS2. We discuss real-world implementation issues and introduce our implementation decisions. We also examine their suitability for different scenarios and discuss some of the improvements that can be made to the ZigBee standard routing protocols.

In this letter, we present a lightweight yet accurate scheme for mobile devices, called WidthSense , that identifies available Wi-Fi systems by using a collocated heterogeneous wireless personal area network (WPAN) radio such as Bluetooth or ZigBee. Motivated by the observation that Wi-Fi signals in a 2.4 GHz ISM band can be sensed by a WPAN radio over the frequency range of the corresponding Wi-Fi channel, Width- Sense exploits the temporally correlated fluctuations in multiple narrowband WPAN-channels. To this end, we employ a distance-based similarity as a measurement of dependence between WPAN channels. We implement a prototype of WidthSense using a Bluetooth-compliant wireless transceiver, and demonstrate its efficiency. Experimental results show that WidthSense achieves high detection accuracy with a short delay (−500 ms).

Based on the characteristics of wireless communication technology and Wireless Sensor Network, this paper studies the well site environmental monitoring system. The relevant hardware and software of the system are designed to monitor the well site environment, thus preventing downhole accidents. The system uses the wireless ZigBee technology as the transmission mode, and combines the virtual instrument technology to design the upper machine interface. The test results show that the system can monitor the outdoor environment in real time. When the environmental parameters exceed the set value, the corresponding location of the LabVIEW interface will send an alarm.

In the field of wireless communication, zigbee is a latest technology in wireless network based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard. On IEEE 802.15.4 standard based zigbee network uses low power sensor nodes to ensure reliable, process, collect, and store the data. The sensor nodes have low cost, smaller in memory size and used in lower coverage area first two layers based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard are PHY and MAC layer. Routing protocols are divided in two categories that are reactive protocol and proactive protocol. AODV routing protocol comes under reactive protocol. It creates route between source and destination when needed. When source node has data to transmit to the destination node then it will create RREQ (route request message) and send to all neighbors in the network, when the destination node found or neighbor node found the route to destination then they will generate a RREP (route reply message) and forward back to source node. After the creation of route between source node and destination node they can exchange the data.

We increase the packet delivery ratio (PDR) through the application of multi-channel technology in wireless sensor networks.We implemented a multi-channel time division multiple-access scheme using hardware devices.We developed an interference avoidance method to improve conditions for the coexistence of ZigBee and WLAN. This paper proposes a multi-channel ZigBee wireless sensor network (WSN) for robust data transmission. This study sought to increase the packet delivery ratio (PDR) through the application of multi-channel technology. Based on a cluster-tree construction protocol, we implemented a multi-channel time division multiple-access scheme using hardware devices. Furthermore, ZigBee and wireless LAN (WLAN) both operate on the 2.4źGHz band, referred to as the industrial, scientific, and medical unlicensed band. As a result, ZigBee faces severe interference problems in the presence of WLAN. In this study, we developed an interference avoidance method to improve conditions for the coexistence of ZigBee and WLAN and then conducted experiments using a practical network implementation to evaluate the resulting performance. Our experiment results demonstrate considerable improvements in the PDR of ZigBee transmission in an environment with interference from WLAN. Display Omitted

ZigBee has been widely recognized as an important enabling technique for Internet of Things (IoT). However, the ZigBee nodes are normally resource-limited, making the network susceptible to a variety of security threats. This paper closely investigates a severe attack on ZigBee networks termed as ghost , which leverages the underlying vulnerabilities of the IEEE 802.15.4 security suites to deplete the energy of the nodes. We show that the impact of ghost is very large and that it can facilitate a variety of threats including denial of service and replay attacks. We highlight that merely deploying a standard suite of advanced security techniques does not necessarily guarantee improved security, but instead might be leveraged by adversaries to cause severe disruption in the network. We propose several recommendations on how to localize and withstand the ghost and other related attacks in ZigBee networks. Extensive simulations are provided to show the impact of the ghost and the performance of the proposed recommendations. Moreover, physical experiments also have been conducted and the observations confirm the severity of the impact by the ghost attack. We believe that the presented work will aid the researchers to improve the security of ZigBee further.

IEEE 802.15.4 is a promising standard that can provide efficient communication quality at low cost and low data rates. This standard has been studied for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V-I) communication in wireless sensor network (WSN)-based vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) applications. To adopt this standard for vehicular communications, link quality metrics must be investigated for topology design and network optimization. In this study, a series of measurements were made with IEEE 802.15.4 radios to identify wireless channel characteristics with regard to antenna height, vehicle velocity, and distance in various vehicular scenarios. The empirical behavior of link communication quality was also investigated in terms of received signal strength, packet error rate (PER), and packet loss distribution (PLD). The empirically measured and experimental results, which have been validated through appropriate analytical modeling, provide valuable insights, as well as guide design decisions and tradeoffs for WSN-based VANET applications.

In order to use Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in the Internet of Things (IoT) a series of convergence challenges must be identified and addressed. In this work current ZigBee and 6LoWPAN network architectures are reviewed and compared to IoT requirements. As a result it is concluded that power constraints, security and quality of service parameters will be key to design heterogenuos wireless sensors, and that current research creates the basis to address these challenges.

Data-intensive wireless sensor applications, such as remote visual inspection using high-resolution video sensors, require a special design approach in order to save energy and prolong lifetime of a battery-powered wireless sensor node. This study is motivated by searching for the most efficient communication protocol for high-resolution image transmission in environmental monitoring sensor networks, where data should be transmitted periodically, but relatively rarely (usually once or twice per day). Some previous publications propose ZigBee or Wi-Fi as suitable candidates for data-intensive wireless transmission, but the literature lacks a systematic study that would provide a guidance for designing such systems. We construct a measurement-based model of a wireless sensor node with emphasis on the communication unit. We measured the energy consumption of commercially available wireless ZigBee and Wi-Fi modules, as well as the influence of the interface bandwidth limitation that reduces their energy efficiency. The model includes real-world communication channel properties that at high bit- rates reduce the communication range and increase the energy consumption due to a higher susceptibility to noise. Our results show that in scenarios when the node sends up to 64kB of data per session once per day, the estimated lifetime of a ZigBee node is up to 10% longer than of a Wi- Fi node. However, when the amount of data per session increases, the Wi-Fi wins due to its higher energy efficiency during data transfer. When the data amount reaches 10MB, the lifetime of a Wi-Fi node using UDP protocol is 5 times longer than that of a ZigBee node. On the other hand, the Wi-Fi node lifetime decreases with increasing number of sessions per day, because the connection establishment with the access point is very energy consuming. As a result, when 5 sessions per day are required the ZigBee node can offer 40% longer lifetime than the Wi-Fi node when 10kB of data is transmitted per session.

This paper presents a flexible low-cost wireless system specifically designed to acquire fitness metrics both from surface electromyographic (sEMG) and electrocardiographic (ECG) signals. The system, that can be easily extended to capture and process many other biological signals as well as the motion-related body signals, consists of several ultralight wireless sensing nodes that acquire, amplify, digitize, and transmit the biological or mechanical signals to one or more base stations through a 2.4 GHz radio link using a custom-made communication protocol designed on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer. The number of wireless nodes the base stations can handle depends on the type of signal being acquired. Each base station is connected through an USB link to a control PC running a user interface software for viewing, recording, and analyzing the data. The system for acquiring signals from wearable nodes in combination with a smartphone application provides a complete platform for monitoring fitness metrics extracted from the signals. 1

IEEE 802.15.4 targets low data rate communication with limited power devices and cheap wireless networking solutions. In recent years both industry and academia are attracted to IEEE 802.15.4 because of its applicability in wireless sensor networks and wireless body area networks. An important feature of IEEE 802.15.4 is its very low duty cycle operation for conserving energy consumption of sensor device. Super-frame structure of IEEE 802.15.4 defines the duty cycle of nodes. The super-frame structure is based on two parameters: beacon order (BO) and super-frame order (SO). The performance of an IEEE 802.15.4 network depends on the values of BO and SO. These values depict the energy consumption, throughput, node discovery and latency of communication. IEEE 802.15.4 uses fixed BO and SO values which can be carefully chosen to meet the network requirements. In this paper, an extensive survey of dynamic super-frame adjustment algorithms is presented. The survey focuses on beacon-enabled star topology of IEEE 802.15.4 and studies the impact of aforementioned algorithms for various applications. Also, the survey categorizes common IEEE 802.15.4 applications based on their requirements for super-frame adjustment. A brief simulation analysis is included in this survey to highlight the impact of BO and SO on the network performance.

ZigBee is a wireless technology, which provides low power consumption of devices in personal area network (WPAN) for low data rate applications that require long battery life and secure networking. ZigBee gives effective ways of supporting of QoS (Quality of Service), functionality and manageability, because ZigBee devices can transmit data over long distances (more than 100 meters) by passing data through a mesh network of intermediate devices to reach more distant ones. In this paper is proposed a simulation framework for ZigBee technology. It implements modified algorithm for the construction of a priority-based and energy-balanced WPAN network and visualize the method of transmission. The results of the conducted experiments are given.

This paper presents the development of a cyber-physical system that monitors the environmental conditions or the ambient conditions in indoor spaces at remote locations. The communication between the system’s components is performed using the existent wireless infrastructure based on the IEEE 802.11 b/g standards. The resulted solution provides the possibility of logging measurements from locations all over the world and of visualizing and analyzing the gathered data from any device connected to the Internet. This work encompasses the complete solution, a cyber-physical system, starting from the physical level, consisting of sensors and the communication protocol, and reaching data management and storage at the cyber level. The experimental results show that the proposed system represents a viable and straightforward solution for environmental and ambient monitoring applications.

Devices are becoming increasingly interconnected; linked with each other and with humans. The internet of things(IoT) concept is currently used in machine to machine (M2M) applications like power, gas, and oil utilities transmission and transport. The most profound challenge that IoT faces is how to connect several very different devices into a network of things. In this regard, the standard for sending information between devices supporting IoT is called ZigBee, also known as the IEEE 802.15.4-2006 standard: ZigBee is indispensable to the functioning of the IoT. In this paper, OPNET has been used to simulate two quite differently scaled Wireless Sensor Network environments. The two environments had quite different ZigBee topologies; thus, an analysis of the performance in regard to each topology could be made. We propose,ZigBee as optional addressing method for smart-things making up the smart world which facilitates the transmission and analysis of data automatically.

In this paper we describe the development of IEEE 802.15.4 compatible wireless sensor network for data acquisition with timing and without timing. We analyze the power consumption with timing and without timing. Data acquisition system playing on influencing role for monitoring and mentoring application for industrial culture. Sensor and I/O calibration on technical for PLC's highly demands the data base managing for research development and quality up graduation processes. Number of sensors are analog sensors few are dependent on digital or hybrid module. Many times need comes to transmit their responses & acknowledgment over long distance & store that in some software ERP systems. Traditionally wired system with or without current purposes. Our project research work briefly focuses on solution to overcome this difficulties in data acquisition with improved noise immunity cost redundancy & guaranteed & quality signal transmission and receiving outcomes. Since such system demand wireless technology with low transmission rates & moderate distances for communication, zigbee will be highly demanded air interface for this. Due to inherent zigbee properties which are standardize with IEEE802.15.4. Zigbee will provide robust, strong, secular & low cost

Recent studies show that Wi-Fi interference has been a major problem for low power urban sensing technology ZigBee networks. Existing approaches for dealing with such interferences often modify either the ZigBee nodes or Wi-Fi nodes. However, massive deployment of ZigBee nodes and uncooperative Wi-Fi users call for innovative cross-technology coexistence without intervening legacy systems. In this work, we investigate the Wi-Fi and ZigBee coexistence when ZigBee is the interested signal. Typically, the duration of transmitting a ZigBee data packet is longer than that of a Wi-Fi packet. Mitigating short duration Wi-Fi interference (called flash ) in long duration ZigBee data (called smog ) is challenging. To address these challenges, we propose ZIMO: a sink-based MIMO design for harmony coexistence of ZigBee and Wi-Fi networks with the goal of protecting the ZigBee data packets from being interfered by high-power cross-technology signals. The key insight is to properly exploit opportunities resulted from differences between Wi-Fi and ZigBee, and bridge the gap between interested data and cross technology signals. Also, extracting the channel coefficient of Wi-Fi and ZigBee will enhance other coexistence technologies such as TIMO [1] . We implement a prototype in GNURadio-USRP N200, and our extensive evaluations under real wireless conditions show that ZIMO can improve ZigBee network throughput up to 1.9 $\times$ , with 1.5 $\times$ in media, and 1.1 $\times$ to 1.9 $\times$ for Wi-Fi network as byproduct in ZigBee signal recovery.

This work proposed a new real time monitoring system in distribution transformer with communication through a ZigBee network. It obtains the voltage, current, power, energy and frequency of all loads connected at the distribution transformer. The information collected in the measurements are send to a server through a ZigBee network for safe the information. The new real time system build a wireless network with low energy consumption and a large transmission distance with enough conditions to work in an urban distribution electric network. This system make possible a low cost infrastructure to do a task of save electric magnitude as well as possible diagnostic of the electrical network.

Image transmission is one of the biggest challenges in wireless sensor networks because of the limited resource on sensor nodes. We proposed two image transmission schemes driven by reliability and real time considerations in order to transfer JPEG images over Zigbee-based sensor networks. By adding two bytes counter in the header of data packet, we can easily solve the repeated data reception problem caused by retransmission mechanism in traditional Zigbees network layer. We proposed an efficient retransmission and acknowledgment mechanism in Zigbees application layer. By classifying different data reception response events, we can provide data packets with differential responses and ensure that image packets can be transferred quickly even with large maximum number of retransmission. Practical results show the effectiveness of our solutions to make image transmission over Zigbee-based sensor networks efficient.

This paper designs a portable smart home system which based on ARM embedded gateway and Zigbee wireless sensor network. With the low power consumption, ad-hoc network, scalability and high practicability of ZigBee technology, wireless sensor network is built in the home. The smart home system use S5PV210 processor as the core of Hardware platform and use embedded Linux operating system as real-time operating system, porting Web server for embedded gateway and develop a human-computer interaction interface with Qt, both local and remote can monitor and control the home appliance equipment. The feasibility of the design is verified by experiments. At the same time, the system is extensible and portable, so it will have a good reference value for the similar system.

Wireless systems continue to rapidly gain popularity. This fact is extremely true for data networks in the local and personal areas. Media Access Control (MAC) layer protocols have a critical role in making a typical Mobile ad hoc network and Personal ad hoc network more reliable and efficient. Choice of MAC layer protocol and other factors including number of nodes, mobility, traffic rate and playground size dictates the performance of a particular WLAN and WPAN. The aim of this paper is to analysis the performance of mobility models in IEEE802.11 MAC and IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee MAC using NS2.34.These mobility models are RPGM, RWM, Freeway mobility and city section mobility model. Then extraction of the simulation results based on the performance metrics to calculate a Packet Delivery Ratio, data loss, end-to-end delay and Throughput.

Energy efficiency and network lifetime are main concerns in WSN. In order to improve these factors ZigBee plays an important role. Low cost, low data rate features of ZigBee results in low power consumption and makes it useful in wireless sensor networks, increasing life of small batteries of nodes in the network. Since tree routing in ZigBee does not require any routing tables to send the packet to the destination, it can be used in ZigBee end devices that have limited resources. Routing protocols such as AODV (Ad-hoc on demand distance vector routing), ZTR (ZigBee tree routing), and STR (Shortcut tree routing) are compared on the basis of different performance metrics (End to end delay, routing overload, throughput, packet delivery ratio). An extensive simulation in NS2 is carried out. The performance evaluation shows that STR achieves better performance as compared to other two routing protocols. But there are some limitations of the STR method. Performance of packet delivery ratio of STR is less as compared to AODV. Performance of end to end delay of STR is poor as compared to AODV. Hence ESTR is proposed. The main aim of proposed ESTR Extended STR is to present new ZigBee network routing protocol with goal of improving the performance of ESTR in terms of PDR and delay against STR and AODV.

Energy efficiency has become a regular hot topic in the research on wireless communications networks. However, existing proposals leave room for improvement when multi-hop wireless broadband networks are used to provide on-demand connectivity under low traffic load conditions. For this kind of networks, the capability of bringing the network up and down on demand wirelessly would help significantly to design energy-efficient, compact and low-cost network nodes. This paper presents a new approach for multi-hop energy-efficient networks based on a dual network architecture called dualWireless. Each node belongs to two parallel wireless multi-hop networks, an on-demand IEEE 802.11n network for data communications and a permanent IEEE 802.15-4 network for control purposes. The paper explains the proposal, the development of prototypes and the empirical validation with a testbed. In addition, a power consumption analytical model is used to measure the energy savings achieved by dualWireless and for comparison with other authors proposals. The dualWireless approach is shown to be more energy efficient than other alternatives as long as the occupation time of the network is under 40%, which is the case for many particular applications.

In this paper, we propose a technique for making IEEE 802.15.4 standard suitable for low-latency deterministic networks for wireless control applications where the cyclic update time of sensor’s information is not more than 10 ms. The IEEE 802.15.4 has shown good characteristics for deterministic networks in beacon-enabled mode, but with minimum cyclic update time for personal area network devices not less than 15.36 ms. Moreover, it is unsuitable for hard real-time systems when used in nonbeacon-enabled mode due to the random nature of channel access protocol. The proposed technique employs time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based protocol that works on slightly modified IEEE 802.15.4 in star topology. Each end device in the network transmits its data frame after certain time delay in response to periodic requests from the coordinator. This time delay is optimized for better channel bandwidth utilization and reliable data exchange. While this TDMA-based protocol eliminates the risk of frame collisions to a great extent, medium-access control sublayer modifications reduce the nondeterminism of the network and increase the bandwidth efficiency. A mathematical model is proposed to design and develop a practical communication network with commercial off-the-shelf radios that can predict worst case arrival time of data frames. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the model for the proposed protocol.

Network sniffers are invaluable tools for designing, testing, commissioning and running distributed embedded systems. They become even more useful if these systems build on low-power wireless networks (LoWPAN), particularly when these scale in density and/or space and impose stringent quality-of-service requirements. This paper presents Z-Monitor, a low-cost and open-source network/protocol analyzer for LoWPANs. Z-Monitor is better than existing solutions since it combines the following features all-together: it covers the most widely used LoWPAN protocols, namely IEEE 802.15.4, 6LoWPAN, RPL and ZigBee; packet sniffing can be performed by any IEEE 802.15.4-compliant node, e.g., TelosB or MicaZ, requiring no extra hardware; the code is in Java (host PC), so it is OS-agnostic, and is freely available as open-source; Z-Monitor provides an user-friendly graphical user interface and a complete set of functionalities; nonetheless, Z-Monitor software architecture and programming approach are modular, so it is easily adaptable and extensible. We demonstrate and validate Z-Monitor in several LoWPAN network scenarios/settings and sites, ranging from a small-scale laboratory test-bed to a 400+ real-world deployment.

Zigbee standard has been designed for low data rate, low cost and limited power applications for short-range wireless communication. The successful implementation of Zigbee based network depends on the suitable selection of physical (PHY) layer and medium access control (MAC) layer parameters. In this work the PHY layer parameters have been optimized for star, tree and mesh topologies. The performance investigations have been carried out for different frequency band and data rate and different bandwidth (BW) in each of standard topologies. Through extensive simulations, QoS parameters like throughput, network load and delay have been evaluated to achieve optimal performance of physical layer.

IEEE 802.15.4m TVWS Multi-Channel Tree PAN (TMCTP) standard that uses the vacant TV frequency of a region is the key to provide a flexible, scalable and cost-effective AMI smart grid networks. However, the performance of the IEEE 802.15.4m based AMI network can suffer from network interruption, varying transmission reliability and energy consumption problems due to the excessive number of channels and periodic channel scanning. To resolve these issues, we presented an enhanced IEEE 802.15.4m TMCTP called TVWS Orphan channel scanning with Multi-Channel Tree PAN Routing (TOMTPR). The proposed TOMTPR framework includes pilot-channel based Multi-Channel beaconing and interleaving-based TVWS orphan channel scanning. Furthermore, a capacity-aware routing tree is constructed during the neighbor discovery procedure. The proposed protocol suite is designed to provide compatibility with the IEEE 802.15.4 family standards with lower architecture complexity. The simulation results in presence of realistic AMI traffic and AMI network model show that TOMTPR can not only satisfy delay requirements of the AMI traffic, but also outperforms IEEE 802.15.4m TMCTP with IEEE 802.15.5 layer 2 mesh routing in terms of topology construction delay, end-to-end transmission reliability, and energy efficiency.

The wireless sensor network (WSN) has a wide range of uses. It can be used, for example, as a powerful tool for gathering several kinds of environmental information. This type of monitoring fits in the concept of Internet of Things (IoT), which aims to optimize the real world processes by monitoring their variables. In this study, a WSN developed in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard was used with the objective of measuring the local temperature. The access to the data was available through a WLAN network in the IEEE 802.11 standard (also known as Wi-Fi), an already existing network or a solution's dedicated network were used. Quality tests of signal and maximum range of communication of the WSN were made, as well as the network's battery lifetime usage estimates. Finally, the study also shows the monitoring of the temperature of some environments.