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Voluntary carbon offset (VCO) programs give air travelers opportunities to neutralize their carbon footprint. Despite its potential, few existing studies have explained how to present VCOs that can effectively appeal to the sensibilities of travelers in different conditions. We designed three online experiments with strategies to motivate travelers to opt-in. We found travelers who receive concrete messages that emphasize specific actions are more likely to opt-in to VCOs when flying in the near future. In contrast, travelers receiving abstract messages that emphasize general initiatives are more likely to opt-in to VCOs when flying in the distant future. When travelers are allowed to choose their preferred carbon offset method, they are more likely to opt in, especially when they receive concrete messages that indicate specific actions but not general initiatives. These findings contribute to the aviation carbon offset literature and offer useful new insights for airline companies.

U-Net is a commonly used deep learning model for mammogram segmentation. Despite outstanding overall performance in segmenting, U-Net still faces from two aspects of challenges: (1) the skip-connections in U-Net have limitations, which may not be able to effectively extract multi-scale features for breast masses with diverse shapes and sizes. (2) U-Net only merges low-level spatial information and high-level semantic information through concatenating, which neglects interdependencies between channels. To address these two problems, we propose the U-shape adaptive scale network (ASU-Net), which contains two modules: adaptive scale module (ASM) and feature refinement module (FRM). In each level of skip-connections, ASM is used to adaptively adjust the receptive fields according to the different scales of the mass, which makes the network adaptively capture multi-scale features. Besides, FRM is employed to allows the decoder to capture channel-wise dependencies, which make the network can selectively emphasize the feature representation of useful channels. Two commonly used mammogram databases including the DDSM-BCRP database and the INbreast database are used to evaluate the segmentation performance of ASU-Net. Finally, ASU-Net obtains the Dice Index (DI) of 91.41% and 93.55% in the DDSM-BCRP database and the INbreast database, respectively.

BACKGROUND: Compared with single-energy computed tomography (CT), dual-energy CT (DECT) can distinguish materials better. However, most DECT reconstruction theories require two full-scan projection datasets of different energies, and this requirement is hard to meet, especially for cases where a physical blockage disables a full circular rotation. Thus, it is critical to relax the requirements of data acquisition to promote the application of DECT. METHODS: A flexible one half-scan DECT scheme is proposed, which acquires two projection datasets on two-quarter arcs (one for each energy). The limited-angle problem of the one half-scan DECT scheme can be solved by a reconstruction method. Thus, a dual-domain dual-way estimation network called DoDa-Net is proposed by utilizing the ability of deep learning in non-linear mapping. Specifically, the dual-way mapping Generative Adversarial Network (DM-GAN) was first designed to mine the relationship between two different energy projection data. Two half-scan projection datasets were obtained, the data of which was twice that of the original projection dataset. Furthermore, the data transformation from the projection domain to the image domain was realized by the total variation (TV)-based method. In addition, the image processing network (Im-Net) was employed to optimize the image domain data. RESULTS: The proposed method was applied to a digital phantom and real anthropomorphic head phantom data to verify its effectiveness. The reconstruction results of the real data are encouraging and prove the proposed method’s ability to suppress noise while preserving image details. Also, the experiments conducted on simulated data show that the proposed method obtains the closest results to the ground truth among the comparison methods. For low- and high-energy reconstruction, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of the proposed method is as high as 40.3899 and 40.5573 dB, while the PSNR of other methods is lower than 36.5200 dB. Compared with FBP, TV, and other GAN-based methods, the proposed method reduces root mean square error (RMSE) by, respectively, 0.0124, 0.0037, and 0.0016 for low-energy reconstruction, and 0.0102, 0.0028, and 0.0015 for high-energy reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS: The developed DoDa-Net model for the proposed one half-scan DECT scheme consists of two stages. In stage one, DM-GAN is used to realize the dual map of projection data. In stage two, the TV-based method is employed to transform the data from the projection domain to the image domain. Furthermore, the reconstructed image is processed by the Im-Net. According to the experimental results of qualitative and quantitative evaluation, the proposed method has advantages in detail preservation, indicating the potential of the proposed method in one half-scan DECT reconstruction.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the ways in which loneliness has become the epitome of contemporary human condition for the Millennial generation, together with its impact on the psychological and emotional side of human expression and the urban landscape, as expressed through art and the virtual. Modern megacities are shaping and configuring what we nowadays understand as art. In the case of Alt [C]Lit poets, whether it is New York City or Los Angeles, the US urban landscape has a great influence on how these young authors have configured their poetic production: their experiences and referents belong to these cities. In this paper, I would like to discuss how spaces, especially urban spaces, have generated physical isolation and have transitioned into a mental landscape, to which the virtual contributes to increase anxious alienation that manifests itself through the body and the configuration of human subjectivities. Therefore, I will analyze hypermodern identity/ies that result from the urban landscape of megalopolises, the manner in which the virtual has generated online communities and has contributed to (hyper)sexualization, and the way in which Zafra’s concept of netianas can be applied in order to analyze the paradoxical position of loneliness and early-adulthood through the Alt [C]Lit poetry and other related-literary and visual production.

Introduction To automatically recognize polyps of enteroscopy images and avoid pathological change, a novel Joint-Net has been proposed. Material and methods The left half of the Joint-Net is constructed by transfer learning VGG16 and its right half is deepened based on the U-Net. In the previous two skip connections, a 3 × 3 convolution layer is added and the original two convolutions are replaced by the identity blocks. To connect the left and the right half part, the asymmetric convolution layer is used. In the output, the loophole-like structure is used. Results The enteroscopy images were obtained in Changhai Hospital of Shanghai. The mean values of Dice and intersection over union were 90.05% and 82.71%. The classification accuracy of normal images and polyp images was 93.50%. Conclusions The experiments show that the Joint-Net can segment and recognize the polyps successfully.

Batteries, wind turbines, solar panels and other clean energy technologies require more minerals to be extracted from the ground. Can that ever be green, asks Graham Lawton

Low-carbon steel is a common structural material, but additively manufactured structural component of this material is rare due to its inhomogeneous properties. In this article, the wire arc additive manufacturing method was used to achieve near homogeneous properties of a low-carbon steel structural component. The process heat input was optimised for the desired layer geometry, and then the optimal energy was applied with a time delay to deposit individual layers. The time delay was used to achieve cyclic heating and cooling treatment of deposited layers. The best possible robotic tool path movement with multi point arcing was further adopted in the study to achieve proper thermal distribution across the structural component. The microstructure of layers was dominated by quasi-polygonal ferrite morphology and pearlite precipitation, with little variation in quantity across the component. The hardness profile was almost consistent with the average hardness of ∼176.92 HV. The proof stress slightly increases with decrease in grain size and increase in ferrite/pearlite ratio, however, the overall tensile behaviour is homogeneous with average σ0.2, σu and ε% values of 427.78 MPa, 527.89 MPa and 22.31%, respectively. The quasi-ductile fracture was generally occurred due to void coalescence around larger inclusions. The overall analysis showed that more than 90% of homogeneity was achieved in microstructural and mechanical behaviour of the deposited component.

The coastline extraction from remote-sensing images is of great significance to the dynamic monitoring of the coastal zone. The types of coastlines are complex and diverse, and they show different ...

Advances in material science in recent years have had such a tremendous impact on the field of soft robotics that has fostered the development of many bio-inspired devices. One such device, which has been subject to extensive study in recent times, is soft pneumatic-network (pneu-net) actuators (SPAs). In this study, we present a new SPA structure whose chamber configuration mimics the fish bone (herringbone) structure to facilitate simultaneous bending deformations in both longitudinal and transverse directions. Such as cannot be obtained from the regular pneu-net structure – which bends only lengthwise, the coupled bending curvatures allow for gripping with maximized contact area, a property which facilitates firmness, security, and stability in gripping. Using the corresponding chamber inclination angle of the configuration as key parameter, the combined transverse and longitudinal deformation feature is studied through finite element simulation as well as experiments. Also, the functional behavior of the actuator/gripper prototypes is experimentally investigated using a series of approaches including blocked (or tip) force test, grip strength test, and stability (or sustained grasping force) test. Furthermore, the viability of the said conformal gripping characteristic is demonstrated by subjecting the structure to a couple of gripping tests. This utility-enhancing design approach could really guide into the development of more sophisticated application-custom soft robotic capabilities.

Reconstructing dynamic scenes with commodity depth cameras has many applications in computer graphics, computer vision, and robotics. However, due to the presence of noise and erroneous observations from data capturing devices and the inherently ill-posed nature of non-rigid registration with insufficient information, traditional approaches often produce low-quality geometry with holes, bumps, and misalignments. We propose a novel 3D dynamic reconstruction system, named HDR-Net-Fusion, which learns to simultaneously reconstruct and refine the geometry on the fly with a sparse embedded deformation graph of surfels, using a hierarchical deep reinforcement (HDR) network. The latter comprises two parts: a global HDR-Net which rapidly detects local regions with large geometric errors, and a local HDR-Net serving as a local patch refinement operator to promptly complete and enhance such regions. Training the global HDR-Net is formulated as a novel reinforcement learning problem to implicitly learn the region selection strategy with the goal of improving the overall reconstruction quality. The applicability and efficiency of our approach are demonstrated using a large-scale dynamic reconstruction dataset. Our method can reconstruct geometry with higher quality than traditional methods.

The present study introduces an analytical approach for predicting net power for high‐concentrating photovoltaic systems (HCPV). Wind speed, surface radiation, and size of the backplate, which acts as a heat spreader, were found to be of high impact in increasing solar cell efficiency and maximum produced power. The efficiency increased by 5% as the wind shifted from light air (0.5 m/s) to fresh breeze (10 m/s). Also, it increased by 1.64% as the aluminium backplate shifted from a shiny (ɛ = 0) to a dark (ɛ = 1) surface. Furthermore, increasing heat‐spreader length or wind velocity caused a logarithmic increase in solar cell efficiency. On the other hand, both parameters caused an exponential increase in consumed power due to the operation of a tracking system. Thus, optimal values of heat‐spreader length at which maximum net power is produced exist. A case study based on the annual average values of the hourly‐basis meteorological data for the period 2015 to 2018 for two cities in Saudi Arabia was conducted. It was found that the size of the heat spreader could be reduced by 36% for concentration ratio up to 2000 while concurrently increasing the net power by 2.6% and 6% for the systems built in Riyadh and Dammam, respectively.

Segmentation of the tongue body from color images is vital for tongue diagnoses in traditional Chinese medicine. In tongue images, the tongue body is easily confused with the skin and lips, and the shadow also causes incorrect segmentation. To address these issues, we proposed a novel ACS-Net for tongue image segmentation and implemented the end-to-end form. In our ACS-Net architecture, the following innovations proposed: (1) ordinary convolution was replaced with ACB Module, (2) decoder block restores the features extracted by the encoder block, (3) skip connections are implemented between and within blocks. We use our own datasets named S1 and S2 that collected from the partner hospital. The collection methods of these two datasets are different: S1 was collected by professionals while S2 was taken by nurses. The method achieved state-of-the-art results on both two datasets, we use two metrics to reflect the segmentation performance, which are accuracy (acc) and mean intersection over Union (mIoU), in which the acc reaches 0.984 on S1 and 0.981 on S2; the mIoU reaches 0.925 on S1 and 0.958 on S2.

The tethered-net is one of the most promising flexible space debris cleaning technologies to be developed in recent years. Momentum and geometric analysis were used to select four characteristic parameters of the tethered-net ejection system—the radius of the circumcircle of the net, the ratio of the bullet mass to the net mass, the ejection velocity of the bullet, and the ejection angle—to establish a set of formulas that describe the kinematics of the net deployment. The net deployment performance evaluation criteria were obtained with a concise analytical form. The calculation results of this set of analytical formulas are in good agreement with the numerical simulation results of the mass-spring model. Furthermore, this set of analytical formulas reveals some intrinsic characteristics of the net deployment dynamics. For example, the flying distance of the net from the start of ejection to the largest area is mainly determined by the radius of the circumcircle of the net and ejection angle. It is believed that the analytic formulas proposed are suitable for the preliminary design of a tethered-net system, especially when numerical simulation is time consuming.

A geodesic or net dome, also known as a Fuller’s dome, is a spherical structure. Geodesic domes are well receptive to asymmetric loads, especially snow and wind, have high aerodynamics, increased rigidity and stability. It should be noted that the larger the diameter of the sphere, the greater its bearing capacity, and the strength of such dome slightly depends on the building materials used. With significant advantages, the design and construction of wooden net domes has not become widespread. The fact is that net domes are spatial structures with a large number of elements, which accordingly entails a large number of nodes. The elements of the dome are connected with dowels, wet film gauge, bolts, wood screws, staples, screws, nails. Adhesive connections on washers are used, also steel clamps, straps, overlays are applied. However, they all have disadvantages, the scope of each connector is different, and their cost is often comparable to the cost of the dome elements. We offer a universal connector for connecting dome parts at any angle. As a result of introduction of such technical decision of knot, we receive essential simplification of a design, reduction of quantity of components, at the same time with increase of its manufacturability. To study the operation of the joint of wooden glue-board elements of the dome with the use of a universal connector, its experimental studies were carried out. The purpose of the study: to study the actual operation of the connection of wooden parts of the dome with a universal connector in the form of rotating fasteners that rotate freely on the draw bolt, to assess its strength and deformability, to assess the possibility of using such a connection in the design of spatial structures. To solve the tasks, a full-scale fragment of the dome was tested, which includes characteristic nodes with rigid adjacency of elements to each other.

Traditional videometric method can not be used in the measurement of large flexible cable-net structure for its large overall size and small partial size. A videometrics technique was proposed in this work to measure the topography and deformation of a large cable net structure. Tiny spots with high brightness (and large gray gradient) are used to mark the cable net nodes. By arranging the imaging light path properly, the light spot markers can be enlarged and accurately identified in the captured images. The relationship between the imaging parameters and the gray distribution of the light spot markers were derived and verified. And a topographical measurement experiment of a cable net structure was carried out with the proposed videometrics technique. The topography/deformation of the cable net can be measured with tiny-light spot markers, and the effectiveness and robustness of the technique on topography and deformation measurement of large cable-net structures are demonstrated.

The article describes the methodological rationale for using the virtual robot Drawman in the PascalABC.NET environment for teaching the basics of programming. There is a didactic material on the basics of working with the virtual robot Drawman, which can be used in informatics lessons or in additional classes. Detailed instructions can be both an assistant to the teacher for working in the lesson, and a guide for students working at an individual pace, and schoolchildren in self-study of the basics of programming. However, under teacher guidance, this training will be more effective. The article examines tasks from various topics — linear programs, loop operators, nested loops, procedures and procedures with a parameter — with a detailed description of how to solve these problems, which will allow students to solve other tasks from these topics on their own. For the first linear program, step-by-step instructions are given on how to implement the task and write the first program in the PascalABC.NET environment for the virtual robot Drawman, as well as to automatically check the completed task. Depending on the interests and level of preparation of the students, the material may be useful for students in the sixth or seventh grades.

Although deep learning has been widely used for dense crowd counting, it still faces two challenges. Firstly, the popular network models are sensitive to scale variance of human head, human occlusions, and complex background due to repeated utilization of vanilla convolution kernels. Secondly, the vanilla feature fusion often depends on summation or concatenation, which ignores the correlation of different features leading to information redundancy and low robustness to background noise. To address these issues, a multi‐scale feature pyramid network (MFP‐Net) for dense crowd counting is proposed in this paper. The proposed MFP‐Net makes two contributions. Firstly, the feature pyramid fusion module is designed that adopts rich convolutions with different depths and scales, not only to expand the receptive field, but also to improve the inference speed of models by using parallel group convolution. Secondly, a feature attention‐aware module is added in the feature fusion stage. The module can achieve local and global information fusion by capturing the importance of the spatial and channel domains to improve model robustness. The proposed MFP‐Net is evaluated on five publicly available datasets, and experiments show that the MFP‐Net not only provides better crowd counting results than comparative models, but also requires fewer parameters.

To find ideal hydrogen storage media, hydrogen storage performance of Li decorated net-τ has been investigated by first-principles calculations. Maximum 6 Li atoms are adsorbed on net-τ, with the average binding energy of 2.15 eV for per Li atom. Based on 6Li-decorated net-τ, up to twenty H2 molecules are adsorbed, with a high H2 storage capacity of 12.52 wt% and an appropriate adsorption energy of 0.21 eV/H2. Finally, H2 uptake performance is measured by GCMC simulations. Our results suggest that Li-decorated net-τ may be a promising hydrogen storage medium under realistic conditions.

Face Mask Detection is an amazing field of study, during the times, we need to ensure proper mask wearing to avoid the infections and reduce the case load on the medical facilities. In this report we discuss various ideas and algorithms to detect the face mask by taking a look at various papers. The algorithms discussed in this paper are already being used for face detection and mask detection. This model will be used to detect face masks and ensure proper mask wearing.

Strong ground-motion records are the primary input data in earthquake engineering studies to improve understanding of seismic hazard and risk. As the overseer of the Iran Strong Motion Network (i1-net), the Road, Housing, and Urban Development Research Center occupies the leading position in this field in the country. With more than 1260 active accelerometers and a collection of over 14,129 earthquake recordings since 1973, the Iran Strong Motion Network is the major Iranian source of information for engineering seismology and earthquake engineering. The present article describes the current status and developments of the i1-net in the last 46 yr.

To propose a simplified semi-empirical method for predicting the additional stress on the underlying layer of the rigid pile-net composite foundation, a finite element analysis, which verified by a...

The active operation of a trammel net by a sweeping technique is commonly used by fishermen in Cilacap, which are often referred as ciker nets. They are operated by lowering the net in a straight line and pulling the tail end from a ship moving in a full circle, while the other end functions as a circular axis. The effect of active operation allows for changes in performance with time, such as easy lifting or less buoyancy, and the unstable display of gears. This makes it necessary to perform design engineering, especially on buoys, sinkers, and high nets. However, the suitable quantity of these components for ciker net has never been ascertained. Calculations about how many buoys, sinkers, and net height to add need to be done to enhance ciker net construction for active operation. This research aimed to determine the optimum configuration of buoys, sinkers, and net height, and determine the engineering design of ciker nets based on the optimum ratio of buoyancy force to the sinking force of the trammel net. Therefore, the parameters measured include hanging ratio, stretched net length, buoyancy force, and sinking force. The results showed that the optimum configuration of buoys, sinkers, and net height was 59 pieces, 341 pieces, and 1.5 m respectively. Changes in the design of ciker nets, especially in the three components that affect the addition of buoyancy and sinking force ratio were based on the comparison of the trammel nets which was 1:5 greater than the design owned by fishermen at 1:4.Keywords:Bouyancy forceSinking forceCiker netTrammel netShrimp

The distribution of drifting semi-buoyant fish eggs within a river is useful for understanding the ecology of pelagic-broadcast spawning fish. The vertical position of semi-buoyant eggs in the water column is an important parameter describing transport processes for these species. We designed a multiple drift net (five rectangular nets attached to a frame) to vertically divide the water column into stacked horizontal layers to sample drifting semi-buoyant particles. We deployed the multiple drift net gear beside Moore egg collectors in a wadeable channel to sample the vertical distribution of semi-buoyant polyacrylamide gel beads as surrogates for fish eggs in the water column. The vertical distribution of beads was predominantly found in the deeper nets of the multiple drift net gear while the surface nets and Moore egg collectors had fewer beads which is similar to the results in other studies of pelagic-broadcast spawning fish. The multiple drift net gear is a tool that demonstrates the capability to sample the water column under variable flow conditions (depth, velocity and turbulence) for field data on the vertical distribution of drifting eggs (or surrogates). These empirical data can quantify drift patterns of eggs for modeling transport and retention in pelagic-broadcast spawning species.

“Net zero” is a broad, multi-faceted, and fast-growing area of research focused on achieving a clean energy future. A new evidence-based report reveals how this field has taken off over the last two decades, the features of the global research landscape, and where efforts might be best directed in the future.

Tessellating a periodic unit cell of lattice material to fill a design space in complex geometries has many challenges arising from their computer-aided design (CAD) modeling intricacy. A solution to this difficulty is the use of trimmed micro-truss lattice structures with a conformal net. This paper presents a novel algorithm for constructing conformal lattice net as wireframe of one-dimensional line segments suitable for Bravais cubic symmetric truss-based topologies. The novel algorithm is an excellent candidate when dealing with lattice structures using cubic, body-centered cubic (BCC), face-centered cubic (FCC), and/or diamond unit cell configurations. The wireframe structure is easily transferred into one-dimensional beam elements for microscale optimizations to obtain a functionally graded lattice material. It is shown that introduction of the lattice net resulted in a significant reduction in the mass of the optimized design.

Debris flow is a type of landslide that occurs mainly in mountain valley areas during heavy rainfall. Various types of barriers have been installed in South Korea to reduce the damage caused by debris flows. However, there is no reasonable design standard when installing the barrier, and an experimental study for the performance evaluation of barriers is insufficient. In this study, the performance of the net-type barrier was evaluated by analyzing the effect of the ground conditions and mesh size of the net-type barrier on the debris flow behavior by reducing the front velocity and deposition volume. As a result, for areas with less fine content, the efficiency of the net-type barrier increased as the mesh size of the net-type barrier decreased. Accordingly, the ground conditions and mesh size of the net-type barrier significantly influence the performance of the net-type barrier. The damage caused by debris flow can be sufficiently reduced through the reasonable design of a net-type barrier.

The pace of digitalization of the insurance industry lags behind similar processes in the banking sector. The main tasks that a Russian insurer solves when using IT technologies are the automation of business operations and the formation of an online system of interaction with customers with the main focus on sales.The purpose of this study is to systematize the effects achieved by insurance market participants when introducing IT technologies and identify incentives to accelerate the insurance sector digitalization. The goal of digitalization of Russian insurers should be the formation of a client interface with a full cycle of services; the transfer to a qualitatively new level of business processes while ensuring the required level of protection; formation of fundamentally new and timely renewal of the existing insurance products. The priority areas of IT technologies used by Russian insurers are identified: cloud computing, chat bots, and information resources that provide online interaction with customers. Factors that have a stimulating effect on the digitalization of the insurance sector are identified: cost reduction, acceleration of business processes, improvement of the quality of customer service and increased competitiveness. The problems and risks of insurers that restrain the use of IT technologies are formulated: high costs of digitalization, lack of qualified personnel, cyber risks, moral and ethical problems.

I describe lessons learned and the people and principles that influenced six decades of professional endeavours from graduate schools to ascending, often unexpectedly, the science and management ladder in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) fisheries, which manages US living marine resources. For this woman chemist from India, the twists of fate and love of adventure presented amazing opportunities as well as challenges. My research on cetacean biosonar as well as on the impact of fossil fuel pollution on seafood safety and the health of marine organisms taught me the value of multidisciplinary approaches and unusual alliances. Transitioning into management, and eventually as the director of Northwest Fisheries Science Center, I learned the value of transparency and empathy while communicating our results to impacted communities, and the resolve to support the science regardless of the consequences. My advice to young professionals is that the journey should be as fulfilling as reaching the goalpost. At the twilight of my own journey, I networked with NOAA Fisheries and India’s marine science community to encourage scientist exchanges and training. My participation in University of Washington’s nature and human health programme confirms my conviction that conserving healthy ecosystems is a powerful and practical approach for people and our planet.

SUMMARYP-wave velocity (Vp) is an important parameter for constructing seismic velocity models of the subsurface structures by using microtremors and earthquake ground motions or any other geophysical exploration data. In order to reflect the ground survey information in Japan to the Vp structure, we investigated the relationships among Vs, Vp and depth by using PS-logging data at all K-NET and KiK-net sites. Vp values are concentrated at around 500 and 1500 m s–1 when Vs is lower than 1000 m s–1, where these concentrated areas show two distinctive characteristics of unsaturated and saturated soil, respectively. Many Vp values in the layer shallower than 4 m are around 500 m s–1, which suggests the dominance of unsaturated soil, while many Vp values in the layer deeper than 4 m are larger than 1500 m s–1, which suggests the dominance of saturated soil there. We also investigated those relationships for different soil types at K-NET sites. Although each soil type has its own depth range, all soil types show similar relationships among Vs, Vp and depth. Then, considering the depth profile of Vp, we divided the data set into two by the depth, which is shallower or deeper than 4 m and calculated the geometrical mean of Vp and the geometrical standard deviation in every Vs bins of 200 m s–1. Finally, we obtained the regression curves for the average and standard deviation of Vp estimated from Vs to get the Vp conversion functions from Vs, which can be applied to a wide Vs range. We also obtained the regression curves for two data sets with Vp lower and higher than 1200 m s–1. These regression curves can be applied when the groundwater level is known. In addition, we obtained the regression curves for density from Vs or Vp. An example of the application for those relationships in the velocity inversion is shown.