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In recent years, the use of camel milk has gained popularity due to its nutritional and health benefits, such as its anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiobesity properties, and against autism. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to incorporate these properties of camel milk into ice cream production. Camel milk is also known to provide a favorable environment for the growth of probiotic bacteria. To assess this potential, Bifidobacterium bifidum probiotic bacteria were added to ice cream samples made from 100% camel milk (with and without probiotic addition - Control), a mixture of 50% cow milk and 50% camel milk, and 100% cow milk. It was observed that the growth of probiotics was highest in ice cream made from 100% cow milk. Additionally, various analyses were conducted on the ice cream samples, including viscosity, first dripping time, complete melting time, overrun, total dry matter, volatile compounds, and sensory analyses. In the physicochemical tests, the ice cream produced from 100% camel milk with probiotic addition exhibited the lowest pH and viscosity values. Differences in viscosity values were attributed to variations in the dry matter content of the ice creams. Among the four ice cream samples, the mixture of 50% cow milk and 50% camel milk displayed the shortest first dripping and complete melting time. Sensory analysis results indicated that the most preferred ice cream was the one made from 100% camel milk without probiotic addition. 2-heptanone was detected in all four ice cream samples, with its concentration being highest in the cow milk ice cream.

Encapsulation technology has applications in various fields, including the food, agriculture, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. In the food field, encapsulation is carried out using bioactive components such as flavor components, micronutrients, fatty acids, vitamins, enzymes, antioxidants, polyphenols, known as the core materials, and carbohydrates, gums, and proteins such as shell (coating) material. Among coating materials, whey proteins are commonly used in microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation applications. Whey proteins used as coating material protect food against external influences and increase the nutritional value of the food and the health functionality of the foods to which they are added. However, there are some limitations due to the low solubility of whey proteins in aqueous media. High hygroscopicity, likely to promote unpleasant taste. To overcome these, researchers are continuing optimization studies for technologies using these hydrolysates and isolates in different food matrices. The use of whey proteins as a capsule material for encapsulating food ingredients with micro/nanoencapsulation techniques is becoming increasingly common. This review is focused on the nanoencapsulation and microencapsulation techniques and the use of whey proteins as coating material for different substances in the food industry is evaluated.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the bacterial biofilm formation on the tonsil surface exposed N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) of patients undergoing tonsillectomy by light and electron microscopy. The general process of biofilm formation comprises adhesion of free-living or planktonic bacteria to a surface, which subsequently develop into micro-colonies and form a biofilm. Based on studies that have shown the presence of biofilms in common sites of chronic infections, it has become clear that bacteria may persist on mucosal surfaces through formation of biofilms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten patients between 4 and 39 years of age (mean, 11.9 ± 11.2 years). In all cases, periodic acide Schiff (PAS) staining was found to be an accurate predictor of the presence or absence of biofilm using light microscopy as a control standard. Therapeutic doses of NAC and ASA were identificated as the effective on the tonsil bacterial biofilm using light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: Biofilm formation was detected on all samples. Tonsils removed from patients with ASA-10 had showed higher-grade inhibitory effect at the biofilm formation than the other group (p ≤ 0.0001). The correlation was found between drug dose and decrease at the biofilm formation. CONCLUSIONS: In chronic or recurrent tonsillitis patients, decrease on the tonsils surface biofilm formation may be associated with ASA dose. Whether effect on the tonsils surface biofilm formation of other agent have a role is not known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare culture-expanded, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) loaded to biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) bone ceramic in the repair of rat calvarial bone. Materials and Methods: Critical-size (7 mm dia.) calvarial defects were prepared in the frontal-parietal bones of 90 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, according to defect filling, as follows: Group I (n=21), BCP; Group II (n=21), BCP+PRP; Group III (n=21), BCP+MSC; Group IV (n=21), BCP+PRP+MSC; Group V (n=6) (control), no treatment. Animals were sacrificed at 2, 8 and 12 weeks postsurgery and bone regeneration was evaluated both histologically and immunohistochemically. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in bone osteoblastic activity in calvarial defects among the groups (p <0.05). PRP and MSC used in combination with BCP as a defect filling resulted in greater osteoblastic bone formation activity when compared to the use of BCP alone. Conclusions: The combination of mesenchymal stem cells, platelet rich plasma and synthetic bone substitute was found to be more effective in inducing new bone formation (osteogenesis) than the use of platelet rich plasma combined with synthetic bone substitute and the use of synthetic bone substitute alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dijital teknolojilerin gelişmesi ve daha yaygın hale gelmesiyle birlikte başta iletişim kanalları ve bununla beraber toplumların yapısı da değişiklik göstermiştir. Ve bu gelişmelerle birlikte bilginin insan, organizasyon ve toplum hayatında temel güç ve ana sermaye halini aldığına kanaat getirilmiştir. Bununla beraber, küresel iktidarlar, yeni medya araçlarını kullanarak yönettiği ve yönlendirdiği toplumlara istediği ideolojiyi ve enformasyonu kolaylıkla sunabilmektedir. Böylece teknoloji temelli toplumlarda bireylerin aynı iletilere odaklanarak tek yönlü bireylere dönüştürüldüğü gerçeği kaçınılmazdır. Fakat bu durum, toplumun her kesimi için geçerli olan bir tez değildir. Dijital çağda, ağ bağlantılarıyla oluşmuş bir siber uzamda her bir birey, pasif konumdan aktif konuma geçmiş, artık içerik üreten, içeriğin oluşma noktasında yorumlarıyla katkı sağlayan konuma gelmiştir. Böyle bir sistemde geleneksel güç dengelerinin muhafaza edilmesinin beklenmesi yanlış olmaktadır. Bireyin ihtiyaç duyduğu enformasyona erişiminin, etkin teknoloji bilgisi ile birleşmesi ile birey toplum ve iktidar eleştirisi yapmakta ve ağ toplumunda geleneksel güç dengesine karşı tehdit haline gelmektedir. Böylece bilgiye erişim özgürlüğünün kısıtlanması, bilginin bir elde toplanmasına karşı çıkan bireyler ve gruplar buna karşı dijital ortamda kendi yöntemleriyle karşı çıkmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı ağ toplumlarındaki tekno-sosyal bireylerin geleneksel güç dengelerine olan etkisini tespit etmektir

İletişim ve bilgisayar teknolojilerindeki gelişmeler sonrası sanayi toplumun yerini ‘’Enformasyon Toplumu’’ almıştır. Bu gelişmeler toplum yapısında olumlu ve olumsuz değişimlere yol açmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Enformasyon toplumunun yaşadığı değişimler ve bu değişimlerin toplumlar üzerindeki distopik izdüşümlerini saptamaktır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada nitel veri toplama yöntemlerinden faydalanarak, Teknoloji, Enformasyon ve Enformasyon toplumu gibi kavramların tanımı yapılıp, enformasyon toplumunun özellikleri ve çevresinde oluşan kuramsal çalışmalar ile literatür taraması sonucu genel bir çerçeve çizilmiştir. Daha sonra Enformasyon toplumunda ortaya çıkan Siber uzay, oluşturan ağlar ve bununla birlikte toplumdaki değişimler örneklerle yorumlanmıştır. Enformasyon toplumuna eleştirel açıdan bakan yazarların düşünceleri literatür taraması ile açıklanmış, Enformasyon toplumundaki örnekleri distopik açıdan irdelenmiştir. Son bölümde bulunan örneklemin evreni ise televizyon dizilerinden biri olan Mr. Robot’un yayınlanan ve 2 sezonu oluşturan bölümleridir. Bu bölümler Enformasyon toplumu, teknolojik gelişmeler dikkate alınarak, bunlar arasındaki ilişki distopik bir açıdan bakılıp, çıkarımlar yapılmıştır. Bu çıkarımlar, günümüz ve gelecek toplumları için alternatif bir gerçeklik sunmaktadır

Chemotherapy stops or slows down the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Chemotherapy usually uses in combination with, surgery, radiotherapy or other treatments. Therefore, it is useful to calculate the photon interaction parameters to determine the energy accumulation and penetration in tissue due to the interaction of cancer drugs with radiation. In this work, the mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ), half value layer (HVL) and effective atomic number (Zeff) of some cancer drugs (Tadocel, Fluro-5, Erbitux, Carboplatin, Temodal, Tamoxifen, Endoksan and Oxaliplatin) have determined experimentally at 13.81, 17.7, 26.34 and 59.54 keV photons emitted from Am-241-point source by using Si(Li) detector. Besides, we calculated theoretically the gamma-ray interaction parameters using the WinXCOM software program. Next to these, utilizing the GP fitting approach, exposure buildup factors (EBF) of the drugs determined up to 40 mfp in the energy range 0.015–15 MeV. Experimental and theoretical results have been found to be in harmony. Oxaliplatin and Carboplatin have larger μ and Zeff and lower HVL values than the other drugs under study. The smallest EBF values are observed for Endoksan, Oxaliplatin and Carboplatin for all of the penetration depths. Oxaliplatin, carboplatin and endoksan possess significantly good radiation absorbing effect. Keywords: Cancer, Drug, Mass attenuation coefficient, Exposure buildup factor, Photon interactions

There are several surface treatment methods to improve the bond strength between dental materials. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different surface treatments on the tensile bond strength of single crowns on Implant Direct abutments cemented with resin cement. Materials and methods: In total, 28 Screw Plant implants and abutments were divided into four study groups: I, control; II, sandblasted abutment and crown; III, non-sandblasted abutment and alloy primer applied to a sandblasted crown; and I V, alloy primer applied to a sandblasted abutment and crown. Twenty-eight crowns were cemented to abutments of implants, and a uniaxial tensile force was applied to the crowns using a universal test machine until cement failure occurred. Retention values were statistically analyzed. Results: All mean retention values significantly differed among groups. While the alloy primer applied to the sandblasted castings and abutments showed the highest mean value (564.73 ± 13.66 N), the control group showed the lowest mean value (357.65 ± 12.89 N). Sandblasting was not as effective as application of an alloy primer (P = 0.05). Conclusion: Sandblasting is an effective method to increase the bond strength. Sandblasting plus alloy primer application is a very effective method of increasing the bond strength, and these groups significantly differed from each other.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of tooth supported (TSD) and toothtissue supported (TTSD) removable partial denture wearing on pulpal blood flow (PBF) of the abutment teeth by using Laser Doppler Flowmeter (LDF). Measurements were carried out on 60 teeth of 28 patients (28 teeth and 12 patients of TTSD group, 32 teeth and 16 patients of TSD group) who had not worn any type of removable partial dentures before, had no systemic problems and were non smokers. PBF values were recorded by LDF before insertion (day 0) and after insertion of dentures at day 1, day 7 and day 30. Statistical analysis was performed by student t test and covariance analyses of repeated measurements. In the group TTSD, the mean values of PBF decreased statistically significantly at day 1 after insertion when compared with PBF values before insertion (p

The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the therapeutic value of honey in oral mucosal ulcers healing in comparison with Glyceroloxytriester (TGO). We also aimed to biochemically evaluate the healing effects of honey which had been collected from the Blacksea region flora on mucosal ulcers resulting in material loss. Thirty wistar rats (240±30 g) were enrolled in this study. Excisional wounds were performed in all rats for animal oral mucosal ulcer model. They were randomly allocated to three groups: group 1 was treated with Apitherapeutic agent or honey (0,1 ml, 2x1), group 2 was treated with TGO (0,1ml, 2x1) locally, Group 3 served as the control group. Following the surgical procedure on day 7, biopsy specimens were taken from right buccal mucosa and on day 14 biopsy specimens were taken from left bucal mucosa in all rats. Afterwards, hydroxy pyroline levels were measured. Data were analyzed statistically There was no statistically significant difference between Group 1 and 2, and also between Group 2 and 3, but there was statistically significant difference between Group 1 and 3 on day 7. There was no statistically significant difference between Group 1, 2 and 3 on day 14.

Prosthodontic rehabilitation can be accomplished with fixed, overdenture, complete, or implant-retained prostheses. Dental treatment overcomes the patient’s functional, psychological, esthetic and phonation problems. Remaining healthy teeth may allow the dentist to fabrícate a removable partial overdenture, fixed partial prosthesis or implant - supported prosthesis. The retention of a number of abutments helps maintain a positive ridge form with greater height and volume of the alveolar bone, improving masticatory performance, as well as providing a more stable prostheses. Dental patients who have medical problems need many treatment procedures. Multidisciplinary treatment planning is invaluable for patient’s dental health. Progeria is a rare genetic condition where symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at an early age. characteristic clinical findings of Progeria disease include abnormalities of the skin and hair in conjunction with char-acteristic facial features and skeletal abnormalities. The characteristic facies show protruding ears, beaked nose, thin lips with centrofacial cyanosis, prominent eyes, frontal and parietal bossing with pseudohydrocephaly, midface hypoplasia with micrognathia and large anterior fontanel. The other reported anomalies are dystrophic nails, hypertrophic scars and hypoplastic nipples. The findings that are nearly interested in dentistry are delayed dentition, anodontia, hypodontia, or crowding of teeth. This article presents the multidisciplinary dental treatment planning includes surgical, endodontic and prosthetic treatment of a patient with a history of progeria. In this case complete-arch fixed prostheses in both maxilla and mandible, supported by a combination of im-plants and teeth are reported.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with impairment of testicular functions. Aim. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) on the testicular tissue damage in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Subjects and methods. Thirty-two Wistar albino male rats were assigned into four equal groups as follows: (1) control group (n:8); (2) EP-treated non-diabetic group (n:8); (3) diabetic group (n:8); and (4) EP-treated diabetic group (n:8). Rats with STZ-induced diabetes were kept alive for 14 weeks. After that, the EP solution was administered intraperitoneally to the rats in the EP-treated non-diabetic and diabetic groups at the dose of 50 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days. At the end of this period, the left testes were removed from the rats for malondialdehyde (MDA) analysis, and the right testes were removed for histological examination. Results. As compared with the control group, the diabetic group had elevated MDA levels (210.9±12.7) and increased thickness of the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules (3.01±0.16), but decreased tubular diameter (159±9.0) and Johnsen’s score (5.31±0.1). In the EP-treated diabetic group, diabetes-induced impairment was significantly improved. Conclusion. These findings indicate that EP shows protective effects against diabetes-induced testicular dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:  Glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play vital roles in memory formation. Changes in the activity of these receptors influence memory processes. Ketamine is a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist drug with promising mood-altering and pain-reducing effects in low doses. These effects are believed to be related to altered serotonergic transmission., Methods:  The present study investigated the involvement of the serotonergic system in low-dose ketamine administrations' effects on memory acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval processes. Sixty-four male BALB/c mice were used in this experiment and separated into 8t groups. Mice were treated subchronically with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, and a serotonin depletion agent, p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA). A serotonin antagonist, methiothepin, and ketamine were acutely administered 60 minutes before or after the behavioral tests. A passive avoidance (PA) test measured emotional memory acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval processes. Hippocampi malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were analyzed, and histopathological examinations were performed., Results:  Ketamine alone did not significantly affect memory encoding processes in the PA test, while the ketamine-fluoxetine combination disrupted memory consolidation. Fluoxetine negatively affected the memory acquisition process, which was normalized during the consolidation and retrieval trials. Drug applications did not significantly alter hippocampal MDA levels. In all ketamine-applied groups, histopathologic alterations were evident., Conclusion:  Low-dose ketamine administration induces neurodegeneration, and it also impairs memory functions when combined with fluoxetine, indicating increased serotonergic transmission may be involved in the memory-impairing and neurotoxic effects of ketamine.

Background: Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome is generally considered to be a variant or complication of preeclampsia. It is a life-threatening obstetric complication., Objectives: To evaluate the immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural of syncytiotrophoblastand Hoffbauer cells in placental villi of patients with HELLP syndrome., Methods: Two groups of patients with a total of 50 full-term human placentas (n = 25 in each group) were assigned as the control (normotensive) and HELLP syndrome. Placental tissue samples were fixed in 10% neutral formalin and paraffin-embedding protocol was performed. We prepared 5 μm sections for histological and immunohistochemical staining. Sections were immunostained with Hoffbauer cell marker CD68. For transmission electron microscopy (TEM), placental tissue samples were fixed in 2.5% buffered glutaraldehyde and then, in 1% osmium tetroxide for routine ultrastructural examinations., Results: When the HELLP group fetal placental sections were examined, intracytoplasmic edema in syncytiotrophoblast, degenerative vacuoles, and degenerative findings on cell surface membranes were observed. Moreover, villous edema was remarkable. The number of CD68-positive Hoffbauer cells per villus control group sections was 0.23 ± 0.02 and the number of CD68-positive cells per villus in HELLP group placenta sections was 0.83 ± 0.12. The increase in the number of Hoffbauer cells per villus in the HELLP group was significant ( P < 0.001). Compared with the control group, there was a significant increase in the number of Hoffbauer cells and syncytiotrophoblasts in the HELLP group, and degenerative changes were also observed in the ultrastructure of these cells., Conclusions: Pathology of the HELLP syndrome is in relation to CD68-positive placental macrophages., (© 2023 Yusuf Nergiz et al., published by Sciendo.)

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the nephroprotective and possible anti-diabetic effects of vitamin E, metformin, and Nigella sativa ., Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into control, experimental diabetes (DM), vitamin E + DM, Metformin + DM, and N. sativa + DM. For experimental diabetes induction, IP 45 mg/kg streptozotocin was administered. Rats in vitamin E + DM, Metformin + DM, and N. sativa + DM received 100 mg/kg vitamin E, 100 mg/kg metformin, and 2.5 ml/kg N. sativa oil for 56 days. After the experiment, all animals were sacrificed, and blood and kidney samples were collected., Results: The blood urea level of the DM group was significantly higher ( P <0.01) than the control group. Urea levels in vitamin E, metformin, and N. sativa groups were similar to the control group ( P >0.05) but significantly different from the DM group ( P <0.01). Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 immunopositivity intensity were quite low in the control group, and similar to the N. sativa group ( P >0.05). Bcl-2 immunopositivity density was highest in the N. sativa group, similar to the control group in terms of percentile area ( P >0.05)., Conclusion: When all three treatment methods were compared in terms of their effectiveness in alleviating DM and DN, it was determined that the most successful result was obtained with N. sativa oil., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: Doxorubicin (Dox) is one of the most effective antineoplastic drugs which has severe cardiotoxic effects, limiting its clinical usage. Though the exact mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is yet to be elucidated, it is shown that production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases oxidative stress and leads to cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necroptosis which is also defined as a programmed cell death. Purpose: In the present study, we investigate the effects of necrostatin-1 (Nec-1)-an inhibitor of receptor interaction proteins 1 (RIP1) and necroptosis-on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Research Design : Hearts were isolated and perfused by the Langendorff system in all four groups. Perfusion pressure (PP), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and heart rate per minute (HR), LV (dP/dt) max, and LV (dP/dt) min which shows cardiac contractility and relaxation were recorded. Results: Results showed that PP significantly increased with Dox treatment and significantly decreased with Nec-1 treatment, while HR, LVDP, LV (dP/dt) max, and LV (dP/dt) min values significantly decreased with the Dox-treated group and significantly increased with Nec-1 treatment. Also with Nec-1 treatment, gene expression levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 significantly increased and pro-apoptotic protein Bax, apoptotic marker caspase-3, and Nox-2 significantly decreased compared to the Dox-treated group. In heart tissues, MDA levels were significantly increased with Dox and decreased with Nec-1 treatment. These results were supported by the histological analysis indicated that Nec-1 reduced doxorubicin-induced cellular injury. Conclusions: In conclusion, our data indicate that Nec-1 ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress injury and attenuating apoptosis and necroptosis.

Background and Aim: This study examined the effects of black cumin seed oil treatment on oxidative stress and the expression of radixin and moesin in the liver of experimental diabetic rats., Materials and Methods: Eighteen rats were divided into 3 equal groups (control, diabetes, treatment). The control group was not exposed to any experimental treatment. Streptozotocin was administered to the rats in the diabetes and treatment groups. A 2.5 mL/kg dose of black cumin seed oil was administered daily for 56 days to the treatment group. At the conclusion of the experiment, the blood level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) was measured. The expression level and the cellular distribution of radixin and moesin in the liver were analyzed., Results: The plasma MDA (3.05±0.45 nmol/mL) and GSH (78.49±20.45 μmol/L) levels in the diabetes group were significantly different (p<0.01) from the levels observed in the control group (MDA: 1.09±0.31 nmol/mL, GSH: 277.29±17.02 μmol/L) and the treatment group (MDA: 1.40±0.53 nmol/mL, GSH: 132.22±11.81 μmol/L). Immunohistochemistry and western blotting analyses indicated that while the level of radixin was not significantly between the groups (p>0.05) and moesin expression was significantly downregulated (p<0.05) in the experimental group, the treatment was ineffective., Conclusion: The administered dose was sufficient to prevent oxidative stress, but was not sufficient to alleviate the effects of diabetes on moesin expression in hepatic sinusoidal cells., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare., (© Copyright 2022 by Hepatology Forum - Available online at www.hepatologyforum.org.)

Introduction: Reperfusion surgery following testicular ischemia is a reproductive health threatening status and may result with organ dysfunction in men. The high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cease of blood flow to the testis are the most important reasons of this testicular injury. Until today, numerous experimental studies reported that antioxidants might be efficient to alleviate oxidative stress induced organ dysfunction. For this purpose, in this study, we have investigated the protective effects of xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor, allopurinol, and ROS scavenger, trolox, in a comparative perspective in testicular ischemia reperfusion injury subjected rats., Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups of seven animals in each; control, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), allopurinol and trolox. The rats in control group did not receive any application. Animals in I/R, allopurinol and trolox groups were subjected to 2 h testicular reperfusion injury following 5 h ischemia. Intraperitoneally (i.p.) 1 ml isotonic, 200 mg/kg allopurinol and 50 mg/kg trolox were administered to the animals in these groups 30 min prior reperfusion. At the end of experiment, all animals were sacrificed and blood serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. Histological sections were obtained from the testis and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cleaved caspase-3. Apoptotic index was evaluated with TUNEL Assay., Results: Severe morphological degenerations, increased serum MDA, cleaved caspase-3 and TUNEL Assay positivity rate, but reduced PCNA positivity rate was observed in ischemia and reperfusion group. Morphological degenerations, MDA level, apoptotic index and PCNA positive cell rate were slightly alleviated in allopurinol administered animals compared with ischemia and reperfusion group. Protection with trolox was more successful and the results of the analysis were similar to the control group., Discussion: Ischemia that leading to testicular torsion is a reproductive health affecting problem and current surgical treatment methods might be insufficient to recover testis. Various types of ROS generating mechanisms in cell are limiting protective potency of allopurinol, and cocktail administration of different ROS inhibitors might be more effective. However, our results indicate that free radical scavenger trolox might be a candidate drug to alleviate degenerative effects of testicular ischemia reperfusion injury., Conclusions: This is the first study that demonstrates antioxidant trolox was more successful than XO inhibitor allopurinol to protect testis against ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats., (Copyright © 2020 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aim: The current study was based on the hypothesis that the use of PRF with bone graft materials might increase bone regeneration and focus on the histopathological and immunohistochemical aspects following application of PRF with autogenous graft, xenograft and B-TCP in a rabbit model., Material and Methods: This study was performed on the twenty-eight male New Zealand divided into four group. Two defects with a diameter 10 mm were opened in calvarium. After PRF preparation, right defects were evaluated as empty defect or graft group, and left defects were evaluated as PRF test group. All animals were sacrificed at the end of 8 weeks and specimens were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically., Results: The most superior histopathological results were obtained in the autograft group. The combination of β-TCP-PRF could not provide superiority over the β-TCP group. The immunohistochemical results showed that, in the PRF/BTCP group, the expression of osteopontin and osteonectin was relatively higher compared to the only-BTCP group., Conclusion: In terms of new bone formation, autograft combined with PRF yielded superior results but the combination of β-TCP-PRF had no effect compared to the only-BTCP group. However, further experimental and clinical studies might be beneficial to clarify the exact mechanism and results of combining PRF with bone grafts on bone healing process., (Copyright © 2019 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment is steadily increasing as a therapeutic modality for various types of diseases. Although good clinical outcomes were reported with HBO treatment for various diseases, the multisystemic effects of this modality are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the renal effects of HBO experimentally., Materials and Methods: Fourteen New Zealand White rabbits were divided into 2 groups randomly as the control group and the study group. The study group received HBO treatment for 28 days (100% oxygen at 2.5 atmospheres for 90 minutes daily) and the control group was used to obtain normal renal tissue of the animal genus. After the intervention period, venous blood samples were obtained, and renal tissue samples were harvested for comparisons., Results: Normal histological morphology was determined with Masson trichrome staining and periodic acid-Schiff staining in the control group. Atrophic glomerular structures, vacuolated tubule cells, and degeneration were detected in the renal samples of the study group with Masson trichrome staining. Additionally, flattening was observed on the brush borders of the proximal tubules, and tubular dilatation was visualized with periodic acid-Schiff staining. The histopathologic disruption of renal morphology was verified with detection of significantly elevated kidney function laboratory biomarkers in the study group., Conclusions: Our findings suggests that HBO has adverse effects on renal glomerulus and proximal tubules. However, the functional effects of this alteration should be investigated with further studies.

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of intracameral injection of ranibizumab and bevacizumab on the corneal endothelium by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)., Methods: Twenty-eight female rabbits were randomly divided into four equal groups. Rabbits in groups 1 and 2 underwent intracameral injection of 1 mg/0.1 mL and 0.5 mg/0.05 mL ranibizumab, respectively; group 3 was injected with 1.25 mg/0.05 mL bevacizumab. All three groups were injected with a balanced salt solution (BSS) into the anterior chamber of the left (fellow) eye. None of the rabbits in group 4 underwent an injection. Corneal thickness and intraocular pressure were measured before the injections, on the first day, and in the first month after injection. The rabbits were sacrificed and corneal tissues were excised in the first month after injection. Specular microscopy was used for the corneal endothelial cell count. Endothelial cell density was assessed and comparisons drawn between the groups and the control. Micrographs were recorded for SEM examination. The structure of the corneal endothelial cells, the junctional area of the cell membrane, the distribution of microvillus, and the cell morphology of the eyes that underwent intracameral injection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), BSS, and the control group were compared., Results: Corneal thickness and intraocular pressure were not significantly different between the groups that underwent anti-VEGF or BSS injection and the control group on the first day and in the first month of injection. The corneal endothelial cell count was significantly diminished in all three groups; predominantly in group 1 and 2 (P<0.05). The SEM examination revealed normal corneal endothelial histology in group 3 and the control group. Eyes in group 1 exhibited indistinctness of corneal endothelial cell borders, microvillus loss in the luminal surface, excessive blebbing, and disintegration of intercellular junctions. In group 2, the cell structure of the corneal endothelium and intercellular junctions were normal. However, a relative reduction was observed in the microvillus density of endothelial cells. Although eyes in group 3 were morphologically similar to fellow eyes and the control group, disarrangement in endothelial cell borders was evident., Conclusion: The SEM examination pointed out deterioration in endothelial cell morphology after intracameral injection of 1 and 0.5 mg ranizumab. However, the effects of intracameral bevacizumab injection on corneal endothelial cells were similar to those found in fellow eyes and the control group. Further large-scale studies that examine the cellular changes by transmission electron microscopy are required to support the results of the present study that evaluates the structural changes in endothelial cells by SEM.

Objective: Infertility is described as the inability of a couple to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse. Male factor is assumed to be responsible for 50% of cases of infertile couples. It is a common clinical problem, affecting approximately 13-15% of couples worldwide. In this study we aimed to investigate the effects of hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) and anti-HOS tests on sperm membrane integrity at the ultrastructural level., Study Design: Twenty-nine infertile and 10 fertile men were included in this study. The fertile and infertile subjects were classified according to Kruger and WHO criterion. All semen samples were examined and ana-yzed based on WHO guidelines. Sperm viability was determined by using the eosin Y staining method. After HOS and anti-HOS tests wore applied, the samples were evaluated at the ultrastructural level., Results: Normal structural features of all regions of sperm were observed in sections of sham normospermia. Some histopathological changes wore seen in HOS and anti-HOS group sections., Conclusion: The HOS procedure was found not to cause degenerative changes in the sperm ultrastructure. The anti-HOS procedure can be applied in normospermic and oligospermic groups.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of ethyl pyruvate on changes in renal functions and oxidative stress related renal injury caused by cisplatin (cis-dichlorodiammine platinum-II; CDDP). Male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups ( n = 8): (1) control group (1 ml Ringer's lactate solution i.p.); (2) ethyl pyruvate (EP) group (50 mg/kg Ringer's EP solution (REPS) i.p.); (3) cisplatin group (a single dose of cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p.); and (4) cisplatin + EP group (a single dose of cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) + REPS 50 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for five days. At the sixth day, kidneys of rats were mounted to a Langendorff apparatus. Renal perfusion pressures were recorded. Blood samples were taken for serum urea, creatinine, total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) and oxidative stres index (OSI) evaluations. Kidney tissues were obtained for malondialdehyde (MDA) analyses and histopathological examination. Perfusion pressures, serum urea, creatinine, TOS, OSI and tissue MDA levels were found significantly higher, whereas TAS was notably lower in cisplatin group. Histopathological examination showed apparent renal paranchymal injury in cisplatin group. In cisplatin + REPS group, perfusion pressures, serum urea, creatinine and tissue MDA levels were decreased. Moreover, EP co-administration provided less inflammatory cell infiltration, tubular dilatation, whereas TOS, TAS and OSI improved significantly versus cisplatin group. These findings show that EP has protective effects against cisplatin nephrotoxicity.

Objective: Recently, it has been reported that endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors play a key role in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Thrombospondin-1, angiostatin and vasostatin are endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors and so far have not been shown in placenta at the immunohistochemical level. The aim of this study was to compare staining patterns of these endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors immunohistochemically in placentas of preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant women., Methods: Into the study, placentas from 20 preeclamptic and 20 normotensive pregnant women were included. Central and peripheral tissues were taken from both sides of placentas. Paraffin tissue blocks were prepared and stained for immunohistochemical analysis. Slides were evaluated for syncytiotrophoblasts, cytotrophoblasts, extra-villous throphoblasts and decidual cells. The degree of staining of slides were classified as negative, weak, moderate and strong., Results: Samples from preeclamptic patients were compared with those of normotensive. Staining of thrombospondin-1 was observed to increase in decidual cells, syncytiotrophoblasts in chorionic and stem villi and stroma of stem villi. Increased staining of thrombospondin-1 was only significant in the amniotic epithelium of the central sections. In addition, increased staining intensity of angiostatin was detected in the amniotic epithelium and chorionic plate of central sections of placenta. In peripheral sections, staining of angiostatin also increased in decidual cells but decreased in chorionic plate. Vasostatin staining in decidual cells, decidual stroma and chorionic villous stroma from peripheral sections decreased, but any difference was not observed in the central sections., Conclusion: Our results suggest that thrombospondin-1, angiostatin and vasostatin may play a role in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Further molecular studies are required to understand this role.

Objective: To investigate the role of extremely low frequency pulsed and sinusoidal electromagnetic fields on kidney tissues., Study Design: Twenty-seven male Wistar albino rats were used. The rats were divided into 3 groups (n = 9): control group, sinusoidal electromagnetic field (SEMF) group, and pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) group. The SEMF and PEMF groups (pulse time 25 microsn, pulse frequency 50 Hz) were subjected to 1.5 mT, 50 Hz, exposure 6 hours a day, 5 days a week for 28 days in methacrylate boxes. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded kidney tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Gomori and periodic acid-Schiff. In addition, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9), E-cadherin and collagen type IV expression levels were examined immunohistochemically., Results: Thickening of glomerular basement membranes was evident in electromagnetic fields, especially in the SEMF group. In addition, expression levels of E-cadherin were decreased with electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. The expression level of MMP-9 increased, and MMP-2 and collagen type IV expression levels were not altered with EMF exposure., Conclusion: Both EMFs changed the molecular component of the kidney adversely.

Background: The potential beneficial effects of extremely low frequency pulsed and sinusoidal electromagnetic fields have been shown on many tissues. Gingival epithelium plays an important role in immunosurveillance of the periodontal tissues. The epithelium acts as a mechanical barrier through cell junctions such as E-cadherin., Objectives: Investigation of the effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields on gingiva., Material and Methods: Twenty-seven male Wistar albino rats were used. The rats were divided into three groups: control group (n = 9), SEMF group (n = 9), PEMF group (n = 9). The SEMF and PEMF (pulse time: 25 µsn, pulse frequency: 50 Hz) groups were subjected to 1.5 mT, 50 Hz, exposure 6 h a day, 5 days a week for 28 days in methacrylate boxes. The gingival tissue pieces processed for routine histological and immunohistochemical examination and tissue sections were stained with H-E and Masson trichrome. In addition, E-cadherin and type IV collagen expressions were examined immunohistochemically., Results: Intraepithelial lymphocytes and proliferation of epithelial cells increased in both electromagnetic field groups. The over-expressions of E-cadherin on gingival epithelium was detected in the PEMF and SEMF groups. The expression level of type IV collagen was not significant between the control and electromagnetic field treated groups, except for a significant increase in the basal cell layer of the PEMF group, as compared to the control and SEMF groups., Conclusions: PEMF and SEMF have a local pro-inflammatory effect on gingiva, leading to an increase in E-cadherin level but not type IV collagen. Both PEMF and SEMF can be used as a supportive device in the treatment of gingival diseases, especially those which lead to defects in the epithelial barrier.

Objective: To determine histopathological changes on crystalline lens and retina of rats after subcutaneous injection of nicotine and to examine the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on these changes related to nicotine exposure., Methods: Twenty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were enrolled in the study and the rats were divided into four equal sized groups randomly (Group N: the rats exposed only to nicotine, group HB: the rats received only HBO, group N+HB: the rats that underwent to nicotine injection and subsequently received HBO, group C: the control group that neither exposed to nicotine nor received HBO). The rats were sacrificed by decapitation method and all were enucleated immediately after scarification. Tissue samples from crystalline lens, lens capsule, and the retina from the right eyes of the rats were examined by light microscopy., Results: While the histological appearances of the retina and the lens was similar in group HB, group N+HB, and the control group; group N showed some pathological changes like decrement in the retinal ganglion cell density, atrophy of the retinal nerve fiber layer, congestion of the vessels in the optic nerve head, thinning of the internal plexiform layer, thinning of the lens capsule, and transformation of the anterior subcapsular epithelium into squamous epithelia., Discussion: Subcutaneous injection of nicotine was found to be related with some pathological changes in the retina and lens of the Sprague-Dawley rats. However HBO caused no significant negative effect. Furthermore, the histopathological changes related to nicotine exposure in the lens and retina of the rats recovered by the application of HBO.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of cetuximab and bevacizumab on experimental rat model of corneal angiogenesis., Methods: The right eyes of 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats were included in silver nitrate cauterization-induced corneal angiogenesis model. They were divided into four groups: (1) silver nitrate cauterization-induced and 0.15 ml serum physiologic was given to the angiogenesis group, (2) bevacizumab was given 1.25 mg to the bevacizumab group, (3) cetuximab was given 5 mg to the cetuximab group, and (4) 1.25 mg bevacizumab plus 5 mg cetuximab were given to the bevacizumab + cetuximab group. All eyes were exposed to the treatment on days 1, 4, and 7 of the experiment, and drugs were given subconjunctivally. The left eyes were untreated and used as sham. On day 8, the treated eyes were evaluated biomicroscopically. Then, the rats were sacrificed, and corneal specimens were prepared for histopathologic examinations., Results: The degree of angiogenesis inhibition was observed as 50.8% in bevacizumab, 54.3% in cetuximab, and 15.8% in bevacizumab + cetuximab groups by biomicroscopic evaluation. According to the histopathological and immunohistochemical findings obtained from the present study, the amount of angiogenesis was determined to have decreased considerably in both the bevacizumab and cetuximab groups; also, relatively less inhibiton was observed in the bevacizumab + cetuximab group., Conclusion: Subconjunctival injection of cetuximab and bevacizumab is effective in reducing corneal angiogenesis in silver nitrate cauterization induced angiogenesis model of rats. Further investigation is needed to assess the potential side-effects of the drugs, especially cetuximab.

Objective: Electromagnetic fields can affect intracellular Ca(2+) levels. The aim of this study was to determine the changes intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in cardiac ventricle cells of rats exposed to 0.25 mT (2.5 Gauss) magnetic field., Methods: Forty-five male rats were introduced to this study. The rats were divided into three groups: control, sham, and experiment. The experimental group was exposed to 0.25 mT extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field for 14 days, 3 h/day. The sham group was treated like the experimental group, except for elf-magnetic field exposure. The control group was not subjected to anything and differed from the experimental group and sham group. In the end of experiment, rats were sacrificed, cardiac tissue was removed, and these were fixed in 10% neutral formalin. Then, ventricular cells were stained by Alizarin red staining method., Results: In the light microscopic examinations of control groups, in myofibril structures between groups, changes were not observed. In myofibril regions of the experimental group compared to other groups, increased heterogen Ca(2+) accumulations were found., Conclusion: ELF magnetic fields are used in daily life. The results of this study show that intracellular Ca(2+) accumulation in cardiac ventricles can increase in rats exposed to ELF magnetic field.

Background/purpose: Many studies suggest a role for antioxidants in the prevention of lung hypoplasia in nitrofen-induced rat models with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). This study investigates the oxidative status and the histological outcome of prenatal administration of vitamins E and C with synergistic effect, and effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to improve lung maturation of nitrofen-induced rats., Methods: CDH was induced by maternal administration of a single oral dose of nitrofen on day 9.5 of gestation, and the Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: nitrofen (N), nitrofen + vitamin C (NC), nitrofen + vitamin E (NE), nitrofen + vitamin C + vitamin E (NCE) and nitrofen + NAC (NNAC). A control group in which only vehicle was administered was included. Cesarean section was performed on day 21. Body weight (BW) and total lung weight (LW) of all fetuses with CDH were recorded; lung histological evaluation was performed, and protein content of lungs, determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and the protein carbonyls in tissue samples were determined., Results: A total of 133 rat fetuses with CDH were investigated. The body weight and the lung weight of fetuses of all groups that were exposed to nitrofen were significantly decreased than of the control group (P < 0.05). The animals exposed to nitrofen with different antioxidants showed increased protein levels in lung tissue. However, in the NCE and the NNAC groups, protein levels were significantly increased than in the others. Malondialdehyde levels significantly decreased in the NCE and the NNAC groups when compared with the NC and the NE groups. In addition, the NCE and NNAC groups decreased protein oxidation to control levels, and no significant difference was observed between control and these two antioxidants groups. The N, NC, NE and NNAC groups showed minimal improvement in lung histology; the NCE groups showed the most improvement in lung histology when compared with the other nitrofen plus antioxidant groups., Conclusion: Prenatal administration of NAC and vitamin E in combination with vitamin C represented the best effects to avoid oxidative damage and protein content of the lungs in rat pups with CDH at birth.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of procalcitonin (PCT) in the differential diagnosis of testicular torsion and epididymo-orchitis., Methods: This experimental study was performed in the research laboratory of Dicle University, School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey between March and June 2008. The study included 24 male rats randomized equally in 3 groups: sham, epididymo-orchitis, and torsion groups. Blood samples were obtained from all rats at the beginning of the study. After torsion and infection occurred in the testes, new blood samples were obtained for PCT measurement. Then, all the right testes of the rats were excised for histopathological evaluation. The Wilcoxon signed test was used for statistical evaluation., Results: Pre- and post PCT levels were statically compared, and PCT levels were significantly higher in the epididymo-orchitis group., Conclusion: Procalcitonin could be an easy, fast, and safe marker for use in the differential diagnosis of testicular torsion and epididymo-orchitis.

Milky spots are opaque patches in the greater omentum. They were first described by von Recklinghausen (1863) in the omentum of rabbits. In man, milky spots are relatively uniform, highly vascularized accumulations of mononuclear cells. The objective of this study was to describe in human omental lymphoid tissue components with S-100. Tissue samples (greater omentum) were collected from 14 patients operated with different reasons in our Department of General Surgery, in order to histologically present the presence of S-100 in the cells making up the milky spots in human omentum tissue. Tissue samples were cut approximately 5-8 micrometer thick with frozen-sections and stained with an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, as described previously. Then milky spots were examined by light microscopy. These data indicate that unstimulated milky spots in the human greater omentum are to a great extent just a preformed specific accumulation of primarily macrophages within the stroma of the greater omentum, secondarily B- and T-lymphocytes. In addition to these cells, we observed that a few mast and reticular cells were seen in the milky spots by S-100 reactive cross-sections of greater omentum. In the human omentum tissue that was stained with indirect immunoperoxidase method using anti S-100 monoclonal antibody, an arteriole cross-section in the center, reactive nerve cross-sections in the adjacent stroma and endogenic peroxidase reactivity in a few granulocytes in omental tissue were observed.

We investigated the effects of disease itself and PUVA treatment on surface epithelium of conjunctiva in psoriatic patients (PP) before PUVA and after PUVA therapy and in 32 healthy volunteers. Squamous metaplasia was detected in PP both before and after PUVA therapy. We concluded that PUVA treatment applied together with preventive measures, would lead to less severe ocular side effects.

Objective: To evaluate leptomeningeal and subpial inflammatory responses of experimental Staphylococcus aureus bacteriemia following intraperitoneal and intravenous applications and to compare the inflammatory reactions in different regions of central nervous system., Material and Methods: Forty anesthetized rats were divided into four groups equal in number. The rats in group-I were given 1 ml suspension of Staphylococcus aureus intraperitoneally. Group-II was the control group of group I; it was administrated 1 ml 0.9% NaCl in water intraperitoneally. The rats in group-III were given the same amount of bacteria intravenously. Group IV was the control group of the group-III; it was administrated 1 ml 0.9% NaCl solution intravenously. The rats were sacrificed on the 21st day. Inflammatory changes of different regions of the central nervous system were examined under transmission electron microscopy. Statistical analysis was done by using variance analysis, Bonferroni, Tamhane post hoc, Student's t and univariate tests., Results: Thoracic and occipital regions were the most vulnerable zones. Increasing of collagen tissue was the most detected inflammatory change., Conclusion: This experimental model can be used for inducing subpial and leptomeningeal inflammations and it may be developed for investigations of pathogenesis of leptomeningitis during systemic infections.

Objective: To investigate the toxic effects of ropivacaine on corneal endothelium by using the impression cytological method., Methods: The study was performed between October and December 2004 in Dicle University Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey. Twenty-four eyes from 12 rats were used for the research. They were divided into 4 groups, each containing 3 different ropivacaine concentrations and a control. Immediately after enucleation, the corneas were excised and the endothelium was exposed to unpreserved ropivacaine 0.01, 0.1, or 1% and balanced salt solutions (BSS) as a control (6 corneas/group) for 20 minutes. The specimens were obtained by impression cytology method and stained with periodic acid shift. Then, they were examined under light microscope., Results: Blurring at cell membrane borders, vacuolization at cell cytoplasm, hydropic degeneration and increase in toxic granulation were observed in the 1% ropivacaine group. Cytoplasmic hydropic degeneration was determined in the 0.1% ropivacaine group. Cell structures were normal and almost identical to the control group in the 0.01% ropivacaine group., Conclusion: In this study, 2 major conclusions were determined. The impression cytology method can be used in examination of corneal endothelium, and exposure of rat corneal endothelium to 0.01% ropivacaine solutions in vitro appears to be non-toxic.

Background: The development of continuous curvilinear capsulorrhexis (CCC) has contributed significantly to the tolerability and effectiveness of cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. Staining of the anterior capsule has become a popular method of increasing visibility when performing CCC., Objective: The aim of this study was to determine, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the highest concentrations of trypan blue dye that would not cause long-term toxicity after injection into the anterior chamber of rat eyes., Methods: The eyes of healthy female albino Wistar rats were used in this investigator-masked, controlled, 2-period, experimental study conducted over 12 weeks at the Dicle University Experimental Animal Laboratory, Diyarbakir, Turkey. The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 4 using a random-number table. Each rat was administered a 0.05-mL injection of trypan blue into the right eye in 1 of the following concentrations: 0.4%, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.025%. A 0.05-mL pH-balanced saline solution was injected into the left eye of each rat to act as a control. At 1 day after injection and 4 weeks after injection (early period), 1 rat from each concentration group was euthanized and their eyes were enucleated. At 12 weeks after injection (late period) the remaining 2 rats from each group were euthanized and their eyes were enucleated. Corneal endothelial cells and the anterior lens capsule of the enucleated eyes were analyzed using SEM and TEM, and the results were compared with those of the control group. In the TEM analysis, the primary end point was the histopathologic changes in the cellular organelles when compared with those in the control group. In the SEM analysis, the primary end point was changes in cell shape, intracellular junctions, and density of the microvilli when compared with those in the control group., Results: Forty eyes from 20 albino Wistar rats (mean [SD] age, 8.2 [1.6] weeks; mean [SD] weight, 175.6 [16.5] g) were used in the study. Each group of rats received a different concentration of trypan blue in the right eye. In the early period, both the 0.4% and 0.2% concentrations were associated with the impairment of the hexagonal structure of corneal endothelial cells and intercellular junctions. Those concentrations were also associated with an increased occurrence of cellular vacuolation, cytoplasmic edema, extensive granulation of the endoplasmic reticulum, pyknotic nuclei, and mitochondrial degeneration. In the late period, these changes were observed as persisting in a decreasing manner. With the 0.1% and 0.05% concentrations, the density of microvilli decreased, nuclei appeared normal, granulation of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus was active, and minimal levels of mitochondrial degeneration were observed., Conclusions: In this small experimental study in rat eyes, trypan blue at concentrations >0.025% was associated with impaired morphology and structure of corneal endothelial cells after short-term exposure. This effect continued in a decreasing fashion after long-term exposure. No significant changes were noted in the control group or the group administered the 0.025% concentration.

The present study was undertaken to determine histopathologic differences in the ribs of Wistar-albino rat fetuses prenatally exposed to valproic acid (VPA), folic acid (FA) and vitamin E (Vit E), and to compare their differential developmental susceptibility and morphological association with skeletal anomalies. VPA (300 mg/ kg), FA (300mg/kg) and Vit E (250mg/kg) were administered to rats on each of gestation days (GD) 7-9. Fetuses were collected on GD 21 and their ribs were examined for malformations. The fetuses were divided into four groups: blind-trial group, VPA group (vpa), VPA and Vit E group (vpa+vit e), valproic and FA group (vpa+fa). In each group; drug procedure, surgical procedure and histological methods were performed. Later, weights and lengths of fetuses in each group were compared and analyzed by one-way Anova test. As a result, maLformations in fetuses were determined and photographed by Nikon SMZ-2 steromicroscopy, using 2 x objective. Administration of single doses of VPA (300 mg/kg) resulted in weight and length loss between blind-trial and vpa group. However, length and weight differences between the other groups were not significant. The objective of the present study is to analyze morphological and histopathologic changes which may occur in a high-risk experimental model after the administration of VPA. In addition, protective roles of the administration of FA and Vit E are assessed.