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Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott — Habit: Fern. Habitat: LMDF; up to 1 500 m. Distribution: I. Voucher: N/A. Reference: Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Aerangis luteoalba (Kraenzl.) Schltr. var. rhodosticta (Kraenzl.) J.Stewart — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMWF; up to 2 400 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: East Mount Kenya Forest, Alt. 1 524–1 829 m, Battiscombe K692 (EA, K). References: Blundell (1987), Cribb (1989b), Stewart & Campbell (2003), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1

A study on the diversity and distribution of terrestrial and epiphytic fern in Kuantan, Pahang was conducted from January to November 2017. Fourteen species of both terrestrial and epiphytic ferns, respectively have been collected and examined from five districts of Kuantan namely Kuala Kuantan, Ulu Kuantan, Penor, Ulu Lepar and Sungai Karang. This study was carried out to examine and evaluate the distribution and to assess the abudance of epiphytic fern in Kuantan, Pahang. The materials obtained for this study were collected from sampling sites and prepared as herbarium voucher. Morphological characteristics were studied, observed and annotated. Based on this study, the terrestrial and epiphytic fern families namely Nephrolepidaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Lygodiaceae, Lindsaeceae, Woodiaceae and Thelypteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, Pteridaceae, Davalliaceae, Aspleniaceae, Blechnaceae and Cyatheaceae were recorded. It mostly can be found in the rainforest area. An updated checklist of terrestrial and epiphytic ferns has been prepared for comparison and future reference.

45.1. Arthropteris J.Sm. in Hook. f., Fl. New Zealand 2: 43 (1854). T.: Arthropteris tenella (G.Forst.) J.Sm. (Polypodium tenellum G.Forst.), Published as part of Christenhusz, Maarten J. M., Zhang, Xian-Chun & Schneider, Harald, 2011, A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns, pp. 7-54 in Phytotaxa 19 on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4893995

Throughout the history of the classification of extant ferns (monilophytes) and lycophytes, familial and generic concepts have been in great flux. For the organisation of lycophytes and ferns in herbaria, books, checklists, indices and spore banks and on the internet, this poses a problem, and a standardized linear sequence of these plants is therefore in great need. We provide here a linear classification to the extant lycophytes and ferns based on current phylogenetic knowledge; this provides a standardized guide for organisation of fern collections into a more natural sequence. Two new families, Diplaziopsidaceae and Rhachidosoraceae, are here introduced.

44. Nephrolepidaceae 44.1. Nephrolepis Schott, Gen. Fil. 1. t. 3 (1834). T.: Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (Polypodium exaltatum L.)

44.1. Nephrolepis Schott, Gen. Fil. 1. t. 3 (1834). T.: Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (Polypodium exaltatum L.), Published as part of Christenhusz, Maarten J. M., Zhang, Xian-Chun & Schneider, Harald, 2011, A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns, pp. 7-54 in Phytotaxa 19 on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4893995

Family 44. Nephrolepidaceae Pic.Serm., Webbia 29: 8 (1975). 1 genus (Nephrolepis). References: Hennequin et al. (2010), Hovenkamp & Miyamoto (2005). Note:���The genus Nephrolepis has always been difficult to place. It has previously been associated with Davalliaceae and Oleandraceae (Kramer & Green 1990). Smith (2006a, 2008) places it in Lomariopsidaceae, which shares the articulate pinnae. This association is however not satisfactory because the exact phylogenetic placement is still uncertain. We therefore place it tentatively in its own family until further data are available., Published as part of Christenhusz, Maarten J. M., Zhang, Xian-Chun & Schneider, Harald, 2011, A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns, pp. 7-54 in Phytotaxa 19 on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4893995, {"references":["Hennequin, S., Hovenkamp, P., Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Schneider, H. (2010) Phylogeny and biogeography of Nephrolepis - a tale of old settlers and young tramps. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 164: 113 - 127.","Hovenkamp, P. H. & Miyamoto, F. (2005) A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world. Blumea 50: 279 - 322.","Kramer, K. U. & Green, P. S. (1990) Pteridophytes and gymnosperms, in: Kubitzki, K. (ed.) The families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 1. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 1 - 404.","Smith, A. R., Pryer, K. M., Schuettpelz, E., Korall, P., Schneider, H. & Wolf, P. G. (2006 a) A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55: 705 - 731.","Smith, A. R., Pryer, K. M., Schuettpelz, E., Korall, P., Schneider, H., & Wolf, P. G. (2008) Fern classification, pp. 417 - 467 in: Ranker, T. A., & Haufler, C. H. (eds.), Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press."]}

Polypodium cordifolium Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1089. 1753, nom. cons. "Habitat in America." RCN: 7853. Conserved type (Verdcourt in Taxon 45: 539. 1996): Hispaniola. Dominican Republic, Azua, San Jos�� de Ocoa, slope of Loma de Rancho, 23 Feb 1929, Ekman H 11627 (K; iso- B, LD, S, UPS). Current name: Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl (Nephrolepidaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part P), pp. 718-782 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 759, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Polypodium exaltatum Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 2: 1326. 1759. ["Habitat in America."] Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 1549 (1763). RCN: 7880. Lectotype (Alston in Philipp. J. Sci. 50: 182. 1933): [icon] "Lonchitis altissima, pinnulis utrinque, seu ex utroque latere auriculatis" in Sloane, Voy. Jamaica 1: 77, t. 31. 1707. - Typotype: Herb. Sloane 1: 52 (BM-SL). Current name: Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (Nephrolepidaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part P), pp. 718-782 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 760, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Polypodium auriculatum Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1088. 1753, nom. utique rej. "Habitat in India." RCN: 7881. Lectotype (Trimen in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 24: 152. 1887): Herb. Hermann 1: 39, No. 383 (BM-000621367). Current name: Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott (Nephrolepidaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part P), pp. 718-782 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 759, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

22. Nephrolepis �� copelandii W.H. Wagner et al. Nephrolepis �� copelandii W.H. Wagner et al. (1999) 185. - Type: Wagner et al. 91044 (MICH n.v.), Hawaii. = Nephrolepis cordifolia �� N. brownii, intermediate between the putative parents. Distribution - So far found on Hawaii only, but can be expected to occur throughout the common range of both parents as a byproduct of the expansion of N. brownii., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on page 312

23. Nephrolepis × hippocrepicis Miyam.,hybr. nov. Planta hybrida, differt ab N. cordifolia squamis stipitis margine ciliatis lineo-lanceolatis; ab N. biserrata pinnis triangularis, supernis latis auriculatis, indusis lunulatis vel reniformis. Sporae abnormales et abortivae. - Typus: Miyamoto & Nakayama s.n. (holo TUAT; iso B, BISH, BM, K, MICH, NY, P, TAI), Ryukyu Islands,5 March 1985. Distribution - Ryukyu Islands, possibly elsewhere where the two putative parents occur together. Note - Putative hybrid between Nephrolepis cordifolia and N. biserrata.This hybrid is very similar to N. exaltata, and one specimen was in fact identifed by Nauman as such. However, N. exaltata does not occur in Asia. Nephrolepis hippocrepicis can be distinguished from N. biserrata by the distinctly triangular pinnae with auriculate acroscopic base, from N. cordifolia by the narrower sinus of the indusia and the ciliate stipe scales. The spores of all specimens examined are abnormal. A specimen with a somewhat similar morphology was collected in Thailand (Umaporn Intern s.n.1999, Doi Sutep near Puping Palace,L). Specimens examined: JAPAN. Ryukyu Islands:Okinawa Island,Yona Exp. Forest of Ryukyu Univ. Yona,Kunigamison, 100-200 m:Miyamoto & Nakayama s.n.,5 March 1985,Miyamoto & Nakayama 1407, 1408, 1409, 1412, 1413, 1414 (TUAT);Iwatsuki et al. s.n. (KYO);Miyako Island,Ohgami: Miyagi et al. s.n. (KYO).

8. Nephrolepis dicksonioides H. Christ - Fig. 1b; Map 4 Nephrolepis dicksonioides H. Christ(1895) 241; Holttum (1968) 376. - Dicksonia nephrolepioides H. Christ (1895) 241. - Type: Sarasin 1030 (P n.v.), Celebes. [The type (Sarasin 1030) could not be located; however, its origin in Celebes puts it beyond doubt that it is this species and not N. abrupta with which it has been confused.] Nephrolepis rosenstockii Brause(1913) 25. - Type: Schlechter 16494 (K, L, P), New Guinea. Habit, rhizome morphology. Plants forming tufts of 2 or 3 fronds. Runners 1.5-2 mm thick, branching angle divaricate. Scales on runners dense, spreading. Tubers absent. Fronds 200 cm long (or more), 16-18 cm wide, stipe 33-35 cm long. Lamina base strongly reduced, tapering over 30 cm, basal pinnae 1.2-2.5 cm long, 4-6 cm distant, middle pinnae slightly to distinctly falcate. Sterile pinnae 9.5-11 by 1.6-2 cm, leathery, base strongly unequal, basiscopic base rounded or cordate, acroscopic base cuneate or truncate, not auricled, margin in basal part entire, towards apex crenate or serrate, apex acuminate or to 1.5-2.5 cm caudate. Fertile pinnae 10-15 by 0.6-1.2 cm, different from sterile pinnae in the margin deeply incised between the sori, especially towards pinna-apex, and the apex more gradually narrowed to a 2.5-4 cm long cauda. Indument. Basal scales pseudopeltate, spreading, 5 by 2-2.5 mm, central part rufous, shining, marginal glands absent, margin not hyaline, in basal part ciliate or fmbriate, in acumen ciliate or fmbriate. Rachis scales dense, with a well-developed protracted acumen, appressed (inconspicuous), hyaline or light brown, acumen ciliate. Scales on lamina absent. Hairs on lamina and costa absent. Sori marginal (or nearly marginal), often on dilated teeth, especially towards the pinna-apex, 20-32 pairs on fully fertile pinnae, elongated (sometimes confluent near the base of the pinna), not impressed. Indusium broad, attached at broad base. Distribution - Eastern part of Malesia: Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea, Solomon Islands. Habitat & Ecology - Terrestrial, on rocks, or epiphytic. Disturbed places in lower montane forest, in ridge forest or disturbed secondary forest, 400 -1900 m. Note - Nephrolepis dicksonioides has been confused with N. abrupta and N. acuminata. It has fertile pinnae similarly incised as typical specimens of N. acuminata, and marginal sori similar to those of N. abrupta, but differs from both in the indusium having a broad base, innervated by 2 or 3 veins. The apex of the sorus-bearing tooth is often dilated. From N. abrupta it can also be distinguished by the shape of the pinnae: the fertile ones are more constantly deeply divided, the sterile ones more distinctly acuminate, narrowing to a distinct cauda from c. halfway., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on page 300

11. Nephrolepis falciformis J. Sm.Map 7; Plate 2g Nephrolepis falciformis J. Sm. (1866) 287. - Type: Anon. s.n. (BM), Borneo. Nephrolepis thomsonii Alderw.(1917) 2. - Type: Thomson 690 (BO, L), New Guinea. Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl var. calcarea H. Christ (1909) 158. - Type: Versteeg 1614 (1603?) (BO, K), New Guinea. Nephrolepis falcata auct. non (Cav.) C. Chr.: Holttum (1968) 381; Tagawa & K. Iwats. (1985) 176. Habit, rhizome morphology. Plants forming tufts of 2-4 fronds. Runners 1-2 mm thick, frequently branched, branching divaricate. Scales on runners sparse, appressed. Tubers absent. Fronds 150-200 cm long (or more), 9-14 cm wide, stipe 16-45 cm long. Lamina base reduced, tapering over 20-50 cm, basal pinnae 1.5-2.5 cm long, 4.5-5 cm distant, middle pinnae usually strongly falcate (basal and apical pinnae usually far less so). Sterile pinnae 5-6 by 1.1-1.8 cm, herbaceous, thick (often conspicuously pale green when dry), base strongly unequal, basiscopic base rounded, acroscopic base truncate, slightly to distinctly auricled, margin in basal part entire or crenate, apex acute or acuminate. Fertile pinnae 5.3-8 by 1-1.3 cm, with a more distinctly dentate margin than from sterile pinnae. Indument. Basal scales peltate, appressed, 3.5 by 1 mm, central part dark brown, dull, hyaline margin wide, distinct, ciliate throughout, marginal glands absent. Rachis scales sparse, without a distinctly protracted acumen, appressed, dark, conspicuous especially when dry. Scales on lamina sometimes present, very small, inconspicuous. Hairs on lamina absent, on costa sometimes present, few (usually forming a small group of scattered hairs near the base). Sori submarginal, 21 or 22 pairs on fully fertile pinnae, round, slightly impressed. Indusium reniform, with narrow sinus, attached at sinus. Distribution - Sri Lanka, Indochina, Malesia: Peninsular Thailand, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea. Habitat & Ecology - At low to middle elevation (sea level to 800 m, rarely higher), in forests, often in shade, also in open places, terrestrial or epiphytic. Notes - A fairly distinct species, most easily recognizable by the strongly falcate median pinnae and the strikingly light colour (fresh plants are bright green, dry specimens often, but not always, a pale yellowish brown). The degree to which the pinnae are falcate strongly varies within a single frond, with the median fertile pinnae often very pronouncedly falcate, with the apex frequently curved back somewhat towards the midrib, but the more basal and apical pinnae usually only slightly or not at all falcate. The sori are mostly nearly marginal, some hairs are usually present on the upper surface of the costae especially near the points of attachment, often forming a rather characteristic sparse tuft. The scales on rachis are small and sparse, but rather conspicuous due to the dark colour. A distinct form occurs on New Guinea, which differs from the typical form in a number of aspects: fronds long, slender, often stated to be pendent, often many in a tuft, strongly narrowed at base to strongly reduced (semicircular) basal pinnae, middle pinna relatively small and not strongly falcate; rachis and fronds nearly glabrous, scales where present small. Typical plants of this form are at frst sight similar to N. cordifolia, and have been distinguished as N. thomsonii and N. cordifolia var. calcarea.However, as all the characters that distinguish this form from typical N. falciformis show a very gradual transition between the two extreme states, we prefer to deal with it informally under this species., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on pages 303-304

16. Nephrolepis pendula (Raddi) J. Sm. - Map 6 Nephrolepis pendula (Raddi) J. Sm.(1842a) 197; F��e (1852) 319; Brack. (1854) 211; Nauman (1992) 288; Mickel & A.R. Sm. (2004) 408. - Aspidium pendulum Raddi (1819) 11. - Nephrodium pendulum (Raddi) Desv.(1827) 252. - Nephrolepis tuberosa (Bory) C. Presl var. pendula (Raddi) Hook.(1862) 151. - Nephrolepis pectinata (Willd.) Schott subsp. pendula (Raddi) Jenman(1896) 261. - Type: Raddi s.n. (FI, K, US), Brasil. Nephrodium crenatum Desv. (1827) 252. - Nephrolepis crenata (Desv.) F��e (1845) 14, pl. 1, f. 19. - Type: Anon. s.n. (P n.v., photograph BM). Habit, rhizome morphology. Plants epiphytic, epilithic or terrestrial (most frequently epiphytic), forming tufts of 3-5 fronds. Runners 0.2-0.8 mm thick, medium to dark brown, black or purple-black, wiry. Scales on runners very sparse, loosely spreading. Tubers absent. Fronds 25-225 by 2-14 cm, stipe 2-36 cm long. Lamina base reduced, tapering over 15-25 cm, basal pinnae 0.5-1.9 cm long, 1.5-3 cm distant, middle pinnae slightly to distinctly falcate. Sterile pinnae herbaceous, thick, base slightly to strongly unequal, basiscopic base cuneate, truncate or rounded, acroscopic base truncate or cordate, not to distinctly auricled, margin in basal part entire or crenate, towards apex serrate or dentate, apex rounded or acute. Fertile pinnae 1.6-6.8 by 0.4-1.3 cm, otherwise similar to sterile ones. Indument. Basal scales peltate, appressed or spreading, 0.6-4 by 0.1-0.8 mm, central part dark brown or blackish, shining, hyaline margin absent or narrow, marginal glands absent, margin in basal part dentate or ciliate, in acumen dentate or ciliate. Rachis scales very sparse or sparse, without a distinctly protracted acumen, appressed, hyaline or light brown. Scales on lamina absent. Hairs on lamina and costa absent. Sori submarginal, 7-12 pairs on fully fertile pinnae, round or elongated, not impressed. Indusium lunulate or broad, attached at broad base. Spores with coarse irregular ridges. Distribution - Throughout the Neotropics from Cuba to Brazil. Habitat & Ecology - Most frequently epiphytic, but also terrestrial or epilithic, in generally moist habitats such as cloud forests, occasionally on roadsides or very open habitats. Sea level to 4300 m. Note - A characteristically glabrous species with long pendulous fronds, lustrous stipes, without scales whatsoever in many specimens (where present, with very long marginal appendages), with nearly marginal sori, and with indusia with broad base or wide sinus., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on page 308

9. Nephrolepis exaltata (L.)Schott - Map 6 Nephrolepis exaltata (L.)Schott(1834)Pl. 3; Brack. (1854) 211; Baker (1867) 301; Backer & Posth. (1939) 91; Copel. (1958) 188; Proctor (1989) 262; Nauman (1992) 287; Verdc. (2001) 4; Mickel & A.R. Sm. (2004) 406. - Polypodium exaltatum L. (1759) 1326. - Aspidium exaltatum (L.)Sw.(1801) 32; R. Br. (1810) 148; Blume (1828) 146. - Nephrodium exaltatum (L.) R. Br. (1810) 148; Desv. (1827) 252. - Hypopeltis exaltata (L.)Bory(1833) 66. - Type: Sloane s.n. (1: 52, BM n.v.), Jamaica. Nephrolepis cultrifolia C. Presl(1836) 79. - Type: Meyen 1835 (PRC), Ouwahu.Nephrolepis neglecta Kunze(1839a) 149. - Type: Schiede 766a (lost, photo in BM), Mexico.Nephrolepis dentata Goldm. (1843) 463. - Type: Meyen s.n. (n.v.), Hawaii.Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott subsp. hawaiiensis W.H. Wagner et al. (1999) 182. - Type: Wagner et al. 9621 (MICH n.v.), Hawaii. Habit, rhizome morphology. Plants epiphytic or terrestrial (less often epilithic), forming tufts of 4 or 5 fronds. Runners 0.2-1.5 mm thick. Scales on runners sparse, spreading. Tubers absent. Fronds 40-150 by 5-12 cm, stipe 2-39 cm long. Lamina base strongly reduced, tapering over 20-25 cm, basal pinnae 0.6-3 cm long, 2-2.5 cm distant, middle pinnae slightly to distinctly falcate. Sterile pinnae 2.3-7.4 by 0.6-1.8 cm, herbaceous, thick, base slightly to strongly unequal, basiscopic base truncate, rounded to cordate, acroscopic base truncate, distinctly auricled, margin in basal part entire or crenate, towards apex more deeply serrate or dentate, apex obtuse or acute. Fertile pinnae 2.3-5.9 by 0.6-1.5 cm, otherwise similar to sterile ones. Indument. Basal scales peltate, spreading, 2-9 by 0.4-1.3 mm, central part light brown or dark brown, dull, margin not hyaline, in basal part entire, denticulate or dentate, in acumen entire or denticulate, marginal glands absent. Rachis scales with a well-developed protracted acumen. Scales on lamina sometimes present. Hairs on lamina absent, on costae absent. Sori submarginal or medial, 9-16 pairs on fully fertile pinnae, round or elongated, not impressed. Indusium reniform, with open sinus, attached at sinus or at broad base. Distribution - Florida, the Bahamas, Turks & Caicos, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Mexico (Veracruz only), Bermuda, Panama, French Guyana (one specimen seen), Hawaii. The occurrence on Henderson and Rapa reported by Brown & Brown (1931) is so far not confrmed. Habitat & Ecology - Occurs in a variety of habitats, at low to middle elevations (sea level to 1170 m). Notes - Nephrolepis exaltata is supposed to be the source for N. ��bostoniensis�� and all cultivars derived from it, which are widely cultivated. The name has been widely, and mistakenly, applied to specimens from all over the world. Introductions: contrary to what might be expected, N. exaltata does not seem to naturalize often outside its native range. Most of the naturalized occurrences concern islands in the Atlantic, and may be diffcult to distinguish from native occurrences. On the Canary Islands, it is considered as an introduction by Hohenester & Wells (1993), but on Bermuda as native by Britton (1918). One collection was seen from St Helena (Packer HL 10,Jamestown), where it is possibly introduced. Some specimens are apparently collected in the wild in Africa and are regarded as naturalized escapes by Verdcourt (2001). Specimens were collected on the Hawaiian Islands as early as 1788 (David Nelson s.n.,BM)1825 (Macrae s.n.,BM) and 1837 on Oahu (Barclay 1227,BM), and N. exaltata should be regarded as native there. Wagner et al. (1999) distinguished the Hawaiian population as subsp. hawaiiensis on basis of a comparison with the Caribbean population, but most of their distinguishing characteristics fall within the range of N. exaltata if the Florida specimens are taken into account., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on pages 300-302

24. Nephrolepis hirsutula �� N. brownii These two species are occasionally diffcult to distinguish and confusion may be due to occasional hybridization., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on page 313

13. Nephrolepis lauterbachii H. Christ - Fig. 1k; Map 3; Plate 2e Nephrolepis lauterbachii H. Christ (1901) 456. - Type: Lauterbach 578 (P? n.v.), New Guinea.Nephrolepis humatoides Alderw.(1924) 33. - Type: Lam 2047 (BO), New Guinea. Habit, rhizome morphology. Plants forming tufts of 5 or 6 fronds. Runners often proliferous, 0.5-1 mm thick (or thinner), branching angle narrow. Scales on runners sparse, spreading. Tubers absent. Fronds 25-34 by 3-4 cm, stipe 3-8 cm long. Lamina base strongly reduced, tapering over 8-10 cm, reduced basal pinnae 0.9-1.1 cm distant, middle pinnae straight. Sterile pinnae 1.4-2 by 0.3-0.5 cm, leathery, base fully one-sided, basiscopic base narrowly cuneate, acroscopic base emarginate, cuneate or truncate, distinctly auricled, margin in basal part crenate, towards apex deeply dentate or incised, apex rounded or obtuse. Fertile pinnae 2 by 0.3-0.4 cm, more sinuose between the sori than the sterile pinnae. Indument. Basal scales peltate or type of attachment indistinct, spreading, 4 by 0.25 mm (or less), central part light brown, dull, margin not hyaline, in basal part irregularly lacerate, in acumen entire, without glands, apex acumen narrow, often sinuous, tapering to a long narrow apex. Rachis scales sparse (often caducous), with a well-developed protracted acumen, spreading, dark (distinctly darker than the basal scales), acumen entire. Scales on lamina absent. Hairs on lamina absent. Sori submarginal or medial, elongated. Indusium lunulate, attached at broad base. Distribution - Restricted to New Guinea, Moluccas and the Solomon Islands. Habitat & Ecology - At middle elevations, 900-2200 m, rarely at lower altitudes, from 250 m upwards, epiphytic or epilithic, in montane forest, often mossy or ridge forest. Notes - Typical N. lauterbachii has small pinnae (, Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on pages 305-306

c. var. pumicicola (F. Ballard) Hovenkamp & Miyam., comb. nov. - Map 3b Nephrolepis pumicicola F. Ballard (1955) 467. - Type: Keay 28655 (K). Differs from the type variety: Rhizome thin, upright, up to 10 cm high, fronds stiffly erect, narrow, to 120 by 3-3.5 cm; pinnae perpendicular to rachis. Distribution - Africa: Sao Tom��, Cameroon. Habitat & Ecology - At low elevations to 1500 m, terrestrial, often in crevices of young volcanic rocks. Note - This variety is restricted to the Gulf of Guinea. It is relatively easy to recognize when compared with the in Africa widespread species N. undulata by its perennial habit, the stem-forming rhizome (but this may not be evident in all specimens) bearing rigidly erect fronds with numerous, small pinnae at right angles to the plane of the rachis. None of these characters provide a clear basis for a distinction as a separate species, as all occur to varying degrees in N. cordifolia from other regions. Moreover, some specimens also collected on lava show a more relaxed habit, with less distinctly horizontal pinnae and a less stiffly erect habit, and thus are closer to typical N. cordifolia (e.g., Benl & Benl FP 54,Fernando Po;Mildbraed 10678). For these reasons, we include this as a variety in N. cordifolia.However, a number of collections from the Virunga Mountains (Congo) include plants forming small tufts (Burtt 3280,K, "frequent inside crater") as well as plants with the typical rhizome of N. undulata (Burtt 3117,K, "lava plains"). Clearly, more detailed investigations are necessary to decide whether N. pumicicola is here rightly included in N. cordifolia, or whether it should be included, as a perennial variety, in N. undulata., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on page 297

26. Nephrolepis × pseudobiserrata Miyam., hybr. nov. N. biserrata × N. brownii.Planta hybrida, differt ab N. biserrata sqamis stipitis et rachibus ovato-lanceolatis valde numerosis adpressis margine ciliatis, pinnis basibus supernis auriculatis; ab N. brownii soris submargine, indusis majus rotund-reniformibus, pinnis inferior vix reductis, textura laminae coriaceior. - Typus: Miyamoto & Nakayama 1444 (holo TUAT; iso BISH, BM, K, MICH, NY, TAI), Ryukyu Islands,11 March 1985. Plants epiphytic or terrestrial. Rhizome erect to ascending, scales densely set, narrowly ovate, 6-9 by 1.8- 2 mm, dark-brown, lustrous, margin densely ciliate. Stipes 30-50 cm long; basal scales appressed, narrowly ovate, 5-7 by 1.3- 2 mm, centrally dark-brown, lustrous, margin, pale brown, ciliate. Lamina lanceolate; pinnae 40-70 pairs, linear, 3-12 by 1-2.5 cm, margin dentate, acroscopic base auriculate, basiscopic base rounded or cuneate. Indument. Rachis scales dense, appressed, 2-4 by 0.3-0.4 mm.Sori submarginal, indusia round-reniforme. Spores abortive. Distribution - Ryukyu Islands, but may be found elsewhere as a result of the expansion of the range of N. brownii. Specimens examined: JAPAN. Ryukyu Islands:Ishigaki Isl.,Sukieda-Yoshihara, 30 m:Miyamoto & Nakayama 1444, 11 March 1985;Miyamoto & Nakayama 1443, 1446, 1447, 1449-1451, 1454 (all BISH, BM, MICH, NY, TAI, TUAT);Ishigaki Isl.,Ishigaki city,Mt Banna-dake,80-100 m,Miyamoto & Nakayama1189-1203 (TUAT).

25. Nephrolepis �� medlerae W.H. Wagner et al. Nephrolepis �� medlerae W.H. Wagner et al. (1999) 183, f. 28. - Type: Wagner et al. 91025 (MICH n.v.), Hawaii. Putative hybrid between N. exaltata and N. multiflora, intermediate between the putative parents; sterile, partly with irregularly scattered sori. Distribution - So far found on the Hawaiian Islands only (Oahu, Maui, Kauai), but can be expected to occur throughout the common range of both parents as byproduct of the expansion of N. brownii., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on page 313

14. Nephrolepis obliterata (R. Br.) J. Sm. - Fig. 1e; Map 4; Plate 2i Nephrolepis obliterata (R. Br.) J. Sm.(1842a) 197; F��e (1852) 319. - Nephrodium obliteratum R. Br. (1810) 148. - Aspidium obliteratum Spreng. (1827) 99. - Arthropteris obliterata (R. Br.) J. Sm.(1866) 163; (1875) 225. - Type: Banks s.n. (BM), Australia. ? Nephrolepis saligna Carruth.(1873) 361. - Type: Seemann 743 (BM), Fiji. Habit, rhizome morphology. Plants forming tufts of 3 or 4 fronds. Runners 1-2 mm thick, branching angle divaricate. Scales on runners very sparse or sparse, appressed or spreading. Tubers absent. Fronds 100-170 cm long (or more), 12-33 cm wide, stipe 36-80 cm long. Lamina base truncate, tapering over 20-40 cm, reduced basal pinnae 4-8 cm distant, middle pinnae slightly to distinctly falcate. Sterile pinnae 6-15 by 1.3-2.4 cm, herbaceous, thick, base strongly unequal, basiscopic base rounded, acroscopic base cuneate or truncate, not auricled, margin in basal part crenate, apex acuminate or caudate, cauda to 3 cm long. Fertile pinnae 7-17 by 0.9-2.1 cm, more strongly dentate between the sori and more gradually narrowed than the sterile pinnae to an acute apex without a distinct cauda. Indument. Basal scales peltate, appressed (rather sparse), 2.5 by 1 mm, central part dark brown, dull, hyaline margin wide, distinct, fmbriate in basal part, marginal glands absent. Transition to rachis scales abrupt. Rachis scales very sparse, without a distinctly protracted acumen, appressed and often very inconspicuous, hyaline. Scales on lamina absent. Hairs on lamina absent, costa absent. Sori marginal (often on teeth), 30-45 pairs on fully fertile pinnae, round. Indusium reniform, with narrow sinus or reniform, with open sinus, attached at sinus. Distribution - Moluccas, New Guinea, New Britain, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Pacifc Islands: Carolines. Australia: Queensland. Any reports from Fiji and Samoa are doubtful: None of the specimens seen could be unambiguously identified as this species. Habitat & Ecology - Usually at low elevations, from sea level to 300 m, occasionally to 1000 m. In various types of forests or plantations, in mangroves and swamp forest; often abundant in undergrowth, in clearings or on riverbanks and forest margins, also as low epiphyte on tree trunks or on fallen trees. Notes - The name N. saligna has been frequently applied to specimens of this species, but its application is not certain. Of the available type material, one specimen (Seemann 7530, marked as type of N. saligna in K) is N. brownii, two others (Banks & Solander s.n., s.d.;Home s.n.,1853, Fiji, both BM) are N. biserrata, a fourth specimen (Seemann 743,BM) is sterile and lacks the basal scales necessary for a reliable identifcation. The name Nephrodium obliteratum R. Br. has often been taken be a synonym of Arthropteris palisotii(Desv.) Alston, however, the type (Banks s.n.,BM) clearly is a Nephrolepis species. Nephrolepis obliterata is not easy to characterize. It usually has quite large pinnae, with nearly marginal sori. Characteristically, they are gradually narrowed from close to the base upwards, and gradually falcate from �� 1/2, sometimes all the way from the base. The best distinguishing characters are in the indument. The indument of N. obliterata differs from that of N. biserrata, with which it has often been confused, in the scales at the base of stipe being closely appressed, with a rather sharp transition to sparse, appressed, very translucent and inconspicuous peltate scales upwards on the stipe and on the rachis. The very sparse, inconspicuous rachis scales and the absence of hairs on the costae also distinguish it from N. davallioides, N. brownii or N. falcata.In addition, N. brownii has usually less distinctly falcate pinnae, and those of N. falcata are usually smaller., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on page 306

21. Nephrolepis �� averyi Nauman Nephrolepis �� averyi Nauman(1979b) 69. - Type: Nauman et al. 635 (holo US n.v.; iso A), Florida. = Nephrolepis biserrata �� N. exaltata, intermediate between the putative parents. Distribution - Largely Caribbean: Florida, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico,Mexico. Habitat & Ecology - In forested, often moist habitats or in disturbed relatively dry habitats, at sea level to middle elevations (520 m). Note - Only found in mixed populations of the parent species., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on page 312

Nephrolepis falciformis Despite the fact that this species appears to be more restricted to forest than many of the other species of Nephrolepis, it appears to be cultivated in gardens and along roadsides in Java, with collections from the Botanic Garden in Bogor going back to the early part of the 20th century (collected a number of times by Raciborski)., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on page 315

18. Nephrolepis rivularis (Vahl) Mett. ex Krug - Map 6 Nephrolepis rivularis (Vahl) Mett. ex Krug(1897) 122; Proctor (1989) 263; Nauman (1992) 288; Mickel & A.R. Sm. (2004) 408. - Polypodium rivulare Vahl (1807) 51. - Type: Ryan s.n. (C), Montserrat. Aspidium sesquipedale Willd. (1810) 230. - Aspidium hoffmanseggi(Willd.)Poir.(1817) 509 (nom. illeg.). - Nephrodium hoffmanseggi Desv. (1827) (nom. illeg.). - Nephrolepis sesquipedalis(Willd.)C. Presl(1836) 79. - Lepidonevron sesquipedale (Willd.) F��e (1869) 148. - Type: Hoffmansegg s.n. (Willdenow herb19755, B), Brasil. Aspidium eminens Wikstr. (1826) 434. - Type: Forsstr��m s.n. (S-PA), Guadeloupe. Nephrolepis neglecta Kunze(1839a) 149. - Type: Schiede s.n. (LZ, destroyed, iso NY?),teste Mickel & A.R. Sm. (2004). Nephrolepis valida Kunze(1848b) 229. - Type: Kegel 1379 (GOET n.v.), Surinam.Nephrolepis intermedia Sodiro (1893) 57 (nom. illeg. non F��e, 1857, see under N. undulata). - Type: Sodiro s.n. (K, US), Ecuador. Habit, rhizome morphology. Plants epiphytic, epilithic or terrestrial, forming tufts of 3 or 4 fronds. Runners 0.2-0.9 mm thick, branching angle narrow. Scales on runners sparse or dense, spreading or squarrose. Tubers absent. Fronds 39-165 by 5-13 cm, stipe 6-45 cm long. Lamina base reduced, tapering over 20-30 cm, basal pinnae 0.7-2.6 cm long, 2.5-3 cm distant, middle pinnae distinctly falcate. Sterile pinnae herbaceous, base strongly unequal, basiscopic base cuneate, acroscopic base truncate, distinctly auricled, margin in basal part entire or crenate, towards apex more deeply dentate, apex obtuse or acute. Fertile pinnae 2.8-6.7 by 0.5-1.1 cm, otherwise similar to sterile ones. Indument. Basal scales peltate, spreading or squarrose, 2-6.5 by 0.4-1 mm, central part rufous or dark brown, shining, hyaline margin narrow, usually very distinct even when narrow, or absent, margin in basal part irregularly lacerate or dentate, in acumen dentate or ciliate, marginal glands absent. Rachis scales dense or very dense, rufous or dark, with a well-developed protracted, spreading or squarrose, entire, very narrow, filiform acumen. Scales on lamina sometimes present. Hairs on lamina sometimes present, on costae absent. Sori submarginal or medial, 11-20 pairs on fully fertile pinnae, round, slightly impressed. Indusium reniform, with narrow sinus, attached at sinus. Distribution - Throughout the Neotropics, from Cuba and Southern Mexico south to Bolivia, east to the Lesser Antilles and Brazil. Habitat & Ecology - Commonly terrestrial or epiphytic, in forested, often moist habitats, at low to middle elevations, sea level to 2200 m. Note - A distinct species, with submedial indusia that are firm, dark, and round with a very narrow sinus, sometimes appearing peltate (and occasionally reported as such). Rachis often with a peculiar, ��scabrous�� look, caused by the persistent scales, with spreading to squarrose appendages (not only the long filiform acumen, but also the appendages on the lacerate base are well-developed and erecto-patent)., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on pages 309-310

10. Nephrolepis falcata (Cav.) C. Chr. - Map 7; Plate 2h Nephrolepis falcata (Cav.) C. Chr.(1936) 15, pl. 1, f. 5-9; Copel. (1958) 188. - Tectaria falcata Cav. (1801) 250. - Type: N��e s.n. (BM, fragm., MA), Philippines. Nephrolepis barbata Copel. (1905) 178. - Type: Copeland 1286 (MICH), Philippines. Habit, rhizome morphology. Runners 1-1.5 mm thick, branching angle narrow. Scales on runners very sparse or sparse, appressed. Tubers absent. Fronds 65-200 cm long (or more), 7-10 cm wide, stipe 10-34 cm long. Lamina base strongly reduced, tapering over 20-35 cm, basal pinnae 0.7-1 cm long, 1.5-3.5 cm distant, middle pinnae distinctly to strongly falcate. Sterile pinnae 4-8 by 1-1.4 cm, herbaceous, thick, base strongly unequal, basiscopic base rounded, acroscopic base truncate, slightly to distinctly auricled, margin in basal part crenate, dentate or serrate, apex acute to (indistinctly) 1 cm caudate. Fertile pinnae 4.8-8 by 0.7-1.2 cm, otherwise similar to sterile ones. Indument. Basal scales peltate, appressed, 2 by 0.5-1 mm, central part blackish, shining, hyaline margin narrow, marginal glands absent, margin in basal part irregularly lacerate or ciliate, acumen ciliate. Rachis scales dense, with a well-developed protracted acumen, squarrose to recurved, dark, with entire acumen. Scales on lamina usually persistent, with a long, narrow, entire, acicular acumen. Hairs on lamina and costa absent. Sori submarginal, 19-29 pairs on fully fertile pinnae, round, not impressed. Indusium reniform, with narrow sinus, attached at sinus. Distribution - Philippines: Luzon, Samar, Negoro, Mindanao. Habitat & Ecology - Few data. Reported from lowlands to high elevations (300- 2500 m), in forest and in severely disturbed areas, epiphytic or terrestrial. Note - Similar in pinna shape and position of the sori to N. falciformis, but differs in the very dark, dense, squarrose rachis scales; the denser and more persistent lamina scales, and the absence of hairs on the costae. Juvenile specimens of N. davallioides may have a similar rachis indument and may then be impossible to distinguish from sterile fronds of N. falcata., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on pages 302-303

1. Nephrolepis abrupta (Bory)Mett. - Map 1 Nephrolepis abrupta (Bory)Mett.(1856) 99; J. Sm. (1875) 227. - Dicksonia abrupta Bory (1804) 187, pl. 30. -Leptopleuria abrupta (Bory) C. Presl(1836) 137, pl. 5, f. 9-11.- Type: Anon. s.n., s.d. (K, L, P), R��union. Habit, rhizome morphology. Runners 1-2 mm thick, branching angle divaricate. Scales on runners dense, spreading or squarrose. Tubers absent. Fronds to 200 cm long (or much longer), 15-19 cm wide, stipe 30-35 cm long. Lamina base strongly reduced, tapering over 20-60 cm, basal pinnae 1-1.2 cm long, 2.5-6 cm distant, middle pinnae slightly to strongly falcate (mostly the cauda only is falcate). Sterile pinnae 3-13 by 0.8-2.8 cm (usually distinctly triangular, narrowed gradually from base to apex), leathery, base strongly unequal, basiscopic base cordate (strongly, sometimes somewhat auriculate), acroscopic base cuneate, truncate, rounded or cordate (always less distinctly cordate than the basiscopic base), not or slightly auricled (usually distinctly dilated, but not auricled), margin in basal part finely crenate, towards apex crenate, apex rounded, obtuse or acute. Fertile pinnae 3.2-14 by 0.7-1.8 cm, differing from sterile pinnae in the margin being incised between sori but not beyond the attachment. Indument. Basal scales pseudopeltate, spreading, 5.5 by 1 mm, central part rufous, shining (translucent), hyaline margin absent, marginal glands absent, margin in basal part fmbriate, acumen fmbriate, transition to rachis scales abrupt or basal scales persisting to high up. Rachis scales sparse or dense, with a well-developed protracted ciliate acumen, appressed or spreading, light brown or rufous. Scales on lamina absent. Hairs on lamina absent or present, short, dense. Sori marginal, 14-34 pairs on fully fertile pinnae, elongated, not impressed. Indusium broad, attached at broad base. Distribution - Indian Ocean: Madagascar, Comores, R��union; Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Borneo. Habitat & Ecology - Lowlands to 800 m, often in pioneer vegetation on recent lava flows, also in degraded forest, in the eastern part of the range usually terrestrial, on limestone, sometimes epiphytic. Note - Nephrolepis abrupta is somewhat similar to N. dicksonioides and has been confused with that species, from which it differs in more triangular pinnae, gradually narrowed from the base towards the apex, the fertile pinnae not incised beyond the sori, so that the sori are protruding from the margin, not on distinct teeth, indusium not reaching margin, innervated by 1, rarely 2 veins, rachis scales more strongly lacerated. The pinnae often appear to stand in a plane at right angles to the rachis. They are usually glabrous, but may be densely short-hairy all over the lamina, with hairy and glabrous fronds sometimes occurring on the same plant. Plants from the eastern part of the range are often larger than those from the western part, which are, especially those from the Comores, often compact and densely scaly in the lower part of the lamina. The more compact habit of these plants is not preserved in cultivation., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on pages 288-289

19. Nephrolepis undulata (Afzel.) J. Sm. - Map 3 Nephrolepis undulata (Afzel.) J. Sm.(1845) 35; Pic. Serm. (1969) 273; Proctor (1989) 261; Nauman (1992) 288; Verdc. (2001) 5; Mickel & A.R. Sm. (2004) 409. - Aspidium undulatum Afzel. in Sw. (1801) 32; Sw. (1806) 45. - Nephrolepis tuberosa (Bory) C. Presl var. undulata (Afzel.) Kuhn (1868) 156. - Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl var. undulata (Afzel.) C. Chr. (1906) 453, 455. - Nephrolepis undulata var. undulata (Afzel.) Verdc. (2001) 5. - Type: Anon. s.n. (BM). Nephrolepis occidentalis Kunze(1844) 243 [= 343]. - Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl var. occidentalis (Kunze) Krug(1897) 121. - Nephrolepis pectinata (Willd.) Schott var. occidentalis (Kunze) Urb. (1925) 316. - Type: Roemer 27 (BM? n.v.), Mexico. Nephrolepis delicatula M.J. Decne. (1844) 178, t. 179; Pic. Serm. (1969) 275; Tagawa & K. Iwats. (1985) 174. - Nephrolepis tuberosa (Bory) C. Presl var. delicatula Hook. (1846) 151. - Nephrolepis undulata (Afzel.) J. Sm. var. delicatula (M.J. Decne.) Verdc.(2001) 7. - Type: Jacquemont 598 (K, P), India. Nephrolepis intermedia F��e (1857) 32 (non Sodiro 1893). - Type: Schaffner 447 (K), Mexico. Nephrolepis pluma T. Moore (1878a) 588, f. 108. - Type: Anon. s.n. (K). Nephrolepis glabra Copel. (1906) 146; (1958) 186. - Type: Copeland 1819 (KYO, MICH, P, SING), Philippines. Nephrolepis flipes H. Christ(1909b) 213. - Type: Gillet 3126 (P), Congo.Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl var. compacta Bonap.(1923) 265; Pic. Serm. (1969) 273. - Type: Bequaert 3018 (BR,teste Pichi Sermolli). Nephrolepis paucifrondosa J.F.R. Almeida(1926) 51. - Type: J.H. Lace 4940 (K). Habit, rhizome morphology. Plants forming tufts of 2 or 3 fronds. Runners 0.5- 1 mm thick (or thinner), branching angle divaricate. Scales on runners very sparse or sparse, spreading. Tubers present. Fronds 50-90 cm long (or longer), 5-7 cm wide, stipe 6.5- 15 cm long. Lamina base strongly reduced, tapering over 8-15 cm, basal pinnae 0.6 cm long, 2-4 cm distant, middle pinnae straight to distinctly falcate. Sterile pinnae 2.9-3.2 by 0.6-0.8 cm, herbaceous, thin, base slightly unequal, strongly unequal or fully one-sided, basiscopic base cuneate or cordate, acroscopic base cordate, auricled (often dilated and crossing the rachis), margin in basal part crenate or dentate, towards apex dentate or deeply dentate, apex acute. Fertile pinnae 2.1-3.5 by 0.5-0.7 cm, the base often more distinctly one-sided and the margin more deeply dentate than the sterile pinnae. Indument. Basal scales peltate, spreading, 3.5 by 0.5 mm, straw-coloured or hyaline, dull, margin in basal part irregularly lacerate with a few protrusions, in acumen entire, marginal glands absent. Rachis scales very sparse (persistent only around the pinna-bases), with a well-developed spreading, ciliate acumen, or completely dissected into narrow filaments, with hyaline or dark glandular apical cells. Scales on lamina absent. Hairs on lamina frequently present (very inconspicuous), on costa absent. Sori submarginal or medial, 6-10 pairs on fully fertile pinnae, elongated, slightly impressed. Indusium lunulate or broad, attached at broad base. Distribution - Worldwide. Widespread in Africa and Tropical Central and South America. In Asia there is a distinct distributional centre from Indochina to Northern India, but N. undulata occurs scattered elsewhere: Malabar, Kerala, Madras, Philippines. Habitat & Ecology - Usually terrestrial, in grassland, brushwood or forest, or epilithic, on cliffs, lava flows or rocky outcrops, rarely indicated as epiphytic, altitude 300-2450 m. Notes - The name N. undulata has been applied traditionally to the form occurring in Africa, which is relatively robust. The smaller forms from Asia have been named N. delicatula, or N. paucifrondosa, while the forms from the Americas were distinguished as N. occidentalis by Nauman (1985, 1992). Nephrolepis undulata is here distinguished from N. cordifolia by the seasonal mode of growth, with new fronds sprouting each season from underground tubers. In most cases, no more than two well-developed fronds develop in a single season, and in many cases collections contain only plants with a single frond. The frst sprouting frond in N. undulata is usually the largest one and remains connected to the tuber by a subterraneous, somewhat sinuous, glabrous stem. If other fronds develop, they do so from a bud that appears to be in a lateral position on the base of the stipe of the frst frond, not from a distinct rhizome. Despite the usually slender stature of the tufts, individual fronds, especially the frst one, can be quite large. Apart from this characteristic growth form, this species can usually also be distinguished from N. cordifolia by the more glabrous stipe and rachis, the basal part of which is often conspicuously thicker than in N. cordifolia, and the, especially in comparison to the stipe, thin runners originating from the rhizome bud. According to Fraser-Jenkins (pers. comm.) the tubers of specimens in Nepal are more elongated than those of N. cordifolia.In African material, a large number of mature tubers seen are also elongated, but this is not always the case. Despite these differences, the possibility cannot be completely excluded that this description is based on an ecologically correlated set of characters that have developed independently in separate populations of N. cordifolia, in response to the requirements imposed by a strongly seasonal climate. HYBRIDS AND SUSPECTED HYBRIDS, Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on pages 310-312

17. Nephrolepis radicans(Burm.f.) Kuhn - Map 5; Plate 2a Nephrolepis radicans (Burm.f.) Kuhn(1869) 285; Backer & Posth. (1939) 93; Copel. (1958) 185; Holttum (1968) 381; Tagawa & K. Iwats. (1985) 176. - Polypodium radicans Burm.f.(1768) 233, pl. 66, f. 3. - Type: Pryon s.n. (n.v.), Java. Nephrolepis clementis H. Christ(1908) 272; Copel. (1958) 185. - Type: Clemens 920 (P), Philippines. Lepidonevron volubile F��e (1852) 301. - Nephrolepis volubilis(F��e)J. Sm.(1841) 413; Kunze (1848a) 236; C. Presl (1851) 44. - Type: Cuming 37 (BM, P), Philippines. Aspidium obtusifolium Willd. (1810) 231; Blume (1828) 145. - Nephrodium obtusifolium (Willd.) C. Presl(1830) 32. - Nephrolepis obtusifolia (Willd.) C. Presl(1836) 80; Brack. (1854) 210. - Type: Klein s.n. (Willdenow herb.18756, B). Habit, rhizome morphology. Plants terrestrial, forming tufts of 3-5 fronds. Runners tendril-like, proliferous or free, 1 mm thick, branching angle divaricate or straight. Scales on runners very sparse or sparse, appressed, spreading or (some) squarrose. Tubers absent. Fronds 94-102 by 7.5-10 cm, stipe 12-14 cm long. Lamina base strongly reduced, tapering over 20-35 cm, basal pinnae 0.5-1 cm long, 2.5-3 cm distant, middle pinnae straight or slightly falcate. Sterile pinnae 3.5-4 by 0.9-1 cm, herbaceous, thick, base slightly to strongly unequal, basiscopic base rounded, acroscopic base truncate, slightly auricled, margin in basal part crenate, apex rounded or obtuse. Fertile pinnae 4.5-6 by 0.7-0.8 cm, otherwise similar to sterile ones. Indument. Basal scales peltate, appressed, 2 by 0.7 mm, central part dark brown or blackish, shining, margin in basal part hyaline, ciliate, in acumen pale brown (often abruptly distinct from the dark central part), entire or denticulate; strongly elongated, lightly coloured marginal glands present around the scale. Rachis scales sparse or dense, without a distinctly protracted acumen, appressed (often somewhat bullate when dry), light brown. Scales on lamina sometimes present, very few, appressed, on lower surface. Hairs on lamina absent, on costa constantly present (also on lower surface, usually sparse). Sori submarginal, 20-23 pairs on fully fertile pinnae, round, not impressed. Indusium reniform, with open sinus, attached at sinus. Distribution - India, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Malesia to Moluccas, New Guinea, New Caledonia. Habitat & Ecology - At low elevations to 1000 m, terrestrial and scrambling over shrubs or trees, on waste ground, in belukar, often in swamps or on riverbanks. Note - One of the most distinct and easily recognizable species of Nephrolepis, with a unique growth form. In N. radicans the runners are strongly differentiated and three distinct types can easily be distinguished on a single plant. Thick runners which, in contrast to normal runners, tend to grow upwards, form dense scrambling thickets, attached to supporting vegetation by tendril-like runners originating on the frond-bearing rhizomes. These frond-bearing rhizomes are short, densely scaly side branches, each apparently with a limited growth and with a limited number of fronds; typically only 3 or 4 well-developed ones present at the same time. In addition, they also bear long runners which bear roots wherever they come into contact with a suitable substrate. Apart from this distinct growth form, this species is easily recognizable by the obtuse or rounded pinnae and the scales on the rachis of the fronds that are somewhat bullate when dry., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on pages 308-309

3. Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott - Fig. 1g; Map 2; Plate 1b Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.)Schott(1834) ad. Pl. 3; Brack. (1854) 213; Merr. (1918) 43; Backer & Posth. (1939) 92; Copel. (1958) 187; Holttum (1968) 380; Tagawa & K. Iwats. (1985) 175; Proctor (1989) 265; Nauman (1992) 286; Verdc. (2001) 3; Mickel & A.R. Sm. (2004) 404. - Aspidium biserratum (Sw.)Sw.(1801) 32; (1806) 46. - Hypopeltis biserrata (Sw.) Bory(1833) 65. - Lepidonevron biserratum (Sw.) Fee (1852) 301. - Nephrodium biserratum (Sw.) Desv. (1827) 253; C. Presl (1830) 31. - Type: Groendal s.n. (S n.v.), Mauritius. Tectaria fraxinea Cav. (1801) 250. - Type: Nee s.n. (BM, fragm., MA), Philippines. Aspidium acutum Schkuhr (1804) 32, t. 31; Sw. (1806) 46. - Nephrodium acutum (Schkuhr) C. Presl (1830) 31. - Hypopeltis palmoides (Schkuhr) Bory(1833) 50 (nom. superfl.). - Nephrolepis acuta (Schkuhr) C. Presl (1836) 79; Baker (1867) 301. - Type: Schkuhr (1804) 32, t. 31. Aspidium ensifolium Schkuhr (1804) 32, t. 32; Sw. (1806) 46; Blume (1828) add. et emend. - Nephrolepis ensifolia (Schkuhr) C. Presl (1836) 79. - Type: Schkuhr (1804) 32, t. 32. Polypodium punctulatum Poir. (1804) 533. - Nephrolepis punctulata (Poir) C. Presl(1836) 79, pl. 2. - Type: Sonnerat s.n. (P-Lamarck n.v.), Martinique. Aspidium punctulatum Sw. (1806) 46. -Lepidonevron punctulatum (Sw.) Fee(1852) 301; (1866) 87. - Nephrodium punctulatum (Sw.) Desv. (1827) 253. - Type: Plumier, Fil. p. 98, pl. 112. Aspidium splendens Willd. (1810) 220; Blume (1828) 147. - Nephrolepis splendens (Willd.)C. Presl(1836) 79; Brack. (1854) 212; J. Sm. (1875) 227. - Type: D. Klein (Willdenow herb. 19740, B), Ceylon. Aspidium acuminatum Willd. (1810) 221. - Nephrodium acuminatum (Willd.)C. Presl (1830) 31. - Nephrolepis acuminata (Willd.)C. Presl (1836) 79 (non Kuhn 1869). - Lepidonevron acuminatum (Willd.) F��e (1852) 301. - Type: Fluegge s.n. (Willdenow herb. 19741, B), America. Aspidium gibbosum Willd. (1810) 222. - Nephrodium gibbosum (Willd.)Gaudich. (1828) 338. - Nephrolepis gibbosa (Willd.)C. Presl (1836) 79. - Type: Nee? s.n. (Willdenow herb. 19743, B). Aspidium paraense Willd. (1810) 228. - Nephrolepis paraensis (Willd.)C. Presl (1836) 79. - Type: Hoffmansegg s.n. (Willdenow herb. 19752, B). Nephrodium rufescens Schrad. (1824) 896. - Aspidium rufescens (Schrad.)Kunze (1839b) 34. - Lepidonevron rufescens (Schrad.) F��e (1852) 301; (1866) 87. - Nephrolepis rufescens (Schrad.)Wawra (1866) 200, t. 201. - Type: Anon. s.n. (herb. Mart., BR), locality unknown. Aspidium paludosum Raddi (1825) 29, t. 44 (non Blume 1828 nec Mett. 1858). - Type: Raddi s.n. (K). Aspidium bidentatum Spreng. (1827) 99. - Lepidonevron bidentatum (Spreng.) F��e (1852) 301. - Nephrodium bidentatum (Spreng.)C. Presl(1830) 32. - Nephrolepis bidentata (Spreng.)C. Presl(1836) 79. - Type: Haenke s.n. (PRC), Marianas. Nephrodium timoriense Desv. (1827) 253. - Type: Anon. s.n. (P). Polypodium palmoides Bory (1833) 50. - Type: B��langer s.n. (P), Java. Hypopeltis amygdalina Bory(1833) 64. - Type: B��langer s.n. (P), Java. Polypodium flagelliferum Roxb. (1844) 487. - Type: Anon. s.n. (BR), locality unknown. Nephrolepis depauperata de Vriese(1846) 9. - Type: Reinwardt 1680 (L), Java. Nephrolepis zollingeriana de Vriese(1846) 10. - Type: Zollinger 146 (L). Nephrolepis platyotis Kunze(1850) 268, 312. - Type: Anon. s.n., cult. Hortus Lips. (n.v.). Nephrolepis macrophylla C. Presl(1851) 43. - Type: Cuming 22 (BM, PRC), Philippines. Lepidonevron biauritum F��e (1852) 301. - Nephrolepis biaurita (F��e)C. Presl(1851) 43. - Type: Hilsenberg s.n. (herb. Sieber 297) (BM, G, K), Mauritius. Nephrolepis acuta (Schkuhr) C. Presl var. laurifolia H. Christ (1897) 355. - Nephrolepis laurifolia (H. Christ)Proctor(1989) 262. - Lectotype (Proctor (1989) 262): Reinecke 1-d (B? n.v.; iso L). Nephrolepis persicifolia H. Christ(1909a) 159. - Type: Versteeg 1017 (BO, K, L, P), New Guinea. Nephrolepis caudata H. Christ(1909b) 27. - Type: Pynaert 1027 (BR, photo BM), Congo. Nephrolepis pilosula Alderw. (1913) 18. - Type: Amdjah 542 (BO). Pteris signata Merr. (1918) 43. - Type: unknown. Nephrolepis dayakorum Bonap. (1918) 399. - Type: Native collector? 70 (BM, fragm., P), Borneo. Nephrolepis mollis Rosenst. (1925) 13. - Type: Brade & Brade 141 (NY, S, UC), Costa Rica. Habit, rhizome morphology. Plants forming tufts of 3-5 fronds. Runners 1-2.5 mm thick, branching angle divaricate. Scales on runners very sparse to dense, spreading or squarrose. Tubers absent. Fronds 120-160 by 19-25 cm, stipe 29-42 cm long. Lamina base truncate, tapering over 40-50 cm, basal pinnae 3.5-4 cm long, 4.5-5 cm distant, middle pinnae straight or slightly falcate (or somewhat recurved). Sterile pinnae 8-11 by 1.5-2 cm, herbaceous, thick or leathery, base equal or slightly unequal, basiscopic base cuneate, truncate or rounded, acroscopic base cuneate or truncate, slightly to distinctly auricled, margin in basal part crenate, towards apex serrate or dentate, apex obtuse, acute or acuminate. Fertile pinnae 9-15 by 0.9-1.3 cm, more strongly serrate than the sterile pinnae. Indument. Basal scales pseudopeltate, spreading (often somewhat falcately curved), 5 by 0.8 mm, central part light brown, shining, hyaline margin present in lower part only, marginal glands present around the base, marginal glands small, margin in basal part fmbriate, acumen dentate, apex entire. Rachis scales sparse or dense, spreading, hyaline or light brown, with a well-developed protracted entire acumen. Scales on lamina usually persistent. Hairs on lamina absent or sometimes present, costa sometimes present. Sori submarginal or medial, 50 pairs on fully fertile pinnae, round, not impressed. Indusium reniform, with narrow sinus, attached at sinus. Distribution - Pantropical. Habitat & Ecology - Usually in lowlands (sea level up to 750 m, rarely higher, to 1500 m), in open, disturbed situations, occasionally in forest; epiphytic or terrestrial. In Kalimantan reported as covering large tracts of recently burned forest. Notes - Nephrolepis biserrata is very variable in frond size, shape of pinna-base, width of pinnae, hairiness, and to a lesser degree position of the sori. In Southeast Asia, pubescent forms occur mainly on Borneo, where they seem to be increasing as a result of recent forest fres - the burnt areas are quickly covered with a dense mat of sterile specimens of this form - and on New Guinea. Among American and African material, pubescent (sometimes densely so) specimens are common and more widespread, apparently not restricted to a narrow subrange. There may also be some size differences, with African material usually distinctly smaller than that from other locations. Here we follow the traditional, wide circumscription of N. biserrata, which includes all Nephrolepis-forms with clearly inframarginal to medial sori with narrow sinus. Other rather constant characters are the basal stipe scales, which are uniformly narrow, concolorous and spread out sideways in one direction and the generally fairly large size of the plants. However, it is possible that in this circumscription a number of cryptic species are included. Herbarium studies may not be able to resolve these species partly for the usual reasons: lack of complete, well-documented specimens. As in many other cases, currently collected specimens appear to be collected with the aim to document the presence of known species only, not to help in distinguish unknown ones. It must be feared that the advent of fast ��biodiversity assessments�� will do nothing to remedy this situation. A very distinct form occurs on Ascension Island. In this form, the basal scales are spreading/ascending, narrow, slightly bicolorous, entire. The fronds are rather short, widest in the middle and strongly narrowed towards base, with basal pinnae reduced, often to short auricles. Pinnae are often slightly auricled acroscopically, then a little pinched and widening again to c. halfway, with obtuse to acute apex. All parts of the fronds are densely covered in hairs. The sori are closer to the margin than is typical for N. biserrata, and the ripe sori have inconspicuous, shrivelled indusia. An exactly similar specimen was collected on the coast of Brazil: Lindeman 6380 (K, U). In morphology, this specimen is connected via a number of intermediates to more normal N. biserrata as occurring in South America, where specimens are mostly hairy, and indusia are inconspicuous in the ripe sori. Nephrolepis platyotis probably represents an aberrant form (see under Cultivars and Monstrosities) with large acroscopic auricles., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on pages 290-293

Nephrolepis brownii Nephrolepis mayii (Anon., Gard. Mag. Bot. (1903) 688, 705) and N. westonii (Anon., Gard. Chron. 34 (1903) 309), both crested varieties, appear to derive from N. brownii, judging by plants cultivated collected under these names in Kew. An unnamed bipinnate form is present in K with some collections from plants in cultivation in Bangalore over more than a century (collections from 1886 and 1962/3), this form also belongs to N. brownii., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on page 314

5. Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl - Fig. 1j; Map 3; Plate 2d Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl(1836) 79; Baker (1867) 300; Backer & Posth. (1939) 91; Copel. (1958) 186; Holttum (1968) 379; Tagawa & K. Iwats. (1985) 172; Proctor (1989) 262; Nauman (1992) 287; Verdc. (1996) 539; (2001) 7; Mickel & A.R. Sm. (2004) 405. - Polypodium cordifolium L. (1753) 1089. - Aspidium cordifolium (L.) Sw.(1801) 32; (1806) 45. - Lectotype (Verdcourt, 1996): Ekman H11627 (K), Hispaniola. Polypodium auriculatum L. (1759) 1326 (nom. rej.). - Nephrolepis auriculata (L.) Trimen(1888) 152; Verdc. (1996) 540. - Lectotype (Verdcourt, 1996): Herb. Hermann s.n. (BM), Ceylon. Aspidium tuberosum Bory (1810) 234. - Nephrodium tuberosum (Bory) Desv.(1827) 252. - Nephrolepis tuberosa (Bory) C. Presl (1836) 79. - Type: Anon. s.n. (B-Willd., L, P), R��union. Nephrodium edule D. Don (1825) 5. - Type: Hamilton s.n. (n.v.), India. Aspidium imbricatum Spreng. (1827) 97. - Nephrolepis imbricata (Spreng.) C. Presl(1836) 79. - Nephrodium imbricatum (Spreng.)Bojer(1837) 392. - Type: Sieber 41 (K), Mauritius. Nephrolepis rhizodes Kunze(1848a) 236. - Type: Zollinger 2526 (L). Nephrolepis intramarginalis Kunze(1850) 268. - Type: Anon. s.n.cult. in hort. Lips. (L), cultivated. Nephrolepis flexuosa Colenso(1888) 231. - Type: Colenso s.n. (K). Habit, rhizome morphology. Plants forming tufts of 3-7 fronds. Runners 0.5-1.5 mm thick, branching angle divaricate. Scales on runners very sparse to dense, spreading or squarrose (occasionally). Tubers present or absent. Fronds to 40-120 by 2-6 cm, stipe 4-15 cm long. Lamina base strongly reduced, tapering over 10-25 cm, basal pinnae 4-10 cm long, 0.7-1.7 cm distant, middle pinnae slightly to distinctly falcate. Sterile pinnae 1-3.3 by 3-9 mm, herbaceous, thick, base slightly to strongly unequal, basiscopic base rounded or cordate, acroscopic base cordate, distinctly to strongly auricled, margin in basal part dentate, towards apex deeply dentate, apex rounded or obtuse. Fertile pinnae 1.6-3.2 by 0.4-0.8 cm, otherwise similar to sterile ones. Indument. Basal scales pseudopeltate, spreading, 8 by 1 mm, central part light brown, dull, margin in basal part irregularly lacerate, not hyaline, towards apex denticulate, without marginal glands, apex narrow, not long uniseriate. Rachis scales sparse or dense, spreading, light brown, with lacerate base and a well-developed protracted entire acumen. Scales on lamina absent. Hairs on lamina absent or sometimes present, costa absent. Sori medial, 6-15 pairs on fully fertile pinnae, elongated, not impressed. Indusium lunulate or broad, attached at broad base. Distribution - Africa: Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Sao Tom��, Cameroon; Asia: India, Sri Lanka, Burma?, China, Japan, Taiwan, Indochina: Tonkin; throughout Malesia; Pacifc: New Caledonia, New Hebrides; Australia: Queensland down to Northern end of NSW, Lord Howe Isl.; New Zealand (North Island, Norfolk, Kermadec); Pacifc Islands. Hawaii (cultivated?), Samoa. Often cultivated and possibly as garden escape in some localities. Habitat & Ecology - In tropical regions mostly at middle elevations (800-2000 m), occasionally higher (collections from lower elevations are probably from cultivated plants), often in submontane or ridge forest, mostly terrestrial (often on rotting logs), rarely epiphytic; rarely in fully open situations. In subtropical areas often growing at lower elevation. Notes - Runners in this species can be with or without scaly tubers, the presence of which (at least when judged from the presence in herbarium specimens) seems to be erratic, not correlated to other characters. They are produced mainly on underground runners - the aerial parts appear to form tubers more sporadically. In cultivation, the tubers can be observed to shrivel and disappear when plants are kept dry - in nature the presence may be similarly dependent on periods of moist conditions. For these reasons, it is impossible to use herbarium collections to assess the frequency with which tubers are formed. In the Neotropics, N. cordifolia is at many sites apparently escaped from cultivation. It may be native perhaps only in the central portion of the range (Cuba to Venezuela). KEY TO THE VARIETIES 1a. Rhizome short, fronds erect to arching, pinnae in a plane with the rachis..... 2 b. Rhizome elongate, forming a distinct erect trunk, fronds stiffly erect, pinnae perpendicular to rachis................................. c. var. pumicicola 2a. Pinnae with basiscopic base rounded to cordate, margins straight............................................................. a. var. cordifolia b. Pinnae with basiscopic base narrowed, margins sinuose............................................................. b. var. pseudolauterbachii, Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on pages 294-296

20. Nephrolepis arida D.L. Jones Nephrolepis arida D.L. Jones (1988) 474. - Type: Jones 1598 (holo DNA n.v.; iso K), Australia. The duplicate in K of the type of this species is a well-developed plant, with basal scales somewhat thickened in the best developed tuft, and spreading sideways away from the stipe exactly like in N. biserrata.Sori are irregularly shaped, most reniform, but some are more athyrioid with unequal base, and none contain well-developed sporangia. On the whole, the characters of this specimen are consistent with a hybrid origin involving almost certainly N. biserrata and possibly N. cordifolia, but considering that the specimens occur in sites where the growth conditions for Nephrolepis appear to be marginal, it may also represent a somewhat aberrant specimen of the former., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on page 312

Nephrolepis hirsutula Nephrolepis hirsutula appears to have been the species to give rise to most cultivated forms before the advent of ��bostoniensis��. Many of these forms have been collected from several places within the range of N. hirsutula, sometimes without any indication of being cultivated (e.g., Lauterbach 309, 1890, New Britain,800 m;Hahn s.n.,1905, Yabim Isl.,New Guinea). A form with irregularly bipinnatifid fronds appears to have been extensively cultivated in the 18th century. It was collected as cultivated in Mangalore, South India (Anon. s.n.,1904, P),Java (Buysman 2286,Mousset s.n.,1910, L),Hawaii (Faurie s.n.,1909, P);New Hebrides (Richards s.n.,before 1873,hb. Macleay, K),Duke of York Island (Betche s.n.,1871, cult? notes unreadable, P);Papua New Guinea (Croft 854). Specimens with marginally proliferous pinnae were collected on the Philippines (G. Wallis s.n., 1871, Luzon, P) and on Sumatra (Korthals s.n.,P). A lacerate form was collected in 1927 from a cultivated plant in Bandung (Wisse 1182,BO), and a similar form was collected from cultivation in Surabaja in 1923 (Dorgelo 1941, BO) and again in 1934 (Anon. s.n., BO). A form with irregularly lacerate pinnae was collected on New Britain in 1887 (Parkinson s.n., K). Forma ��tripinnatifda�� (Baker, 1887: 476, f. 90-91) is a finely divided form reported to be introduced from Fiji Islands. A poorly fertile form with regularly furcate pinnae was described as Nephrodium multifidum A. Rich. Nephrolepis duffiii: Usually, N. duffiii is, following Goebel (1907) and Morton (1958), taken to be a (sterile) form of N. cordifolia.However, the original specimens we have seen are for the largest part clearly forms of N. hirsutula.This is confrmed by a fertile plant growing in a nursery in Singapore, collected by M.G. Price (Price s.n., BO). The sori of this plant are clearly not the lunulate sori characteristic of N. cordifolia, and basal scales and rachis indument also suggest an origin in N. hirsutula.Similar fertile plants in cultivation in a completely different location are described by Tryon (1962). Although N. duffiii represents a very distinct form, with short, orbicular pinnae and furcate rachises, there may be different origins in different species of Nephrolepis. The tuberous forms assigned to N. duffiii by Morton (1958) probably have their origin in N. cordifolia and a similar plant collected by Forrest in Burma (Forrest 12174, BM, March 1914, "Hills around Prome Lower Burma") appears to have originated in N. brownii.Cultivated forms currently being distributed under the name N. duffiii appear to be derived from N. ��bostoniensis��. The original N. duffiii is characterized by small, deeply furcate or paired pinnae, while most of the ��lookalike�� forms have single pinnae. EXCLUDED SPECIES Nephrolepis iridescens Alderw. (1915) 20. - Type: Jaheri s.n. (holo BO), Key Islands = Asplenium sp., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on pages 315-316

Nephrolepis exaltata Most of the Nephrolepis cultivars currently in cultivation derive from Nephrolepis cv. ��bostoniensis��, which is conventionally associated with N. exaltata (Benedict, 1916a). An overview of the most frequently cultivated forms is given by Hoshizaki & Moran (2001). Morton (1958) suggested that ��bostoniensis�� was possibly a hybrid with N. exaltata as one parent. Its constant sterility, morphological instability and vegetative vigour indicate a hybrid origin, but there is no reason to assume that N. exaltata is involved as parent, when we consider that N. �� hippocrepicis, which originated well outside the distribution area of N. exaltata, exactly mimics the morphology of N. exaltata, and another such hybrid may equally well have given rise to ��bostoniensis��., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on page 314

15. Nephrolepis pectinata (Willd.)Schott - Map 3c Nephrolepis pectinata (Willd.)Schott(1834) ad. pl. 3; Pic. Serm. (1969) 272; Nauman (1992) 288; Mickel & A.R. Sm. (2004) 407. - Aspidium pectinatum Willd. (1810) 223. - Nephrodium pectinatum (Willd.) Sweet(1826) 462; Link (1833) 125. - Type: Willdenow 19753 (Willdenow herb.,B), without locality. Nephrolepis schkuhrii F��e var. minor F��e (1852) 319. - Type: Linden 1881 (G), Cuba. Habit, rhizome morphology. Plants epiphytic, epilithic or terrestrial, forming tufts of 3-7 fronds. Runners 0.1-0.4 mm thick, branching angle narrow. Scales on runners very sparse or sparse, appressed or spreading. Tubers absent. Fronds 14-81 by 1-6 cm, stipe 1-15 cm long. Lamina base strongly reduced, tapering over 10-20 cm, basal pinnae 0.3-1.3 cm long, 1-1.5 cm distant, middle pinnae straight to distinctly falcate (rarely). Sterile pinnae herbaceous, thin, base strongly unequal to fully one-sided, basiscopic base narrowly cuneate or cuneate, acroscopic base truncate or rounded, distinctly auricled, margin in basal part entire, towards apex dentate, apex rounded or obtuse. Fertile pinnae 0.7-2.9 by 0.3-0.8 cm, otherwise similar to sterile ones. Indument. Basal scales peltate, 1-3.2 by 0.2-0.7 mm, central part dark brown or blackish, dull, margin not hyaline, in basal part irregularly lacerate, dentate or ciliate, in acumen denticulate to ciliate, marginal glands absent. Rachis scales sparse, light brown, appressed or spreading, with a well-developed protracted dentate or ciliate acumen. Scales on lamina absent. Hairs on lamina and costa absent. Sori submarginal or medial, 3-6 pairs on fully fertile pinnae, round or elongated, not impressed. Indusium lunulate or broad, attached at broad base. Distribution - Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, throughout Central America, southern Mexico, western South America south to Peru, Bolivia (one specimen), Brazil (one specimen, without locality). Habitat & Ecology - Occurs in a variety of habitats, from dense to open sites, frequently on or among rocks. From sea level to 2470 m, mainly between 500-1500 m. Notes - Nephrolepis pectinata is very similar to the Palaeotropical N. lauterbachii, but can be distinguished from that species by the lighter and more deciduous rachis scales (persistent only in tufts near the pinnae-bases, and these strongly lacerate), and the runners not or only rarely bearing small plants. In addition, the rhizome of N. pectinata tends to become horizontal and more or less dorsiventral with age. It may be confused with N. cordifolia and N. occidentalis, especially the distinction from N. cordifolia may sometimes give problems, as the only constant character appears to be the character of the pinna shape and the absence of tubers, the presence of which is not always clear in specimens of N. cordifolia. Two cytotypes have been reported for this species, and according to Naumann (1985) the cytological polymorphism is correlated with a morphological one, the diploid form being distinctly larger than the more widespread tetraploid one., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on pages 307-308

4. Nephrolepis brownii (Desv.) Hovenkamp & Miyam., comb. nov. - Fig. 1f; Map 2; Plate 1a Nephrodium brownii Desv. (1827) 252. - Type: R. Brown 20 (BM, K), Australia. Nephrodium regulare Desv. (1827) 252. - Type: Anon. s.n. (P), Timor. Aspidium floccigerum Blume (1828) 147. - Nephrolepis floccigera (Blume)T. Moore(1857) 92; Baker (1867) 302; Backer & Posth. (1939) 93. - Type: Anon. s.n. (L? not found), Moluccas. Aspidium schkuhrii Blume (1828) 147. - Type: Kuhl & Van Hasselt s.n. (L), Java. Nephrolepis acutangula C. Presl (1836) 79. - Type: Meyen s.n. (PRC), China. Davallia multiflora Roxb.(1844) 515, pl. 31. - Nephrolepis multiflora (Roxb.)C.V. Morton(1958) 309; Proctor (1989) 265; Nauman (1992) 287. - Type: Roxburgh s.n. (BR), India. Nephrolepis tomentosa Alderw. (1911) 11. - Type: Koorders 24101b (BO, L), Java. Nephrolepis pubescens Copel. (1952) 12; (1958) 187. - Type: BS 11539 (MICH), Philippines. Nephrolepis hirsutula auct. non (G. Forst) C. Presl: Mickel & A.R. Sm. (2004) 407. Habit, rhizome morphology. Plants forming tufts of 5 or 6 fronds. Runners often forming stilts supporting the upright rhizome, 1.5-2.5 mm thick, branching angle divaricate. Scales on runners sparse, appressed or spreading. Tubers absent. Fronds 70-130 by 10-12 cm, stipe 14-37 cm long. Lamina base more or less strongly reduced, tapering over 25-35 cm, basal pinnae 1.5-2 cm long, 2-5 cm distant, middle pinnae straight or slightly falcate. Sterile pinnae 6 by 1.4 cm, base slightly to strongly unequal, basiscopic base rounded or cordate, acroscopic base truncate, strongly auricled (usually with a narrow auricle), margin in basal part entire or crenate, apex acute. Fertile pinnae 5.5-7 by 0.9 cm, with more distinctly serrate margin than the sterile pinnae. Indument. Basal scales peltate, appressed, 3.5 by 1.3 mm, central part dark brown or blackish, shining, hyaline margin wide, distinct, marginal glands absent, margin in basal part ciliate, acumen ciliate. Rachis scales dense, spreading, hyaline or light brown, with a well-developed protracted entire or ciliate acumen (ciliate in the lower part). Scales on lamina usually persistent, often also persistent on upper surface. Hairs on lamina absent, on costa constantly present. Sori marginal or submarginal (rarely), 25-27 pairs on fully fertile pinnae, round. Indusium reniform, with narrow sinus, attached at sinus. Distribution - Widespread in Tropical Asia. India, Sri Lanka, China (south only: Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong), Japan: Ryukyu Isl., Bonin Isl.; Taiwan, Indochina, Malesia: Java, Borneo, Celebes, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas?, New Guinea; New Caledonia, Australia: Queensland; New Zealand: Kermadec Isl.; Fiji: Ovalau; Pitcairn; Rapa; Society Isl.; Cook Isl.: Rarotonga; Tonga. Introduced in Tropical America and the Hawaiian Islands. Judging by the distribution of early collections, almost certainly native in Malesia, but dubiously elsewhere. It is introduced in America, where it is spreading as a weed and classified as an invasive species in Florida (http://www.fleppc.org/ Plantlist /03list.htm). While Brown & Brown (1931) suggest it is also introduced in Southeast Polynesia, the earliest collections in that area suggest that this must then have been done by the Polynesian settlers. Early collections in Polynesia were made by Banks on Maietea in 1769 (BM); by Banks & Solander (BM) on Otaheite and by David Nelson in 1787 or earlier on Otaheite and in the Friendly Islands. In contrast, it appears to be completely absent from Africa, and is uncommon in most parts of the Indian subcontinent. Habitat & Ecology - Common at low to middle elevations (sea level to 1700 m), usually terrestrial, also epiphytic, both in forests and open vegetation (roadsides, riverbanks, open thickets), often weedy. Notes - This species has often been confused with N. hirsutula.It was distinguished from this by Jarrett in Morton (1974) as N. multiflora, on the basis of the presence of hairs on the upper side of the pinna-midribs. Other characters to distinguish these two species are discussed under N. hirsutula. Similar scales and costal indument is found in N. acuminata, which is, however, easily distinguished by the rachis indument including at least some scales with a dark acicular apex. On Hawaii aberrant forms with spreading basal scales occur, some apparently with good spores (Fosberg 38625,K), some apparently sterile (Fosberg 55434,L)., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on pages 293-294

6. Nephrolepis davalliae Alderw. - Fig. 1i; Map 4 Nephrolepis davalliae Alderw.(1908) 2. - Type: Versteeg 1675 (BO, L), New Guinea. Nephrolepis schlechteri Brause(1913) 24. - Type: Schlechter 19639 (BM, K, L, P), New Guinea. Habit, rhizome morphology. Plants forming tufts of 3-8 fronds. Runners 1-1.5 mm thick (polished), unbranched. Scales on runners sparse, spreading or squarrose. Tubers absent. Fronds 50-115 cm long (or more), 4-8 cm wide, stipe 8-15 cm long. Lamina base reduced, tapering over 20-25 cm, basal pinnae 1.2-2.7 cm long, 1.2-1.5 cm distant, middle pinnae straight or slightly falcate. Sterile pinnae 2-4.3 by 0.4-0.7 cm, leathery, base equal or slightly unequal, basiscopic base truncate or rounded, acroscopic base cuneate or truncate, not to slightly auricled, margin in basal part crenate, towards apex serrate, apex acute. Fertile pinnae 1.8-4.7 by 0.3-0.6 cm, with a more longly drawn out apex than the sterile pinnae. Indument. Basal scales pseudopeltate, appressed or spreading, 3.5 by 0.3-0.7 mm, central part rufous, dull, margin not hyaline, in basal part irregularly lacerate (protrusions most unicellular), in acumen entire or dentate (remotely, with two-celled teeth), marginal glands present around the scale. Rachis scales with a well-developed protracted acumen, appressed or spreading (sometimes recurved), dark, acumen entire or dentate. Scales on lamina usually persistent (more so on the upper surface), small, more or less stellate/lacerate. Sori marginal on teeth, 7-14 pairs on fully fertile pinnae, round or elongated, protruding on adaxial surface. Indusium broad, attached at base and sides. Distribution - Moluccas, New Guinea, New Britain. Habitat & Ecology - Montane or ridge forest (500-2150 m, rarely lower), epiphytic or terrestrial, often forming large stands covering open places. Note - Easily characterized by the leathery texture of the lamina, with indistinct veins, and the marginal sori, each opening to the anterior side of a separate tooth, covered with a cup-shaped indusium., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on pages 297-298

7. Nephrolepis davallioides (Sw.) Kunze - Fig. 1c; Map 5; Plate 2b Nephrolepis davallioides (Sw.) Kunze(1846) 460; Baker (1867) 302; Holttum (1954) 634; Tagawa & K. Iwats. (1985) 172. - Ophioglossum acuminatum Houtt. (1783) 49. - Aspidium davallioides Sw. (1801) 33; Blume (1828) 148. - Nephrodium davallioides (Sw.) Desv.(1827) 254. - Nephrolepis acuminata (Houtt.) Kuhn(1869) 286; Backer & Posth. (1939) 93; Holttum (1968) 378 (nom. illeg. non C. Presl 1836). - Type: Plate in Houttuyn. Nephrodium deparioides Bory (1833) 59. - Type: Belanger s.n. (P), Java. Nephrolepis pendula de Vriese(1846) 8 (nom. illeg. non J. Sm. 1842a). - Type: Reinwardt 1564 (L), Celebes. Nephrolepis serrata Alderw. (1918) 34. - Type: Kornassi 626 (BO), Ceram. Habit, rhizome morphology. Plants forming tufts of 4 or 5 fronds. Runners 1-2 mm thick, branching angle narrow. Scales on runners very sparse to dense, appressed. Tubers absent. Fronds 110-210 cm long (or more), 26-38 cm wide, stipe 23-45 cm long. Lamina base truncate, tapering over 25-30 cm, basal pinnae 4-12 cm long, 3.5-12 cm distant, middle pinnae slightly to distinctly falcate. Sterile pinnae 14-18 by 1.7-2.4 cm, base slightly unequal, basiscopic base cuneate, truncate or rounded, acroscopic base emarginate or slightly cuneate, not auricled, margin in basal part crenate to serrate, towards apex more distinctly serrate, apex acuminate or caudate with cauda to 3 cm long. Fertile pinnae 14-28 by 1.1-1.4 cm, base often more narrowly cuneate and margin more deeply incised (to 2-3.5 mm) than the sterile pinnae. Indument. Basal scales peltate, appressed, 3 by 1 mm, central part dark brown, shining, margin in basal part hyaline, fmbriate, in acumen fmbriate, near apex entire, marginal glands present around the base. Rachis scales dense, with a well-developed protracted acumen, spreading or squarrose, hyaline, acumen ciliate (acumen of larger scales composed of a long, sclerified subular protrusion). Scales on lamina usually persistent, sparse, present on lower surface only. Hairs on lamina absent, costa absent. Sori marginal (on teeth), 28-50 pairs on fully fertile pinnae, round, not impressed. Indusium reniform, with narrow sinus, attached at sinus. Distribution - Restricted to Malesia: Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Celebes, Borneo, Java, New Guinea. Habitat & Ecology - Common in forests at middle elevations (800-1600 m), rarely lower (200 m) or higher (up to 2100 m). Usually in forest, terrestrial, often on roadside or stream banks; more often epiphytic, often on trunks. Note - Typical specimens have deeply dissected fertile pinnae, with sori nearly marginal, on separate teeth, and the lamina between the sori cut to c. 1/2. However, many specimens (especially from the eastern part of the distribution area) have less deeply divided pinnae, and such specimens can easily be confused with other species. They can best be distinguished by the rachis indument, which consists of scales with a narrow, dark acumen, sometimes needle-like, often directed sideways towards the upper surface. Hairs are sometimes present on the upper surface of the costae, usually near the base only, situated on short, narrow lines of paler tissue., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on pages 298-299

a. var. cordifolia Rhizome creeping or upright, not forming a trunk, fronds erect to arching, to 70 cm long, pinnae usually more or less in the plane of the rachis, pinna-base more or less equal on both sides of the attachment, pinna margins straight. Notes - In New Zealand N. cordifolia is reported as a garden escape or near warm streams by Brownsey & Smith-Dodsworth (1989). They distinguish the introduced plants (as N. cordifolia) from a ��native species��, but their native species is exactly this variety, and the introduced forms therefore probably refer to a restricted number of vegetatively propagated cultivars. In Africa, specimens which can be attributed to this variety occur only on the islands in the Indian Ocean (Madagascar, R��union, Seychelles), while specimens from the continent with very few exceptions are referable to N. undulata.The few scattered specimens of N. cordifolia in the East of Africa may well be garden escapes, as suggested by Verdcourt (2001)., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on page 296

2. Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) H. Christ - Fig. 1a; Map 1; Plate 2a ; Backer & Posth. (1939) 89; Copel. (1958) 189; Holttum (1968) 375; Tagawa & K. Iwats. (1985) 171; Verdc. (2001) 8. - Lindsaya acutifolia Desv. (1827) 312. - Type: Anon. s.n. (P? not found), Mascarenes. Isoloma lanuginosa J. Sm. (1842b) pl. 102. - Lindsaya lanuginosa (J. Sm.) Hook. (1846) 210. - Type: Wallich 154 (BM, K), East Indies. Nephrolepis lindsayae H. Christ (1898) 837. - Type: Schneider s.n. (P), Sumatra.Nephrolepis niphoboloides Alderw. (1913) 18. - Type: Koorders 61 (BO), Java. Nephrolepis marginalis Copel. (1917) 49. - Type: Topping 1632 (n.v.), Borneo. Diellia browni E.D. Br. & F. Br. (1931) 46, t. 7. - Type: Brown 347 (BISH n.v.), Hivaoa. Habit, rhizome morphology. Plants forming tufts of 4-8 fronds. Runners densely branching at �� right angles, forming ��bushes�� around the base of the plants, 1-3 mm thick (distinctly tapering to thinner ends). Scales on runners dense (especially at the base), spreading to squarrose. Tubers absent. Fronds 150 cm long or more to 15 cm wide, stipe 15-18 cm long. Lamina base strongly reduced, tapering over 50 cm or more, basal pinnae 0.6-1 cm long, 3-3.5 cm distant, middle pinnae straight or slightly falcate. Sterile pinnae 6-8 by 1.5-1.9 cm, base slightly to strongly unequal, basiscopic base truncate, rounded or cordate, acroscopic base truncate, not auricled, margin in basal part entire, apex acute. Fertile pinnae 6-7 by 0.8-1.1 cm, different from sterile pinnae somewhat auricled as acroscopic base. Indument. Basal scales basifix or pseudopeltate, squarrose to reflexed, often inserted on a short spine, 3.5 by 0.5 mm, central part light brown, dull, hyaline margin absent, marginal glands present around the scale, margin in basal part ciliate, acumen dentate (teeth often unicellular), apex uniseriate, often somewhat zigzag. Rachis scales dense, often caducous, with a well-developed protracted acumen, spreading, hyaline or light brown, acumen ciliate, without a distinct central lamina, forming a floccose cover. Scales on lamina usually persistent, forming a tomentum similar to that on rachis. Hairs on lamina absent, costa absent. Sori marginal, linear (sometimes interrupted), not impressed. Indusium linear, attached at broad base. Distribution - Africa (Madagascar to Ivory Coast) to Indochina (Burma, Thailand), Australia and the Pacifc (Solomon Isl., Marshall Isl., Samoa, Guam, Caroline Isl.: Ponape). Habitat & Ecology - At low elevations (sea level up to 200 m). Usually epiphytic, often in coastal vegetation (on mangroves), also on oil palms, coconut trees, and on cliff faces. Notes - The runners in this species are strongly branched around the erect rhizomes, with branches at angles of 60 ���90�� forming a dense bush around the rhizome. Otherwise, the marginal, elongated sori and the tomentose indument make this an easy species to recognize. A form is widespread in Polynesia in which the sori are ��dissolved�� into a series of separate sori on some fronds. The separate sori are lunular, with a wide sinus, but all directed towards the nearby margin, not to the apex as in N. cordifolia.In all other characters this form is identical to typical N. acutifolia.This form has been described as Diellia brownii on basis of the superficial resemblance of these sori to those in Diellia (which is otherwise completely unrelated)., Published as part of Hovenkamp PH & Miyamoto F, 2005, A conspectus of the native and naturalized species of Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae) in the world, pp. 279-322 in Blumea 50 on pages 289-290