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Two new species of Sternoppia (Sternoppia) (Oribatida, Sternoppiidae)—S. (S.) venezuelaensissp. nov. and S. (S.) parareticulatasp. nov.—are described, based on materials collected from leaf litter in northern Venezuela. Sternoppia (Sternoppia) venezuelaensissp. nov. differs from the closely related species, S. (S.) sphaerodendron, by the morphology of the bothridial seta head, the length of the notogastral setae h2, h3, the presence of the notogastral seta c, number of the genital setae, and the distance between epimeral setae 3a. Sternoppia (Sternoppia) parareticulatasp. nov.differs from the closely related species, S. (S.) reticulata, by the body size, the morphology of the bothridial seta head, the location of the costulae, and the presence of the notogastral seta c. A new location and habitat for S. (S.) vicina are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of oribatid mites (Oribatida)—Hermannobates neotropicus sp. nov. (Hermanniellidae) and Mucrobates venezuelaensissp. nov. (Scheloribatidae)—are described, based on materials collected from sweep sample in the cloud forest in Western Venezuela. The genus Mucrobates is recorded in the Venezuelan fauna for the first time. Hermannobates neotropicus sp. nov. differs from the closely related species, H. intermedius Călugăr, 1990, by length and morphology of the bothridial seta. Mucrobates venezuelaensis sp. nov. differs from the closely related species, M. cayoaguaensis Ermilov & Kontschán, 2021, by the body size, the length of the bothridial and exobothridial setae, the presence of the pedotectum II, keel-shaped ridge and seta v’ on the leg genu II, and the location of the adanal seta ad1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-four species of oribatid mites (Oribatida), belonging to 29 genera and 14 families, were collected from Saona Island, Southeast Dominican Republic. A new species of the genus Pergalumna—P. (Pergalumna) saonaensis sp. nov.—is described from leaf litter of the mixed forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim Location Taxon Methods Results Main Conclusions We test the relationship between the voluntary thermal maximum (VTMax; the temperature at which an individual actively retreats to a colder site) and geographical/environmental features in the distribution of South American pitvipers. Additionally, we explore the evolution of environmental temperatures and VTMax in species' ranges.South America.South American pitvipers of the genera Bothrops and Bothrocophias.We experimentally measured the VTMax of 15 species of South American pitvipers. We explored the relationship between VTMax and geographical/environmental features (e.g., latitude, topographic complexity and temperature) with PGLS regressions. Additionally, we explored the evolution of maximum (TMax) and minimum (TMin) environmental temperatures, as well as the Thermal Niche Breadth (TNB) and VTMax, using ancestral state reconstruction and testing for phylogenetic signal.Mean VTMax values for South American pitvipers clustered primarily within the 34°C–36°C range, exhibiting little variation among species or clades. No significant correlations were found between VTMax and climatic or geographic variables. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that these snakes are absent from regions where maximum temperatures surpass their preferred thermal tolerances. Ancestral state reconstruction indicated divergent evolutionary pathways for thermal limits among species, independent of phylogenetic relationships.South American pitvipers unexpectedly exhibit similar voluntary thermal maximum values across a wide range of habitats and despite distinct phylogenetic relationships. Our results indicate that there is no strong climatic niche conservatism for South American pitvipers, with a likely weak selective pressure of VTMax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of Melanorivulus is described from the upper Taquari River drainage, upper Paraguay River basin, in the Western Brazilian Cerrado. This species is a member of the Melanorivulus pictus group, endemic to the central Brazilian plateau and adjacent areas. Melanorivulus terena, new species, is endemic to the Paraguay River basin and is possibly closely related to other species endemic to the upper Paraná River basin, such as M. linearis, M. interruptus and M. egens, by the absence of distinctive dark marks on the humeral region in males. The new species is distinguished from all other species of the M. pictus group by a distal margin of unpaired fins and pelvic fin that is orangish red, and by the number of scales in the transversal series. The possible close relationship between the new species and other species recorded in the Paraná River basin may indicate an ancestral interconnection of the headwaters of the Rio Taquari (Paraguay River basin) with the headwaters of the upper Rio Verde and Rio Pardo (Paraná River basin). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Amazon biome is home to the largest tropical forest on the planet and has the greatest global biodiversity on Earth. Despite this, several less charismatic taxonomic groups, such as amphibians, lack comprehensive studies on their species richness and spatial distribution in the Amazon Region. In this study, we investigated: i) patterns of richness and endemism of Amazonian amphibians across geopolitical and biogeographic divisions, ii) similarities between different Amazonian bioregions, iii) temporal trends in amphibian sampling, iv) conservation status of amphibians according to assessments of the IUCN and v) the importance of diverse data sources in building a robust database of amphibian occurrences. We aggregated data from four different sources: publicly accessible platforms, peer-reviewed articles, grey literature and fieldwork inventories spanning 15 years (2007–2021), ultimately compiling 160,643 records of 947 species across 7,418 sampled sites. The greatest diversity of species was found in Peru, Brazil and Ecuador, with notable amphibian diversity and endemism in regions such as the western basins and the Tapajós River Basin in the central-southern Amazon. Geographical analysis of species diversity revealed four distinct groups defined by latitudinal (the Amazon River) and longitudinal (the Juruá, Madeira and Tapajós Rivers) gradients, with low species similarity (< 40%), particularly in the basins of north-western Amazonia. Amphibian sampling in the Amazon has intensified since the 1950s with the establishment of important research centres such as INPA and the GOELD Museum in the Brazilian Amazon. Approximately 18% of Amazonian amphibian species face extinction risk, according to IUCN assessments, highlighting the need for comprehensive data sources to understand and conserve species in this megadiverse region. Our findings suggest that river systems likely influence Amazonian amphibian species composition due to biogeographic history, emphasising the need for robust taxonomic and spatial databases. This study, therefore, contributes a valuable large-scale dataset for Amazonian amphibians, guiding future research and strategies for amphibian conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is based on oribatid mite material collected from litter of the riparian mixed forest in the Hicacos Peninsula, northern Cuba. A list of 26 species, belonging to 23 genera and 15 families, is presented; of these, one genus and three species are reported for the first time for Cuban fauna. Two new species – Eremulus hicacosensis sp. nov. (Eremulidae) and Suctobelbella (Flagrosuctobelba) matanzasensis sp. nov. (Suctobelbidae) – are described. Identification keys to the known species of Eremulus and Suctobelbella (Flagrosuctobelba) from the Neotropical region are provided.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2F4E8CE0-49AE-400B-BF0E-E9640C521E3E [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a new species of the genus Atlantirivulus from a small first-order stream on the right margin of the Paraná River basin in the Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The region of occurrence of the new species is known to be a hotspot for Melanorivulus species. This area, however, is approximately 700 km away from the record of occurrence of its closest congeners, which are distributed along the Brazilian coast in different hydrographic basins. Atlantirivulus enigmaticus, new species, is distinguished from all congeners by it s unique coloration, which consists of the flank being purplish grey with light green iridescence with brownish red dots scattered along of the body, by the neuromasts of the infraorbital series being aligned around eye, and by the presence of the short ventral process of the posttemporal. The phylogenetic position of the new species within the Atlantirivulus genus was based on molecular phylogenetic analysis using sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit 1. The results show that the new species is closely related to Atlantirivulus luelingi from the coastal drainages of the Brazilian state Santa Catarina. The phylogenetic position of the new species among congeners endemic to coastal river basins may be related to ancestral connections between coastal drainages and the Paraná River basin. The new species constitutes the westernmost record for the genus, and the first record of Atlantirivulus in the Paraná River basin. Insufficient collection efforts in areas of potential occurrence for the group and extinction processes in the broad region between the locality of the new species and the distribution areas of the remaining species may be a possible explanation for this disjunct distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: During the preparation of a taxonomic revision of Theobroma sensu lato (Malvaceae, Byttnerioideae), three new species of T. sect. Herrania were found: Theobroma globosum, T. nervosum and T. schultesii, which are described herein. Theobroma globosum and T. nervosum belong to T. sect. Herrania subsect. Subcymbicalyx, with species mostly found in the Amazon Basin, characterised, among other features, by petal ligules at least ten times longer than the petal claws. Theobroma schultesii is from T. sect. Herrania subsect. Herrania, with species with petal ligules less than ten times longer than the claw and is mainly found in the southern parts of the Caribbean Sea, the Pacific Ocean, western Colombia, and northern Ecuador. Theobroma globosum is diagnosed by the combination of spherical fruits with smaller leaflets and midrib proportions when compared to other species from the same region. Theobroma nervosum is identified by its toothed, obovate leaflets with secondary veins protruding beyond the leaflet margins, forming elongated projections across the entire leaflet. Theobroma schultesii exhibits a unique set of features in T. sect. Herrania subsect. Herrania, having both petiolulate leaflets and a cupuliform calyx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study describes three new dactylogyrid species infecting the gill filaments of cichlid fishes (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) from the Amazon basin, Peru: Sciadicleithrum amazoniensis n. sp. on Biotodoma cupido (Heckel, 1840), and Sciadicleithrum feliciajaramae n. sp. and Sciadicleithrum souzatecci n. sp. on Bujurquina peregrinabunda Kullander, 1986. Materials and methods: Some monogeneans were stained with Gomori's trichrome and mounted in Canada Balsam to determine internal soft structures. Others were cleared in Hoyer's medium for the study of sclerotized structures. Drawings were made using a drawing tube and a microprojector. Results: Sciadicleithrum amazoniensis n. sp. is characterized by the presence of a male copulatory organ (MCO) with a coil of approximately 2 counterclockwise rings, an accessory piece articulated to base of the MCO with an expanded proximal end and a bifurcated distal end, and a sinistral vaginal aperture. Sciadicleithrum feliciajaramae n. sp. can be differentiated from all its congeners by its J-shaped MCO with about half a counterclockwise loop and a rod-shaped accessory piece articulated to the base of the MCO, with the distal end bent. Sciadicleithrum souzatecci n. sp. differs from all other members of Sciadicleithrum by having an elongated MCO with about a clockwise loop and a funnel-shaped base. Additionally, Sciadicleithrum souzatecci n. sp. is characterized by its weakly sclerotized, C-shaped accessory piece with a robust middle process. Conclusions: Present findings are added to the other 26 species previously known in Sciadicleithrum.This is the first data on the parasites of B. peregrinabunda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first record of Rhopalophora dyseidia Martins & Napp, 1989 in Peru, based on specimens collected in a locality of seasonally dry forest of the Lambayeque region in northwestern Peru. A brief diagnosis to differentiate males and females and distinguishing from other similar species are provided. Additionally, data about its distribution and ecology are given.

Urbanization constitutes a major threat to biodiversity. Understanding its effects on insect communities is relevant because they are key elements of trophic interactions, and indicators and targets of conservation. Herein, we investigated the influence of meteorological and habitat factors on the soil entomofauna in three areas with distinct levels of urbanization at the Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca, Brazil. We investigated whether community structure differs among areas with different levels of urbanization, and how changes in the environment affect soil insect community composition and distribution. We systematically monitored communities for 12 months in three areas along a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance, representing preserved secondary forest, disturbed forest and peridomicile areas. The results revealed that the degree of urbanization affects insect communities, with a strong effect of habitat factors, such as canopy cover, presence of flooded areas, quantity of fallen trunks and mean temperature. Insect abundance did not show significant differences among areas, while biomass was higher in disturbed forest than in preserved forest and peridomicile areas. Additionally, insect richness and diversity were higher in preserved and disturbed forests than in peridomicile areas, with no significant difference between preserved and disturbed forests. Our results can be used to enhance the understanding of the effects of urbanization on taxonomically and functionally diverse groups of insects, and to advise residents and urban planners about the consequences of urbanization on biodiversity and ecosystem services in urban-sylvatic interface areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diets of fish larvae may vary within populations and among species and are affected by larval prey availability and foraging capacity. We aimed to describe the diet of fish larvae based on empirical field observations, emphasizing the interaction and organization of the predator–prey network using Auchenipterus osteomystax as a species model. The network showed few interactions (low connectance and modularity) but a nested structure (some items that had fewer records tended to occur together with the most frequent ones), low complementary specialization (the proportions of ingested items tended to be equivalent) and a pattern of segregation (some items tended not to be consumed together) in the use of resources among individuals. Robustness was low when the removal of prey with a higher consumption frequency occurred. The correlation between morphological variables and network attributes was significant and positive for abundance and strength, while the correlation with nested rank was negative. The availability of suitable dietary resources is likely to be the key factor for success and survival in the early stages of development. With changes in morphology during larval development, A. osteomystax showed a generalist position in the network as its predation capacity increased. A new approach to trophic ecology studies of fish larvae incorporating network analysis may help explain the individual characteristics of larvae and assess the pattern of interactions in the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decrease in species richness toward higher latitudes is an expected biogeographical pattern. This pattern could be related to particular environmental constraints and the evolutionary history of clades. However, species richness does not fully represent the evolutionary history of the clades behind their distributions. Phylogenetic diversity better clarifies the role of historical factors in biogeographical patterns. We analyzed environmental and historical drivers related to latitudinal variation in species richness and phylogenetic diversity of Atlantic Forest endemic snakes. We implemented species distribution models, from voucher-based locality points, to map the snake ranges and diversity. We used generalized additive mixed models to evaluate the relationships among the diversity metrics and area, topographical roughness, and past climate change velocity since the Last Maximum Glacial in the Atlantic Forest latitudinal gradient. Contrary to the expected general pattern, species richness was higher toward higher latitudes, being positively related to past climatic stability. Species richness also increased with total area and higher topographical roughness. Phylogenetic diversity, on the other hand, showed opposite relationships related to the same factors. Phylogenetic diversity increased with lower climatic stability in lower latitudes. Thus, dimensions of diversity were affected in different ways by historical and environmental constraints in this unique and threatened biodiversity hotspot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution pattern of a taxon is a consequence of historical and contemporary processes—specifically ecological and evolutionary processes—which tend to result in distributional congruence among species that respond similarly to the same processes. This congruence leads to the establishment of areas of endemism that are important for delimiting biogeographic regions. In the Neotropical region, different definitions of area of endemism have been proposed based on the distributional patterns of mammal species, each according to different methods and assumptions. In this study, we aimed to identify areas of endemism of Neotropical mammals, represented by 361 species of Placentalia (Xenarthra, Chiroptera, and Carnivora) and Marsupialia (Didelphimorphia and Paucituberculata), using an endemicity analysis implemented by the software NDM (eNDeMism software) and a hierarchical cluster analysis based on Simpson's beta dissimilarity metric (βsim). The results suggest alternative spatial configurations within northern and southern parts of the Neotropics along transition zones. Additionally, there are indications of more restricted areas of endemism throughout the Neotropical region and with more species supporting the areas, such 1 area located in the region corresponding to the Atlantic forest and 2 areas corresponding to Mexican transition zone. The study enhances our understanding of Neotropical mammal biogeography and underscores the importance of using primary distribution data. Previous studies found 82 endemic species based on range maps, whereas our analyses identified 172 endemic species, including 125 that are newly proposed as such, and also confirmed the existence of 47 previously reported endemic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we describe the dietary patterns of the culpeo or Andean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) on a biogeographical scale. We also analyse the influence of exotic lagomorphs on its diet and explore differences between culpeo subspecies. We selected 17 mutually comparable diet studies, which include 19 independent diet assessments. Then, we extracted and standardized the values of the different diet components from these studies and calculated the relative frequency of occurrence of the 10 main trophic groups that we found. Further, we calculated the Shannon‐Wiener H′ trophic diversity index. The results showed that small mammals (41%), lagomorphs (21%), invertebrates (12.4%) and large herbivores (7.3%) were the most consumed groups. A factorial analysis of all trophic groups rendered four orthogonal factors that were used as response variables in relation to a set of environmental predictors. Altitude correlated with most factors (i.e. trophic groups). Exotic lagomorphs were consumed in lowlands, in higher latitudes and in regions showing high values of the human footprint index, enriching in those areas the culpeo's trophic spectrum. There were no differences in diet between the two main culpeo subspecies analysed, L.c. culpaeus and L.c. andinus. Finally, the best explanatory models (general linear model) of trophic diversity selected, using Akaike's information criterion, showed that the most diverse diets were those composed of large herbivores, edentates, carnivorous species, birds and herptiles (i.e. reptiles and frogs). Trophic diversity was low in rainy areas where big rodents dominated the diet. Neither latitude nor altitude seemed to have an effect on the trophic diversity of the culpeos, as they were not retained by the final models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family Epactozetidae (Oribatida) is recorded in Guatemala for the first time. A new epactozetid species of the genus Truncozetes – T. izabalensissp. nov. – is described, based on adults collected from the Guatemalan rainforest litter. It is characterized by: number of leg claws (leg I monodactylous, legs II–IV tridactylous); medium-sized lamellar seta inserted in anterolateral part of the lamella; straight translamella; the location of notogastral setae lm and lp (shifted in dorsolateral part from dorsocentral part of notogaster); and the absence of epimeral longitudinal stria. Main family and generic traits are provided. The identification key, distribution and habitat to the known representatives of Epactozetidae are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dorsal color pattern, together with the morphology of the copulatory apparatus, provide important taxonomic characteristics for the identification of land planarians. In genera such as Paraba, in which most species have a morphologically similar copulatory apparatus and a dorsum with several stripes that vary according to color, width, and arrangement, the existence of pseudocryptic species can lead to a misidentification and underestimation of their diversity. In this work we describe three new species of Paraba which, due to the color pattern, have been mistaken for already described species of the genus. Specimens were collected in different forest formations of the southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil. The new species can be distinguished from each other and from other congeners through the color pattern of the dorsal surface of the body combined with some features of the copulatory apparatus, like the anatomy of the prostatic vesicle and the male atrium. Additionally, we propose an emendation to the diagnosis of Paraba based on characters observed in the three new species and some characteristics occurring in other species of the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lesser anteater Tamandua tetradactyla is possibly the most common member of the order Pilosa and occurs in almost all tropical environments in South America. Although commonly recorded in mammal inventories, this species is not abundant, and little is known about its ecology. The food habits of the species are mainly based on ants, but the type and contribution of other arthropods to the diet, especially termites, remains a subject little discussed in the literature. In the present study, we carried out a comprehensive assessment of stomach contents of 16 roadkilled anteaters found in grassland ecosystems in the Brazilian Pampa. We found 73,890 prey, with ant and termite species being the most representative dietary resources. Ants were present in 100% of the stomachs and represented more than 85% of all items consumed, totaling 34 species. Termites were present in 62.5% of the stomachs and represented 14.6% of all items consumed and, summed up five species. We also found six other arthropod taxa but with an insignificant proportion of the biomass intake. Our results contribute to increase knowledge on T. tetradactyla feeding habits in the subtropical grasslands of Southern Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Anaretella Enderlein is widespread, but little is known about its diversity in the Southern Hemisphere. This study describes and illustrates Anaretella perfecta sp. nov. a new species that represents the first records of the genus in South America. The generic concept is reviewed and a brief discussion about the geographic distribution of the new species in Brazil is also presented.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AF816A18-923C-4DC5-A64D-E9ED17ADD77C [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural underground environment has unique characteristics when compared to surface environments. These environments feature a reduced complexity food web that includes organisms such as anuran amphibians. This study examines the occurrence of Neotropical anurans in Brazilian caves, utilizing taxonomic, geographic, geological, and environmental data extracted from the scientific literature. A total of 247 anuran records were found in caves across 18 scientific papers covering a 42-years period (from 1980 to 2022). Of these, 177 records (71.6%) displayed the anurans identified to the species level (54 species), with the families Leptodactylidae (13 species; 24.1%), Hylidae (12; 22.2%), and Bufonidae (10; 18.5%) being the most frequently recorded. The anuran records were predominant in the states of Minas Gerais (81 records; 34.8%) and São Paulo (35; 15.0%). The Atlantic Forest had the highest number of records (78; 33.5%), followed by ecotonal zones between the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado (43; 18.5%). Environmental information was scarce in the consulted records, with only 12 providing detail about the cave light zone where the anuran was found (nine in the entrance zone) and 63 indicating the presence/absence of water bodies. Carbonaceous (109; 46.8%) and ferruginous (76; 33.9%) lithology predominated among the caves considered. The low number of sampled caves (55 caves; 0.24%) compared to the total number of caves registered in Brazil (23,278 caves) underscores a knowledge gap regarding Neotropical anurans use of subterranean habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The checklist of the species of fungus beetle families Endomychidae and Anamorphidae from El Salvador is updated. Only six species of Endomychidae and one Anamorphidae have been previously recorded from the country, with specific localities reported only for two of them. The study of specimens collected in El Salvador over 60 years ago by Jan and Bohumila Bechyné and held in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, allowed us to have a better idea on the diversity and distribution of these beetles in the country. Eight species of Endomychidae and one of Anamorphidae are reported here, including three first records for El Salvador: Anidrytus guatemalae Arrow, Epipocus bifidus Gerstaecker and Stenotarsus ovalis Arrow. Additionally, first records for species of Endomychidae from countries of the Neotropical region are provided: Anidrytus batesi Strohecker from Peru, A. ovatulus Gerstaecker from Guyana, Ephebus hirtulus Strohecker from Paraguay, Epopterus vacuus Gerstaecker from Costa Rica and Acinaces unicolor Tomaszewska from Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Although Physaloptera retusa is one of the most widespread species infecting reptiles in the Americas, numerous taxonomic problems and little genetic data are associated with it. To clarify the taxonomy of this species, we used an integrative approach. (2) Methods: Physaloptera retusa-infecting Erythrolamprus typhlus (snake) from the Pantanal wetlands, Brazil, was morphologically and genetically characterised (18S and 28S rDNA; COI mtDNA) and compared with conspecific sequences available in GenBank, from parasites of Tupinambis teguixin (lizard), using species delimitation methods. Type specimens of P. liophis were re-evaluated given its morphological similarities with P. retusa. (3) Results: The morphology of the present specimens was equal to that of P. retusa, in which the only difference from P. liophis was the relative position of the vulva. Species delimitation methods were more accurate for the COI dataset; all of them (except ABGD) indicated interspecificity among P. retusa sequences. However, a lack of morphological data or voucher material, associated with the deposited sequences, prevented more assertive conclusions. (4) Conclusions: The present results highlight the importance of a clear association between genetic data and morphology of the isolation source, or at least its adequate vouchering. Moreover, P. retusa may represent a species complex in cryptic speciation, since it is widespread and has low hosts specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acerentulus panamensissp. nov. from the tropical forest of the Gigante Peninsula of Barro Colorado Nature Monument (9°06'N, 79°54'W – Panama) is described. The new species belongs to the cunhai group being characterized by a short sensillum a not reaching the base of seta γ3 and by sensillum b shorter than c. Acerentulus panamensissp. nov. is close to A. gerezianus da Cunha, 1952, A. ladeiroi Da Cunha, 1950, A. omoi Imadaté, 1988 and A. catalanus Condé, 1951. It differs from the first species by the absence of seta Pc on sternite VII, by the chaetotaxy of tergites II–V (6/16 in the new species and 8/14 in A. gerezianus), by the longer foretarsal sensillum e and by shorter sensilla f and a'. Finally, in Acerentulus panamensissp. nov. sensillum a' is at the same level of t1 closer to the base of tarsus than in A. gerezianus. In A. ladeiroi, the chaetotaxy of tergites II–V is 8/14 (as in A. gerezianus). Moreover, A. ladeiroi is distinguishable from the new species by shorter foretarsal sensilla e and t2, by a longer sensillum f, and by a longer sensillum a' placed distally to t1. The new species differs from A. omoi by the absence of seta Pc on sternite VII, by the porotaxy of sternites I–III, and by the longer foretarsal sensillum e and shorter sensillum b. Acerentulus panamensissp. nov. differs from A. catalanus by the chaetotaxy of tergites II–V, by the shorter sensilla a, b and f, and by the number of teeth of comb VIII (11–12 vs 7–8). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Simple Summary: Monogeneans are flatworm parasites that live principally in the gills of fish and sometimes infect other animals like amphibians, reptiles, and even mammals such as hippos. However, our understanding of these parasites in Peru is limited. To fill this gap, we compiled a detailed list of monogeneans found in Peru by studying the existing literature and examining specimens in collections. This list includes information about diversity, hosts, and geographical distribution. We reported 358 species of monogeneans, mostly infecting fish, with a few infecting amphibians. Most of these parasites live in fresh water, but some are found in marine environments. The most common families of monogeneans are Dactylogyridae and Diplectanidae. Some fish species harbor more parasites than others. However, many species have not been properly studied or collected, highlighting the need for further research to fully understand the diversity of monogeneans in Peruvian aquatic ecosystems. Monogeneans are flatworm parasites that infest fish gills primarily but can also infect various other vertebrates, including amphibians, aquatic reptiles, mammals like hippos, and occasionally invertebrates like copepods, isopods, and cephalopods. Despite their remarkable diversity, our knowledge of monogenean parasites in Peru remains significantly limited, resulting in substantial gaps in our comprehension of their taxonomic identities, host associations, and geographic distribution. To address these knowledge deficits, we present an extensively curated checklist of monogeneans associated with aquatic vertebrates in Peru. This comprehensive compilation is derived from meticulous literature surveys, the examination of specimens deposited in both international and national collections, and the inclusion of additional freshly collected specimens. The checklist offers a thorough repository of data encompassing the diversity, host associations, and geographical distribution of these parasites. Taxonomic discrepancies are addressed through a critical review of the existing literature, supplemented by the direct examination of specimens, including type or voucher specimens, deposited within scientific collections. Additionally, we provide data on the DNA sequences of individual taxa. The compiled list comprises records of 358 monogenean species, including 270 valid species and 88 taxa identified at the family or generic level, all reported across 145 host species in Peru. Predominantly, these parasitic species exhibit associations within fish, with 335 infecting teleosts and 20 affecting chondrichthyans. Three monogenean species have been documented as infecting amphibians, namely Mesopolystoma samiriensis, Polistoma sp. and Wetapolystoma almae. Among the monogeneans reported, 141 were found in marine environments and 214 in freshwater environments. The most diverse families were Dactylogyridae and Diplectanidae, comprising 217 and 24 species, respectively. The hosts that harbored the highest number of monogeneans were Pygocentrus nattereri (with 23 species), followed by Stellifer minor (13 spp.) and Triportheus angulatus (11 spp.). We detected many species that do not have any material deposited in a scientific collection due to the loss or deactivation of the collection. These findings represent only a fraction of the potential diversity, considering the wide variety of aquatic vertebrate hosts inhabiting the tropical and subtropical regions of Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of the subgenus Pergalumna (Pergalumna)—P. (P.) araguaensissp. nov. and P. (P.) bispinatasp. nov.—are described, based on adults collected from leaf litter in the Aragua State, Northern Venezuela. Pergalumna (P.) araguaensis differs from the related species P. (P.) espejillosensis by the morphology of the bothridial seta and rostrum, the location of the notogastral porose area Aa and solenidion on the leg tibia IV, the absence of the dorsosejugal porose area. Pergalumna (P.) bispinata differs from the related species P. (P.) montana by the body size, the morphology of head of the bothridial seta, the number of the notogastral porose areas, the presence of the median pore, the absence of the postanal porose area and striate ornamentation on the pteromorph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of predation by a larger ctenid spider, Ancylometes terrenus, on a giant tadpole of Pseudis paradoxa. This event was observed in a temporary pond at the Ariri community, north of the municipality of Macapá, state of Amapá, eastern Brazilian Amazonia. This is the first record of A. terrenus preying upon P. paradoxa and the first record of this spider for the state of Amapá. This observation provides an interesting addition to prey-predator interactions between anurans and spiders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first records of Proarna inignis Distant, Dorisiana metcalfi Sanborn & Heath, Guyalna cuta (Walker), Quesada gigas (Olivier), Carineta crassicauda Torres, and Herrera umbraphila Sanborn & Heath are provided for the province of Jujuy. Included are the first provincial records for the genera Dorisiana Metcalf, Guyalna Boulard & Martinelli, and Quesada Distant. The additions increase the known cicada diversity 66.7% bringing the total known alpha diversity in Jujuy to 15 species representing 11 genera, five tribes, and three subfamilies.

ABSTRACT The genus Kurzia, initially described in 1894 by Dybowski and Grochowski, has a worldwide distribution and includes eight species. In Brazil, Kurzia polyspina is so far the only species considered valid. Here we report the first record of Kurzia media in Brazil, and the second record in South America. The material was collected in a lake in the Amazonian region of the Brazilian state of Maranhão. In addition, we provide some considerations about the taxonomic history of the species and discuss the need for a redescription and the designation of a neotype for K. media. With our record, K. media now has two known occurrence localities in northern North America and two in tropical South America, with a widely disjunct distribution that needs further elucidation.

ABSTRACT Aristolochia comprises about 450 species, occurring mainly in tropical regions. Here, we record for the first time Aristolochia wankeana in Brazil, specifically in two municipalities in the state of Amazonas (Presidente Figueiredo and Rio Preto da Eva). Previously, this species had only been recorded in Guyana and French Guiana. We provide the species description based on the new records, a preliminary extinction risk assessment, photographic plates, an updated geographic distribution map, ecological comments, and an updated key for species identification of Aristolochia subser. Anthocaulicae from the Brazilian Amazon.

ABSTRACT Two new species of cecidomyiids of the genus Ficiomyia Felt, 1922 were obtained from syconium galls in species of Ficus L. for the first time in Brazil. The new species are Ficiomyia brasiliensis sp.nov. Urso-Guimarães and Ficiomyia caatinga sp. n. Urso-Guimarães and are associated respectively with Ficus citrifolia Mill. in the State of São Paulo and Ficus caatingae R.M.Castro found in the State of Bahia. This is the first register of Ficiomyia for Brazil.

(1) Background: Although Physaloptera retusa is one of the most widespread species infecting reptiles in the Americas, numerous taxonomic problems and little genetic data are associated with it. To clarify the taxonomy of this species, we used an integrative approach. (2) Methods: Physaloptera retusa-infecting Erythrolamprus typhlus (snake) from the Pantanal wetlands, Brazil, was morphologically and genetically characterised (18S and 28S rDNA; COI mtDNA) and compared with conspecific sequences available in GenBank, from parasites of Tupinambis teguixin (lizard), using species delimitation methods. Type specimens of P. liophis were re-evaluated given its morphological similarities with P. retusa. (3) Results: The morphology of the present specimens was equal to that of P. retusa, in which the only difference from P. liophis was the relative position of the vulva. Species delimitation methods were more accurate for the COI dataset; all of them (except ABGD) indicated interspecificity among P. retusa sequences. However, a lack of morphological data or voucher material, associated with the deposited sequences, prevented more assertive conclusions. (4) Conclusions: The present results highlight the importance of a clear association between genetic data and morphology of the isolation source, or at least its adequate vouchering. Moreover, P. retusa may represent a species complex in cryptic speciation, since it is widespread and has low hosts specificity.

We present the first record of Bisaltes (Bisaltes) brevicornis Breuning, 1939 in Peru, based on one male specimen collected in an urban locality of the Lambayeque region in northwestern Peru. A diagnosis for recognition of the species and differentiate it from other similar taxa are provided. Additionally, notes regarding other species of Bisaltes (Bisaltes) Thomson, 1868 recorded to Peru are given.

This article examines two cases of anomalous fish specimens found in freshwater habitats in Brazil. One case involves a Rhamdia quelen fish with tumors near its left pectoral fin, while the other case involves a Gymnotus cf. sylvius fish with a split caudal filament. The article provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of both cases and offers potential explanations for the anomalies. These findings contribute to our understanding of variations in the physical characteristics of fish species in the Neotropics. The article also includes acknowledgements and references for further research. [Extracted from the article]

In recent decades, there has been a significant increase in reported anomalies among amphibians worldwide, especially malformations. These anomalies not only signify a decline in the quality of their habitats but also hold special significance among anuran species as vital indicators of ecosystem health. Our study presents ten previously undocumented cases of anomalies within eight anuran species found in Honduras and Colombia. These species include Ameerega bilinguis, A. hahneli and A. ingeri (Dendrobatidae), Craugastor sp. (Craugastoridae), Engystomops pustulosus (Leptodactylidae), Incilius valliceps (Bufonidae), Lithobates maculatus (Ranidae), and Smilisca baudinii (Hylidae). The observed anomalies encompass a range of abnormalities, including a protuberant tumor (1), adactyly (1), amely (2), anophthalmy (1), brachydactyly (1), ectrodactyly (1), ectromely (5), and phocomely (1), which affect the mobility and vision of these individuals. While the root causes may differ, we suspect that pollution stemming from agricultural and urban activities in the observed areas could be a contributing factor. However, we do not dismiss the possibility of other physicochemical or biological stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the relationship between nest site features and the breeding biology of wetland birds is crucial, as these ecosystems are significantly threatened. Particularly, studies assessing Neotropical bird breeding success are sparse. During three consecutive breeding seasons (2016–2019), we monitored 66 nests of the black-backed water tyrant Fluvicola albiventer in central Argentina. We described basic nesting parameters and analysed the relationship between breeding parameters (nest survival, clutch, and brood size), nest site features, and nest morphometry. Breeding season lasted from early September to the end of January, with a peak in October and November. Nests were placed 136.81 ± 60.44 cm above the ground or water. Clutch size was 2.70 ± 0.47 eggs (n = 30 nests), and brood size was 2.11 ± 0.60 chicks (n = 10 nests). We found a positive relationship between external nest width and both clutch and brood size. Conversely, there was a negative relationship between nest concealment and brood size. Daily nest survival rate (DSR) was 0.92, and the cumulative probability of nest survival in a 28 day nesting cycle was 9%. We found a positive influence of external nest width on DSR. We also found a negative relationship between nest concealment and DSR. The low success probability found in this species raises uncertainties about the future of its populations. Moreover, the availability of suitable nesting sites may be affected by wetland degradation. This study could provide valuable insights into the consequences of wetland loss and design strategies for wetlands conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the influence of ecological factors, geologic and climatic history on current diversity patterns of bat communities. We predicted that (i) our three different biodiversity dimensions (species richness, functional and phylogenetic diversity) will have a positive relationship with habitat heterogeneity; (ii) variation in phylogenetic diversity will be positively influenced by elevation; (iii) biodiversity dimensions will be influenced by climatic stability, with less diversity in regions with higher climatic instability. Location: Neotropical Savannah (Cerrado). Methods: We calculated nine metrics: species richness, functional diversity, phylogenetic diversity, mean paired functional distance (MFD) and phylogenetic distances (MPD), richness‐corrected functional diversity (SES‐FD), richness‐corrected phylogenetic diversity (SES‐PD) and richness‐corrected mean functional and phylogenetic distances (SES.MFD and SES.MPD) using distribution records for 111 bat species. Habitat heterogeneity, climatic variables, elevation, floristic and climatic stability were used as independent variables. We used hierarchical Bayesian models to spatialise biodiversity dimensions based on the best predictors. Results: Cerrado habitat heterogeneity is important for phylogenetic diversity and mean functional and paired phylogenetic distances. Precipitation, temperature, elevation, habitat heterogeneity, and climatic stability were the most important predictors of Cerrado bat biodiversity. Species richness is inversely related to climatic instability, which is the best predictor of this metric. There is a decline in species richness in regions where the floristic composition has been more altered during the last 30,000 years, mainly in southern Cerrado. Main Conclusions: Present‐day and historical factors simultaneously explain the biodiversity dimensions of bat communities in the Cerrado. Habitat heterogeneity is a major driver of phylogenetic diversity of Cerrado bats, and species of closely related lineages share habitats with homogeneous vegetation. Cerrado climatic changes and geologic history influenced the observed diversity metrics (PD and FD) and the ones corrected for species richness (SES‐PD and SES‐FD) in opposite ways. Species richness corrected metrics (SES‐PD and SES‐FD) indicate that species filtered by adaptive traits mainly occupied regions of climatic instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, we describe two new species of burrowing crayfish from the countryside of the municipality of Pelotas in the south region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. We evaluated morphology and also their conservation status according to the IUCN Red List Criteria. Parastacus schubarti sp. nov. differs from the burrowing species of Rio Grande do Sul state in having an epistome anteromedian lobe septagonal, areola wide, and by the large spines in telson lateral margins. Parastacus dincaoi sp. nov. is distinguishable from the burrowing species of Rio Grande do Sul state in having a wide pleon and a subtriangular telson with small blunt spines on lateral margins. The extent of occurrence of P. schubarti sp. nov. and P. dincaoi sp. nov. were estimated at 382 km2 and 963 km2, respectively. The main threats identified were continued decline in the habitat quality, resulting from deforestation, habitat fragmentation, agriculture and livestock. However, as we currently know only one point of occurrence for each new species, we suggest that both be categorized as Data Deficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new genus of pseudothelphusid crab is proposed to accommodate two species from the state of Rondônia in the southern Amazon region of Brazil. The new taxon was retrieved as a separate lineage from the genus Fredius Pretzmann, 1967, based on an integrative approach using molecular phylogenetic analysis and morphological characters of the male first gonopod, as well as taking into account its geographic distribution. In terms of gonopod morphology, the new genus resembles Fredius but it is characterized by an enlarged and distinctly inflated proximal portion of the cephalic lobe, a well-developed patch of strong, corneous spines along the mesial and abdominal surfaces of the cephalic lobe, and a mesial lobe that is extremely developed on a long, narrow, sinuous or convoluted projection. The new genus has the southernmost distribution of the Pseudothelphusidae within the Amazon Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic activities highly threaten neotropical freshwater habitats. Aquatic insects are sensitive to environmental alterations and thus considered under great risk due to such pressures. However, large‐scale gaps regarding the knowledge of the distribution of aquatic insect species remain in the Neotropics, particularly in the South American temperate grasslands (Pampas), hindering the knowledge of hotspots of aquatic insect diversity and the prioritization of conservation areas destined to protect their populations.Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the geographical distribution of Odonata species and use ecological niche models to estimate the areas with the highest potential richness of Odonata species in the Pampas. We also calculate a sampling effort index and interpolate it with maps of protected areas to identify the spatial knowledge gaps regarding their conservation in the regionOur compilation of Odonata species records retrieved 237 species for the Pampa. However, Odonata species were recorded in less than 2% of the Pampa. Our findings indicated a higher potential diversity of Odonata in northeastern Argentina, southern Uruguay and southern Brazil. Interpolations of sampling effort index and protected areas showed that 95% of the area potentially rich in Odonata species fall outside protected areas.Our study highlights the shortfall regarding the knowledge of the distribution of Odonata diversity in non‐forest landscapes of the Neotropical region. It also shows that protected areas of the Pampa cover a minor area of the Odonata species range in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a survey of the arthropod fauna of 33 Urban Green Spaces (UGS) in Bogotá, Colombia, between 2017 and 2019, 21 species (3,825 specimens) of Psylloidea were collected. These represent all seven recognised families of jumping plant-lice and include seven species identified only to genus. The specimens, all adults, were collected on 30 plant species used for arborization in the UGS. Two species are described as new (Mastigimas longicaudatus Rendón-Mera, Burckhardt & Vargas-Fonseca, sp. nov. and Leuronota albilinea Rendón-Mera, Burckhardt & Vargas-Fonseca, sp. nov.), one species is redescribed (Mastigimas colombianus Burckhardt, Queiroz & Drohojowska) and one species is recorded for the first time from Colombia (Calinda trinervis Olivares & Burckhardt). Among the seven species identified only to genus is an undescribed species of Melanastera, representing a genus not previously known from Colombia. Fourteen species found during the survey are probably native (66%) and seven (33%) adventive. Our findings highlight the significance of UGS for preservation of biological diversity and stress the importance of using native plants in urban landscape planning for the conservation of the native entomofauna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synaldis is a taxon within the Aspilota group with a contentious taxonomic history, currently classified as a subgenus of the genus Dinotrema. Species of Synaldis were only documented in the Neotropical region in 2017, and until then, the Neotropical fauna of this subgenus was represented by five species from Brazil. In this study, Synaldis is reported for the first time in Chile, with the description and illustration of ten new species, namely: Dinotrema (Synaldis) acarinareolatum sp. nov., D. (S.) brunneum sp. nov., D. (S.) chilense sp. nov., D. (S.) daltoni sp. nov., D. (S.) flavum sp. nov., D. (S.) latusdentertium sp. nov., D. (S.) perisfelipoi sp. nov., D. (S.) pilosicaudatum sp. nov., D. (S.) puyehue sp. nov., and D. (S.) verae sp. nov. The studied specimens were collected during expeditions to southern Chile, in the Valdivian temperate rainforest at Parque Nacional de Puyehue. This study also includes a dichotomous identification key for Neotropical species of Synaldis, as well as a discussion of the primary morphological characters used to distinguish species within the Neotropical and Nearctic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poxyaibamberus Andersen & Dantas, gen. nov. is erected based on the males of two species, P. jamanximensis Andersen & Dantas, sp. nov. from Jamanxim National Park, Pará State, Brazil, and P. ubajarensis Andersen & Dantas, sp. nov. from Ubajara National Park, Ceará State, Brazil. Both species have a comparatively short and wide head, with large eyes and short, five-segmented palps; a strong subapical seta on the ultimate flagellomere; scalpellate acrostichals; no setae on the wing veins except for one seta on the brachiolum; a long costal extension; and a large triangular anal point and a very long heel on the gonostylus. The systematic position of the new genus is briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pictorial key for the identification of aquatic and semiaquatic adults of Curculionidae associated with aquatic macrophytes from the Pantanal of Mato Grosso and the Amazon is presented for the first time based on the study of 13,252 specimens belonging to the two families of Curculionoidea (Brentidae and Curculionidae), six subfamilies, eight tribes, 22 genera and 24 species, most belonging to Tanysphyrini (Curculionidae, Brachycerinae). This key can be extrapolated to the Neotropical Region fauna due to the wide distribution of the included species, which is discussed in relation to taxonomic, biogeographical, and ecological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first phylogenetic inference of Calopterini and Eurrhacini focused on Calocladon and related taxa was carried out. A data matrix composed of 46 species and 51 morphological characters was assembled and analyzed using parsimony and model-based approaches. Eurrhacini were recovered monophyletic. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses highly supported the Calocladon clade including also Atlanticolycus, Cladocalon, and Gorhamium gen. nov. as its sister clade. Our trees consistently recovered monophyly of the new genus with two new species: Gorhamium bidentatum sp. nov. (Panama, Baru Volcano) and G. unidentatum sp. nov. from the Pacific slopes of Ecuador. A revised key to the genera of Eurrhacini is given and illustrations of distinguishing characters are provided. Phylogenetic relationships of Eurrhacini and character evolution are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microchaetogyne Townsend, 1931, a monotypic Dexiini genus restricted to the Neotropical Region, is revised with the proposal of the following new synonymy: Gigamyiopsis Reinhard, 1964 = Microchaetogyne, syn. nov. As a result, the following new combination is proposed: Microchaetogyne funebris (1964) comb. nov. In addition, a redescription, photographs, and lectotype fixation are provided for the type species Microchaetogyne melaena, and a diagnosis is provided for M. funebris. Finally, an updated diagnosis for the genus Microchaetogyne and a key to the two known species are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental and spatial factors can affect the distribution of aquatic insect metacommunities. In tropical springs, few studies have been conducted on the subject, especially regarding the influence of spatial variables. Our main objective was to assess the influence of environmental and spatial factors on the composition of Chironomidae assemblages in 48 pristine springs in different watersheds in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. This is the first study of the composition of Chironomids assemblages in springs in the Neotropical region. A single time in the dry season, three samples of the substrate at each spring were collected with a hand net. To assess the importance of environmental and/or spatial predictors of the composition of the Chironomidae metacommunities Partial redundancy analysis was performed. The results show that environmental variables explained little of the composition of Chironomids assemblages in Atlantic Forest springs. The local environmental factors selected by the model were dissolved oxygen, conductivity and plant cover, and the spatial factors selected were PCNM 1 and PCNM 6. Most of the variation in the Chironomidae assemblage remained unexplained by the partial redundancy models. Our results suggest the influence of temporal and spatial variables on the structure of metacommunities of Chironomidae in tropical springs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The catfish of the genus Pimelodus are amply distributed in the Neotropical region, although the species-level taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of these fish are still poorly resolved. In the present study, we used a molecular approach to delimit the Pimelodus species from the different river basins of the Neotropical region. For this, we analyzed sequences of the mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from 13 nominal species, which generated 24 consensus Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs). Only six of the nominal species were recovered as well-defined molecular entities, while seven presented cryptic diversity or taxonomic uncertainties. The DNA barcode analysis presented here represents an important step toward the definition of the species of this economically important group of fish, which will be fundamental to the conservation of its diversity. Pimelodus is the most speciose genus of the family Pimelodidae, and is amply distributed in the Neotropical region. The species-level taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships within this genus are still poorly resolved, however. These taxonomic problems and the general lack of data have generated major uncertainties with regard to the identification of specimens from different localities. In the present study, we applied a single-locus species delimitation approach to identify the MOTUs found within the genus Pimelodus and provide sound evidence for the evaluation of the species richness of this genus in the different river basins of the Neotropical region. The study was based on the analysis of sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene of 13 nominal species, which resulted in the identification of 24 consensus MOTUs. Only six nominal species were recovered as well-defined molecular entities by both the traditional barcoding analysis and the molecular delimitation methods, while the other seven presented cryptic diversity or persistent taxonomic uncertainties. The lineages identified from the Parnaíba ecoregions, Amazonas Estuary and Coastal Drainages may represent a much greater diversity of Pimelodus species than that recognized currently, although a more detailed study of this diversity will be necessary to provide a more definitive classification of the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]