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In December 2023, Neolamarckia cadamba trees at Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India, exhibited a necrotic leaf spot disease affecting 20%–40% of their foliage, with similar symptoms observed in nearby farmer fields of Punjab. The disease manifested as concentric ring spots with yellow halos. Samples from three infected leaves of six trees were collected, and tissues from lesion margins were cultured. Six isolates (LPUAE1‐LPUAE6) were obtained and cultured on PDA medium, displaying greyish fungal colonies. The conidia were identified morphologically as belonging to the genus Alternaria spp. DNA analysis using ITS and ATPase region amplifications confirmed the isolates as Alternaria ethzedia, with sequences deposited in NCBI GenBank. Till now there is no report on diseases of kadamba caused by A. ethzedia and this first report indicates that further studies on leaf spot disease management are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stability analysis of a panel of twenty clones of Neolamarckia cadamba was evaluated in three locations viz., Chennai, Neyveli and Dhimbum. Experiment was conducted using Randomised Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Tree height and girth were measured from the second year of planting and subjected to statistical analysis. Pooled mean of tree height varied from 4.56 (C17) to 6.11 m (C127), while girth was ranged from 21 (C17) to 31.81cm (C105) across locations. Results of the pooled analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences (p<0.01) for the studied traits across genotypes, environments and genotypes by environment interaction (GEI). Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) biplots constructed between the first two principal components, explained 73.5 and 69.8% of the GEI for height and girth, respectively. Neyveli was identified as the ideal location among three locations studied based on the biplots. Clones C144 and C127 were reported to be highly stable based on the different biplot models while AMMI stability indices identified C140 and C105 as more stable. Utilizing these clones in future breeding programmes could improve yield production, and these clones identified could be recommended for commercial cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Neolamarckia cadamba (Rubiaceae) is a well-recognized medicinal plant with recorded therapeutical attributes. However, a thorough assessment of active compounds in its fruits is lacking, limiting their use and valorization in pharmacological industries. Methods: Thus, this study investigated variations in the fruits' secondary metabolite (SM) profiles, as well as antioxidant activities in aqueous (WA) and ethanol (ET) extracts. Results: Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry identified 541 SMs, of which 14 and 1 (di-O-glucosylquinic acid) were specifically detected in ET and WA, respectively. Phenolic acids (36.97%), flavonoids (28.10%), terpenoids (12.20%), and alkaloids (9.98%) were the dominant SMs. The SM profiles of the fruits in WA and ET were quite different. We revealed 198 differentially extracted (DE) metabolites between WA and ET, including 62 flavonoids, 57 phenolic acids, 45 terpenoids, 14 alkaloids, etc. Most DE flavones (36 out of 40), terpenoids (45 out of 45), and alkaloids (12 out of 14) had higher content in ET. Catechin and its derivatives, procyanidins, and tannins had higher content in WA. ABTS and DPPH assays showed that the antioxidant activity of ET was significantly higher than that of WA. Conclusions: Our findings will facilitate the efficient extraction and evaluation of specific active compounds in N. cadamba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neolamarckia cadamba (N. cadamba) is an evergreen tree species known for its rapid growth, remarkable wood properties, and significant value in medicine, feeding, and landscape. In order to clone a N. cadamba individual with excellent genotype, a plant regeneration protocol was successfully established with leaves wrapped by bud scales as explants. The optimal sterilization method for the leaves was 0.1% Mercury Chloride (HgCl2) treatment for 1 min before culturing on Murashige and Skoog’s medium (MS) supplemented with 3.0 mg/L Thidiazuron (TDZ), 0.1 mg/L 2–4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2-4D), 0.05 mg/L α-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1 mL/L Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM) to induce calluses. The medium containing 1 mL/L PPM could effectively inhibit explant contamination without an unfavorable impact on the final induction rate of callus from the leaves. Three types of calluses were induced from the leaves cultured on the above medium. Among them, only the Type II callus, which was green and nodular, had few particle masses, could differentiate into adventitious shoots on the MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L 6–Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 0.05 mg/L NAA, with the induction rate of 78.89% and adventitious shoot number per callus of 11.67. The adventitious shoots were proliferated on the MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.05 mg/L Indole-3- butyric acid (IBA) with the proliferation coefficient of 3.37. And the micro-shoots developed roots in the MS medium supplemented with 0.05 mg/L NAA and 0.05 mg/L IBA. The regeneration protocol can be used in the propagation and large scale production of seedlings with the same genotype as an excellent individual of N. cadamba in the field.Key message: A plant regeneration protocol was successfully established with leaves wrapped by bud scales in the field, furthermore it can be used in the propagation and large scale production of seedlings with the same genotype as an excellent individual of N. cadamba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of present research work is to develop liposomes as a carrier system for methanolic extract, its incorporation in to gel formulations and to characterize the prepared and develop liposomal gel formulation. Formulation was carried out by thin film technique. Scanning electron micrograph of the prepared nanosponges at 50.00 kx magnification showed that the liposome was porous with a smooth surface morphology and spherical shape. The porous nature of liposome was clearly observed in the SEM images. Particle size and zeta potential was determined by Malvern Zeta sizer. The particle size analysis confirmed that the prepared sample were in the nanometer range. Average particle size obtained for the formulations F1 to F5 were 162.7 nm to 195.6 nm. Zeta potential values of liposome indicated that the formulated liposomes are stable. The amount of drug being entrapped in liposome was calculated and all the prepared liposome was found to possess very high entrapment efficiency. The viscosity of liposome loaded gel is found to 6842±0.32cps. The pH of liposome loaded gel is 6.3 and spreadability is 12.11, indicating that liposome loaded gel has high release and permeability. The in vitro anti-inflammatory effect of Neolamarckia cadamba extract was evaluated against denaturation of egg albumin. The present findings exhibited a concentration dependent inhibition of protein (albumin) denaturation by Neolamarckia cadamba throughout the concentration range of 20-100μg/ml. Diclofenac sodium (at the concentration range of 20-100 μg/ml) was used as reference drug which also exhibited concentration dependent inhibition of protein denaturation; however, the effect of diclofenac sodium was found to be less active when compared with extract name. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the liposome-based drug delivery approach could be a valuable tool to improve the therapeutic efficacy of phytochemicals by improving their absorption, and bioavailability via altering their physicochemical and release properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on exploring the effects of Neolamarckia cadamba leaf extract (NE) on the fermentation process and bacterial community of stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis) silage. Fresh raw materials of stylo were ensiled with 0%, 1%, and 2% NE, and various fermentation parameters, nitrogen components, and microbial compositions were analyzed at different time points (days 3, 7, 14, and 30) during the ensiling process. The experiment showed that, in comparison to the control group, incorporating NE into the ensiling process resulted in improved fermentation parameters, including increased lactic acid and acetic acid levels, as well as decreased pH, coliform population, and ammonia nitrogen concentration. Moreover, the relative abundances of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus were augmented, while the growth of Enterobacter was inhibited by the NE addition. These results suggest that NE has potential as a novel additive for silage, promoting a reduction in harmful bacteria and enhancements in the nutritional quality and fermentation characteristics of stylo silage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current work has been designed to investigate the immunomodulatory efficacy with particular reference to humoral, cell-mediated and cytokine-modulating potential of hot aqueous extract of Neolamarckia cadamba (HAENC) fruits in Wistar albino rats. The effect of different concentrations of HAENC fruits over cell-mediated immune response was assessed using six groups (Gp-I as control, Gp-II with 20 µg/mL, Gp-III with 50 µg/mL, Gp-IV with 100 µg/mL, Gp-V with 250 µg/mL, and Gp-VI with 500 µg/mL) of Wistar albino rats having six animals in each. The amount of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-10 was measured by sandwich ELISA with different concentrations of HAENC (50–500 µg/mL) in splenocyte culture supernatant and their expression was determined by qRT-PCR Humoral immune response was determined by measuring the serum antibody titer of Wistar albino rats against Salmonella typhimurium 'O' antigen using four groups containing six animals each (Gp-I as control, Gp II, III & IV were respectively fed orally with 125, 250, and 500 mg/Kg body weight using HAENC fruits). LC–MS analysis suggested the presence of cadambine, chlorogenic acid, cadambagenic acid, stearic acid, octadecanoic acid ethyl ether, and 7-hydroxy-5,2'-4'-trimethoxyflavonon in the extract based on their m/z ratio. The result suggested significant (p < 0.01) dose-dependent proliferation of Concanavalin A (Con A)-treated splenocytes, depicting cell-mediated immunostimulatory potential of HAENC fruits. A dose-dependent significant decrease (p < 0.01) was found in the amount of TNF-α and IL-10 was found to increase significantly (p < 0.01) as extract concentrations increased. TNF-α and IL-10 expressions were confirmed at the molecular level by qRT-PCR analysis of mRNA transcripts of TNF-α and IL-10 genes. Fold expression of TNF-α and IL-10 gene was 0.197 and 3.58 at 250 µg/mL, 0.02 and 20.11 at 500 µg/mL concentrations of HAENC respectively in comparison to control. Serum antibody titer was significantly increased (p < 0.01) in animals fed with different doses of HAENC fruits. The present study suggested the anti-inflammatory effect of HAENC fruits which also influences the networking of cytokines, implying that it may play a role in regulating the activity of the host's immune system and can serve as a potent herbal drug with immuno-stimulatory potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Neolamarckia cadamba (cadamba), also known as bur flower tree has been exercised to demonstrate as an excellent methylene blue scavenger from simulated as well as industrial wastewater. The particle morphology and structural insights were gained from FESEM, BET surface area, FTIR, and pHZPC. The adsorption behavior was mapped by different physico-chemical parameters such as contact time, pH, input concentration, and temperature. Experimental data reveal rapid adsorption, and >90% uptake was successful within the first 15 min and reaches equilibrium by 45 min (removal efficiency = 94.15%) at neutral pH. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 115.60 mg/g. The uptake process follows pseudo-second-order kinetics (R² = 0.99), confirming a chemisorption process while the Langmuir model (R² = 0.99) satisfactorily addresses the adsorption path. Thermodynamic parameters suggest a spontaneous, feasible, and exothermic process with increased entropy. Spent adsorbent could easily be regenerated in up to 74% using 1:1 MeOH/H2O with a potential of three-cycle use. Real-time efficacy has been established with an MB containing industrial effluent and up to 44.70% adsorption, which confirms the material's practical applicability. Statistical reliability was confirmed by the relative standard deviation. Altogether, the present material offers clean and green removal of methylene blue dye from versatile wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of Neolamarckia cadamba leaves extract (NCLE), with effective ingredients of flavonoids, on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and relevant microorganisms in cecal contents and feces of broilers treated with or without lipopolysaccharide stimulation (LPS) were investigated. LPS stimulation increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as tet(W/N/W), APH(3')-IIIa, ErmB, tet (44), ANT (6)-Ia, tet(O), tet (32), Vang_ACT_CHL, myrA, ANT (6)-Ib, IncQ1, tniB, and rep2 in cecal contents. However, the difference disappeared (P > 0.05) when NCLE was added at the same time. These differential ARGs and MGEs were mainly correlated (P < 0.01) with Clostridiales bacterium, Lachnospiraceae bacterium, and Candidatus Woodwardibium gallinarum. These species increased in LPS-stimulated broilers and decreased when NCLE was applied at the same time. In feces, LPS stimulation decreased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of tet(Q), adeF, ErmF, Mef(En2), OXA-347, tet (40), npmA, tmrB, CfxA3, and ISCrsp1, while the LPS + NCLE treated group showed no significant effect (P > 0.05) on these ARGs. These differential ARGs and MGEs in feces were mainly correlated (P < 0.01) with Clostridiales bacterium, Pseudoflavonifractor sp. An184, Flavonifractor sp. An10, Ruminococcaceae bacterium, etc. These species increased in LPS-stimulated broilers and increased when NCLE was applied at the same time. In conclusion, LPS stimulation and NCLE influenced microbial communities and associated ARGs in both cecal contents and feces of broilers. NCLE alleviated the change of ARGs and MGEs in LPS-induced broilers by maintaining the microbial balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neolamarckia cadamba Roxb., a plant commonly used in Indian traditional medicines, has been recognized for its anthelmintic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of N. cadamba fruit extracts against Ascaridia galli (roundworm), Raillietina spiralis (tapeworm), and Pheretima posthuma (Indian adult earthworm). The hydro-methanolic extract of N. cadamba fruits exhibited superior anthelmintic activity compared to the ethyl acetate extract. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of phenols, tannins, saponins, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Furthermore, the contents of phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins in the fruit extracts were quantified. The quantitative analysis of total phenolic content of extracts revealved that hydromethanolic extract contains higher quantity of phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins in comparision to the ethylacetate extract. These findings support the observation that hydro-methanolic extract of N. cadamba fruits exhibited superior anthelmintic activity compared to the ethyl acetate extract because polyphenolic compounds are well established for their anthelmintic activity.

Background: Neolamarckia cadamba (Rubiaceae) is a well-recognized medicinal plant with recorded therapeutical attributes. However, a thorough assessment of active compounds in its fruits is lacking, limiting their use and valorization in pharmacological industries. Methods: Thus, this study investigated variations in the fruits’ secondary metabolite (SM) profiles, as well as antioxidant activities in aqueous (WA) and ethanol (ET) extracts. Results: Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry identified 541 SMs, of which 14 and 1 (di-O-glucosylquinic acid) were specifically detected in ET and WA, respectively. Phenolic acids (36.97%), flavonoids (28.10%), terpenoids (12.20%), and alkaloids (9.98%) were the dominant SMs. The SM profiles of the fruits in WA and ET were quite different. We revealed 198 differentially extracted (DE) metabolites between WA and ET, including 62 flavonoids, 57 phenolic acids, 45 terpenoids, 14 alkaloids, etc. Most DE flavones (36 out of 40), terpenoids (45 out of 45), and alkaloids (12 out of 14) had higher content in ET. Catechin and its derivatives, procyanidins, and tannins had higher content in WA. ABTS and DPPH assays showed that the antioxidant activity of ET was significantly higher than that of WA. Conclusions: Our findings will facilitate the efficient extraction and evaluation of specific active compounds in N. cadamba.

Plant parts have unfathomable potential in the synthesis of nanoparticles. The current study was designed for the photosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (NC-AgNPs) using bark extract of N. cadamba. Different analytical methods were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. HR-TEM analysis identifies the formation of multi-shaped NC-AgNPs like spherical, quasi-spherical, rod-shaped, trigonal, square, pentagonal, and hexagonal with a size range of 18-91 nm. The crystallize size of NC-AgNPs was found to be 27.6 nm. The catalytic effectiveness of NC-AgNPs in degrading Crystal violet (CV) dye is remarkable. Important parameters such as the effect of catalyst dose and pH were investigated. Dose-dependentantioxidant activity of NC-AgNPs was determined by using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Low-cost synthesis and eco-friendly reagents were the salient features that made NC-AgNPs more attractive toward catalytic and antioxidant activities. N. cadamba bark was used the first time as a green source for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The synthesis of different shapes of nanoparticles in one-step synthesis. The study of NC-AgNPs for their catalytic and antioxidant activities is reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser, a member of the Rubiaceae family, is a botanical species with recognized therapeutic properties. It is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat cardiac ailments and other disorders. However, the precise active constituents and the potential mechanisms by which they manage cardiovascular disorders remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to ascertain the bioactive components and investigate their underlying mechanisms of action. N. cadamba is used to treat cardiovascular disorders using the integrated metabolomic methodology. An HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis determined the potential chemicals in the N. cadamba leaf ethanol extract (NCEE). A thorough investigation of the NCEE samples used in this study led to the identification of 32 phytoconstituents. Of the 32 compounds, 19 obeyed Lipinski's rule of five (RO5). A molecular docking study directed towards HMG-CoA reductase used 19 molecules. The reference drug atorvastatin indicated a binding energy of −3.9 kcal/mol, while the other substances, Cinchonain Ib and Dukunolide B, revealed binding energies of −5.7 and −5.3 kcal/mol, respectively. Both phytocompounds showed no toxicity and exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties. In vivo study results concluded that treatment with NCEE significantly reduced the cardiac myocardial infarction (MI) marker CK-MB and atherogenic risk indices, such as the atherogenic index plasma (AIP), cardiac risk ratio (CRR), and atherogenic coefficient (AC) in isoproterenol-induced MI rats. In MI rats, NCEE therapy significantly improved the antioxidant system of the heart tissue, as evidenced by the increased levels of GSH and SOD, lower levels of the oxidative stress marker MDA, and significantly decreased HMG-CoA activity. Additionally, electrocardiogram (ECG) signals from rats treated with NCEE resembled those treated with traditional atorvastatin to treat myocardial infarction. This study used H&E staining to show that administering NCEE before treatment reduced cardiac myocyte degeneration in rats with myocardial infarction, increased the presence of intact nuclei, and increased myocardial fiber strength. The potential cardioprotective effect observed in myocardial infarction (MI) rats treated with NCEE can be extrapolated from computational data to be caused by Cinchonain Ib. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on exploring the effects of Neolamarckia cadamba leaf extract (NE) on the fermentation process and bacterial community of stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis) silage. Fresh raw materials of stylo were ensiled with 0%, 1%, and 2% NE, and various fermentation parameters, nitrogen components, and microbial compositions were analyzed at different time points (days 3, 7, 14, and 30) during the ensiling process. The experiment showed that, in comparison to the control group, incorporating NE into the ensiling process resulted in improved fermentation parameters, including increased lactic acid and acetic acid levels, as well as decreased pH, coliform population, and ammonia nitrogen concentration. Moreover, the relative abundances of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus were augmented, while the growth of Enterobacter was inhibited by the NE addition. These results suggest that NE has potential as a novel additive for silage, promoting a reduction in harmful bacteria and enhancements in the nutritional quality and fermentation characteristics of stylo silage.

This study aimed to explore the associative effect of mixing Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) with Neolamarckia cadamba leaves (NCL) in proportions during ensiling process and its proper propor⁃ tion.In the present study, MOL were ensiled with NCL in proportions (100∶0, 75∶25, 50∶50, 25∶75, 0∶100; on a fresh matter basis), and fermentation parameter, protein fraction and protease activity were analyzed on days 3, 7, 14 and 30 of ensiling fermentation. The ensiling characteristics of NCL were quite different from those of MOL. Compared to MOL silage, dry matter loss, the concentrations of lactate and acetate, and the proportions of nonprotein nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen were decreased (P<0.01) to some degree in the mixed silage of MOL and NCL, where their dry matter loss, lactate and acetate concentrations, nonprotein nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen proportions after 30 days ensiling were in the ranges of 4.97%-11.63% DM, 1.09%-2.48% DM, 0.19%-0.47% DM, 12.77%-56.31% CP, 1.03%- 5.16% CP, respectively. Meanwhile, the activities of carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase and acid proteinase in NCL silage were much higher (P<0.01) than those in MOL silage. so their activities were somewhat higher (P<0.01) in the mixed silage relative to those in MOL silage. Based on the comprehensive evaluation of associative effects index, MOL and NCL mixed at the ratio of 25∶75 got the best results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant SABATH methyltransferases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of the methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to the carboxyl group or the nitrogen group of the substrate to form small molecule methyl esters or N-methylated compounds, which are involved in various secondary metabolite biosynthesis and have important impacts on plant growth, development, and defense reactions. We previously reported the monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) cadambine biosynthetic pathway in Neolamarckia cadamba, a woody tree species that provides an important traditional medicine widely used to treat diseases such as diabetes, leprosy, and cancer in Southeast Asia. However, the functions of NcSABATHs in cadambine biosynthesis remain unclear. In this study, 23 NcSABATHs were identified and found to be distributed on 12 of the total 22 chromosomes. Gene structure, conserved motifs, and phylogenetic analysis showed that NcSABATHs could be divided into three groups. According to cis-element analysis, the NcSABATH promoters contained a large number of elements involved in light, plant hormone, and environmental stress responses, as well as binding sites for the BBR-BPC, DOF, and MYB transcription factor families. Based on RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR analysis, the NcSABATH genes exhibited diverse tissue expression patterns. Furthermore, NcSABATH7/22, which clustered with LAMT in the same clade, were both up-regulated under MeJA treatment. The correlation analysis between gene expression and cadambine content showed that NcSABATH7 potentially participated in cadambine biosynthesis. Taken together, our study not only enhanced our understanding of SABATH in N. cadamba but also identified potential candidate genes involved in cadambine biosynthesis.

The WRKY transcription factor family plays important regulatory roles in multiple biological processes in higher plants. They have been identified and functionally characterized in a number of plant species, but very little is known in Neolamarckia cadamba, a 'miracle tree' for its fast growth and potential medicinal resource in Southeast Asia. In this study, a total of 85 WRKY genes were identified in the genome of N. cadamba. They were divided into three groups according to their phylogenetic features, with the support of the characteristics of gene structures and conserved motifs of protein. The NcWRKY genes were unevenly distributed on 22 chromosomes, and there were two pairs of segmentally duplicated events. In addition, a number of putative cis-elements were identified in the promoter regions, of which hormone- and stress-related elements were shared in many NcWRKYs. The transcript levels of NcWRKY were analyzed using the RNA-seq data, revealing distinct expression patterns in various tissues and at different stages of vascular development. Furthermore, 16 and 12 NcWRKY genes were confirmed to respond to various hormone treatments and two different abiotic stress treatments, respectively. Moreover, the content of cadambine, the active metabolite used for the various pharmacological activities found in N. cadamba, significantly increased after Methyl jasmonate treatment. In addition, expression of NcWRKY64/74 was obviously upregulated, suggesting that they may have a potential function of regulating the biosynthesis of cadambine in response to MeJA. Taken together, this study provides clues into the regulatory roles of the WRKY gene family in N. cadamba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser is a fast-growing deciduous tree species and belongs to the Neolamarckia genus of the Rubiaceae family. This species has great economic and medical values in addition to being an important timber species for multiple industrial purposes. However, few studies have examined the genetic diversity and population structure in the natural distribution of this species in China. Here, we applied both the haploid nrDNA ITS (619 bp for aligned sequences) and mtDNA (2 polymorphic loci) markers to investigate 10 natural populations (239 individuals in total) that covered most of the distribution of the species in China. The results showed that the nucleotide diversity was π = 0.1185 ± 0.0242 for the nrDNA ITS markers and π = 0.00038 ± 0.00052 for the mtDNA markers. The haplotype diversity for the mtDNA markers was h = 0.1952 ± 0.2532. The population genetic differentiation was small ( F s t n = 0.0294) for the nrDNA ITS markers but large ( F s t m = 0.6765) for the mtDNA markers. There were no significant effects of isolation by distance (IBD), by elevation, and by two climatic factors (annual average precipitation and tem perature). A geographic structure among populations ( N s t < G s t ) was absent. Phylogenetic analysis showed a highly genetic mixture among individuals of the ten populations. Pollen flow was substantially greater than seed flow ( m p / m s   ≫ 1.0) and played a dominant role in shaping population genetic structure. The nrDNA ITS sequences were neutral and all local populations did not undergo demographic expansion. The overall results provide fundamental information for the genetic conservation and breeding of this miraculous tree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neolamarckia cadamba is an Indian traditional medicinal plant having various therapeutic potentials. In the present study, we did solvent-based extraction of Neolamarckia cadamba leaves. The extracted samples were screened against liver cancer cell line (HepG2) and bacteria (Escherichia coli). MTT cytotoxic assay was performed for in vitro analysis of extracted samples against the HepG2 cell lines and the normal human prostate PNT2 cell line. Chloroform extract of Neolamarckia cadamba leaves showed better activity with IC50 value 69 μg/ml. DH5α strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was cultured in Luria Bertani (LB) broth media and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were calculated. Solvent extract chloroform showed better activity in MTT analysis and antibacterial screening and it was taken for characterization of phytocomposition by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The identified phytoconstituents were docked with potential targets of liver cancer and E. coli. The phytochemical 1-(5-Hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione shows highest docking score against the targets PDGFRA (PDB ID: 6JOL) and Beta-ketoacyl synthase 1(PDB ID: 1FJ4) and their stability was further confirmed by molecular dynamics simulation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article records for the first time the isolation of Ursolic acid from the leaves of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser (Family: Rubiaceae) using ultrasonic waves. This bioactive triterpenic acid was isolated without its isomer, oleanolic acid, in a very convenient way with good yield. The structure was identified by means of one dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques like 1H NMR, 13C NMR, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) and two dimensional NMR spectroscopic method for example, heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC). It was also assayed for antidiabetic and antioxidant potencies. About 71.5 mg of pure ursolic acid was isolated from 2.6 grams of ethyl acetate soluble fraction using sono-maceration as an extraction technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neolamarckia cadamba Roxb., a plant commonly used in Indian traditional medicines, has been recognized for its anthelmintic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of N. cadamba fruit extracts against Ascaridia galli (roundworm), Raillietina spiralis (tapeworm), and Pheretima posthuma (Indian adult earthworm). The hydromethanolic extract of N. cadamba fruits exhibited superior anthelmintic activity compared to the ethyl acetate extract. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of phenols, tannins, saponins, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Furthermore, the contents of phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins in the fruit extracts were quantified. The quantitative analysis of total phenolic content of extracts revealved that hydromethanolic extract contains higher quantity of phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins in comparision to the ethylacetate extract. These findings support the observation that hydro-methanolic extract of N. cadamba fruits exhibited superior anthelmintic activity compared to the ethyl acetate extract because polyphenolic compounds are well established for their anthelmintic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study, the inhibitory potential of Neolamarckia cadamba phytoconstituents was investigated against SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease (3CL pro) (PDB ID: 6M2N). Molecular docking was analyzed using AutoDock Vina software by setting the grid parameter as X= -33.163, Y= -65.074 and Z= 41.434 with dimensions of the grid box 25 × 25 × 25 Å. Remdesivir was taken as the standard for comparative analysis along with inhibitor 5, 6, 7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one. Furthermore, the exploration of 2 D Hydrogen-bond interactions was performed by Biovia Discovery Studio 4.5 program to identify the interactions between an amino acid of target and ligand followed by assessment of physicochemical properties using Lipinski's rule and Swiss ADME database. The decent bonding scores of secondary metabolites owing to hydrogen bonding with catalytic residues suggest the effectiveness of these phytochemicals towards 3CLpro. The results are further consolidated positively by Lipinski's rule and Swiss ADME prediction. Thus reasonably, observations with docking studies suggest possibility of phytochemicals from Neolamarckia cadamba to inhibit the 3CLpro and consequently would be explored further as agents for preventing COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trees can control their shape and resist gravity by producing tension wood (TW), which is a special wood that results from trees being put under stress. TW is characterized by the presence of a gelatinous layer (G layer) and the differential distribution of cell wall polymers. In this study, we investigated whether or not gravistimulation in N. cadamba resulted in TW with an obvious G layer. The results revealed an absence of an obvious G layer in samples of the upper side of a leaning stem (UW), as well as an accumulation of cellulose and a decrease in lignin content. A negligible change in the content of these polymers was recorded and compared to untreated plant (NW) samples, revealing the presence of a G layer either in much lower concentrations or in a lignified form. A transcriptomic investigation demonstrated a higher expression of cell wall esterase- and hydrolase-related genes in the UW, suggesting an accumulation of noncellulosic sugars in the UW, similar to the spectroscopy results. Furthermore, several G-layer-specific genes were also downregulated, including fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLA), beta-galactosidase (BGAL) and chitinase-like proteins (CTL). The gene coexpression network revealed a strong correlation between cell-wall-synthesis-related genes and G-layer-synthesis-specific genes, suggesting their probable antagonistic role during G layer formation. In brief, the G layer in N. cadamba was either synthesized in a very low amount or was lignified during an early stage of growth; further experimental validation is required to understand the exact mechanism and stage of G layer formation in N. cadamba during gravistimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants have been used as medicines throughout history due to the presence of therapeutic and healing properties. These medicinal properties of plants lies in phytochemicals present in them. Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser is commonly found ethnomedicinal tree in India and is well known for its therapeutic properties. The present study reports the phytochemical investigation of bark of Neolamarckia cadamba. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is used for the identification and analysis of phytochemicals compounds. Twenty-three major phytochemical compounds were identified in methanolic extract of bark of Neolamarckia cadamba. Some of those were Tetradecanoic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, gamma-Sitosterol, Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester, Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, Oleic Acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural while others were present in comparatively small amount. Identified phytochemicals reported to have numerous pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancerous, antioxidant, anti-hepatotoxic and anti-parasitic. These biological activities show and acknowledge Neolamarckia cadamba as a medicinally important tree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neolamarckia cadamba (N. cadamba) is a fast-growing tree species with tremendous economic and ecological value; the study of the key genes regulating photosynthesis and sugar accumulation is very important for the breeding of N. cadamba. Fructose 1,6-bisphosptase (FBP) gene has been found to play a key role in plant photosynthesis, sugar accumulation and other growth processes. However, no systemic analysis of FBPs has been reported in N. cadamba. A total of six FBP genes were identifed and cloned based on the N. cadamba genome, and these FBP genes were sorted into four groups. The characteristics of the NcFBP gene family were analyzed such as phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, conserved motifs, and expression patterns. A cis-acting element related to circadian control was first found in the promoter region of FBP gene. Phylogenetic and quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that NcFBP5 and NcFBP6 may be chloroplast type 1 FBP and cytoplasmic FBP, respectively. FBP proteins from N. cadamba and 22 other plant species were used for phylogenetic analyses, indicating that FBP family may have expanded during the evolution of algae to mosses and differentiated cpFBPase1 proteins in mosses. This work analyzes the internal relationship between the evolution and expression of the six NcFBPs, providing a scientific basis for the evolutionary pattern of plant FBPs, and promoting the functional studies of FBP genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though many biological roles of ethylene have been investigated intensively, the molecular mechanism of ethylene's action in woody plants remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the precursor of ethylene, on the growth of Neolamarckia cadamba seedlings, a fast-growing tropical tree. After 14 days of ACC treatment, the plants showed a reduced physiological morphology while stem diameter increased; however, this did not occur after the addition of 1-MCP. Meanwhile, the lignin content of N. cadamba also increased. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of the ethylene biosynthesis and signaling genes ACC oxidase (ACO) and ethylene insensitive 3 (EIN3) were up-regulated mainly at the 6th hour and the 3rd day of the ACC treatment, respectively. The transcription levels of transcription factors, mainly in the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), ethylene response factor (ERF), WRKY and v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) families, involved in the ethylene signaling and secondary growth also increased significantly. Furthermore, in accordance to the increased lignification of the stem, the transcriptional level of key enzymes in the phenylalanine pathway were elevated after the ACC treatment. Our results revealed the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the secondary growth stimulated by exogenous ACC treatment on N. cadamba seedlings. A model for ACC stimulation of secondary growth in the stem of N. cadamba. [Display omitted] • Exogenous ACC stimulates secondary growth in Neolamarckia cadamba stems. • ACC treatment leads to an increase in lignin content. • Transcript levels of the key lignin pathway genes were upregulated after ACC treatment. • The transcript levels of transcription factors associated with secondary growth were also increased after ACC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential phytohormones that play a crucial role in plant growth and development. However, our understanding of BR receptors and their functions in tree species is currently limited. In this study, we looked for potential BR receptor genes in the burflower-tree (Neolamarckia cadamba) genome. We identified five candidate gene from sequence analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction. Among these genes, Neolamarckia cadamba BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 (NcBRI1) is ubiquitously expressed in all tested tissues and encodes a functional BR receptor localized to the plasma membrane. Ectopic expression of NcBRI1 in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) loss-of-function BRI1 mutant bri1-5 not only rescued its growth retardation phenotype but also facilitated vascular development by reactivating BR signal transduction. Furthermore, overexpression of NcBRI1 promoted vascular formation and cell elongation in transgenic hairy roots of Neolamarckia cadamba. By contrast, microRNA-mediated knockdown of NcBRI1 resulted in delayed vascular development and smaller cells. Importantly, we found that manipulation of NcBRI1 in Neolamarckia cadamba can enhance the biomass of hairy roots. These findings highlight the critical role of NcBRI1 in BR signaling and its significant influence on vascular development and rapid growth in Neolamarckia cadamba., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser, a member of the Rubiaceae family, is a botanical species with recognized therapeutic properties. It is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat cardiac ailments and other disorders. However, the precise active constituents and the potential mechanisms by which they manage cardiovascular disorders remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to ascertain the bioactive components and investigate their underlying mechanisms of action. N. cadamba is used to treat cardiovascular disorders using the integrated metabolomic methodology. An HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis determined the potential chemicals in the N. cadamba leaf ethanol extract (NCEE). A thorough investigation of the NCEE samples used in this study led to the identification of 32 phytoconstituents. Of the 32 compounds, 19 obeyed Lipinski’s rule of five (RO5). A molecular docking study directed towards HMG-CoA reductase used 19 molecules. The reference drug atorvastatin indicated a binding energy of −3.9 kcal/mol, while the other substances, Cinchonain Ib and Dukunolide B, revealed binding energies of −5.7 and −5.3 kcal/mol, respectively. Both phytocompounds showed no toxicity and exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties. In vivo study results concluded that treatment with NCEE significantly reduced the cardiac myocardial infarction (MI) marker CK-MB and atherogenic risk indices, such as the atherogenic index plasma (AIP), cardiac risk ratio (CRR), and atherogenic coefficient (AC) in isoproterenol-induced MI rats. In MI rats, NCEE therapy significantly improved the antioxidant system of the heart tissue, as evidenced by the increased levels of GSH and SOD, lower levels of the oxidative stress marker MDA, and significantly decreased HMG-CoA activity. Additionally, electrocardiogram (ECG) signals from rats treated with NCEE resembled those treated with traditional atorvastatin to treat myocardial infarction. This study used H&E staining to show that administering NCEE before treatment reduced cardiac myocyte degeneration in rats with myocardial infarction, increased the presence of intact nuclei, and increased myocardial fiber strength. The potential cardioprotective effect observed in myocardial infarction (MI) rats treated with NCEE can be extrapolated from computational data to be caused by Cinchonain Ib.

(1) The phytohormones gibberellins (GAs) play a crucial role in plant growth and development, such as seed germination, flowering, fruiting, and stem elongation. Although many biological roles of GAs have been studied intensively, the molecular mechanisms of GAs in woody plants are still unclear. (2) In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous application of GAs on Neolamarckia cadamba. (3) The height and biomass of N. cadamba increased after 7 days of GA treatment, especially on the second internode. Transcriptome analysis showed that although the majority of genes involved in the GA signaling pathway were up-regulated, the expression of GA20 oxidase (GA20ox) and GA3 oxidase (GA3ox) was down-regulated in the 3 days GA-treated group compared to the CK group. The expression of the cell elongation-related basic helix-loop-helix genes bHLH74 and bHLH49 was up-regulated in the GA-treated group compared with the CK group. Transcriptional expression levels of transcription factors involved in hormone signaling were changed, mainly including bHLH, ethylene response factor (ERF), and WRKY families. In addition, the transcriptional expression level of the key enzymes engaged in the phenylalanine pathway was downregulated after GA treatment. (4) In brief, our findings reveal the physiological and molecular mechanisms of exogenous GA treatment stimulation in N. cadamba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neolamarckia cadamba is an economically significant tree used for timber and pulp production, and as traditional medicine for various ailments. However, the absence of an effective in vitro plant regeneration system hampers its further development and promotion of superior varieties. Previous researches have highlighted the efficacy of embryogenic callus for both plant regeneration and genetic modification. To elucidate N. cadamba 's embryogenesis, we conducted transcriptome profiling of leaf explants across three distinct tissue culture stages. This investigation revealed significant gene expression shifts, involving 12,963 genes. Notably, 7284 and 6652 genes displayed differential expression in ECI02 vs. ECI01 and ECI03 vs. ECI02, respectively. Functional categorization highlighted the differentially expressed transcription factors predominantly associated with hormone homeostasis and signal transduction, post-transcriptional regulation, and meristem development. Given the genes link to auxin and cytokinin signal pathways, and genes affiliate to embryogenesis identity play pivotal roles in embryogenic callus formation, we focused on these genes and found 36 of them showed differential expression patterns during embryogenic callus induction, indicating these genes potentially contribute to embryogenic callus formation. Further functional characterization confirmed that overexpression of NcBBM and NcARF5 in Nicotiana benthamiana induce callus formation without exogenous phytohormone; however, only NcBBM -induced callus exhibited shoot regeneration. These findings illuminated the molecular orchestration underlying embryogenic callus formation in N. cadamba , and genetic manipulation of these candidate genes may help to improve its tissue culture. • The transcriptional pattern in N. cadamba callus is different from Arabidopsis. • Overexpression of NcBBM induce pluripotency embryogenic callus in N. benthamiana. • Overexpressing NcARF5 in N. benthamiana trigger rapid callus proliferation. • The expression of AGL15 , LEC2 , RKD1 , RKD2 are not detectable in N. cadamba callus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Diabetic wounds are one of the most common disorders associated with a sedentary lifestyle. Diabetes also has the additional effect of delaying the healing of wounds. Neolamarckia cadamba (Rubiaceae) is a plant that is well-known for its wide range of pharmacological properties. Methods: The efficacy of the ethanolic extract of Neolamarckia cadamba (70%) in the forms of oral (200, 400 mg/Kg/day), and topical (5% and 10% w/w/day) administration was determined on first day of wound induction (day 1) and continued until the end day of the wound induction period (day 16). The wound healing process in diabetic wounds was studied by assessing the wound contraction, serum glucose levels, biochemical and enzymatic antioxidant status in both control and treatment groups. Excision wound model histology was done to confirm activity. Result: In the ethanolic extract of Neolamarckia cadamba numerous phytocomponents were found by doing a phytochemical analysis (alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, glycosides, tannins). The total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined to be 118.53 ± 1.36 mg/g and 106.51 ± 1.26 mg/g, respectively. In this investigation, Neolamarckia cadamba caused significant wound contraction of both forms i.e., oral (28.70%, 36.80% at doses 200, 400 mg/Kg/day) and topical (23.08%, 31.21% at doses 5%, 10% w/w/day) showed treated groups compared to the diabetic control. Additionally, oral treatment of Neolamarckia cadamba extract decreased serum glucose levels in diabetic wound rats on the 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th days, as compared to the diabetic wound control group. Moreover, biochemical and enzymatic status significantly decreased hexosamine, NO, and MDA, while increasing collagen, total protein, DNA, SOD, and CAT levels in the body. Histopathological investigations also demonstrated a dose-dependent improvement in wound healing in oral and topical treated groups by re-epithelialization, collagenation, and vascularization of damaged skin samples. Conclusion: The current study's findings indicate that the Neolamarckia cadamba may have potential for use in the formulation of diabetic wound healing medicines.

Activity of the hydro-methanolic (HM) extract of Neolamarckia cadamba bark was studied over hematological and biochemical parameters of Wistar albino rats as well as its antimicrobial potential was tested against certain bacterial (Gram positive: S. aureus & B. subtilis, Gram negative: E. coli & P. aeruginosa) and fungal strains (A. niger & C. albicans). Efficacy of HM extract of N. cadamba bark over hematological and biochemical parameters was carried out using four groups containing six Wistar albino rats: Gp-I as control (without fed), Gp-II, Gp-III and Gp-IV were orally fed with HM extract of N. cadamba bark with different concentrations of 125 mg/Kg, 250 mg/Kg and 500 mg/Kg bwt, respectively. Study revealed significant increase (p<0.01) in level of red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), total leukocyte count (TLC) and packed cell volume (PCV) of Gp-II, III and IV when compared to control (Gp-I). Dose dependent progression in hematological indices values was observed. TLC values of animals of Gp-IV were found to be more increased in comparison with other hematological values of animals of other groups. Dose dependent significant decrease (p<0.01) in glucose and total cholesterol value of treated groups was found with respect to control. Concentration of two liver enzymes ALT/SGPT (alanine amino transferase), AST/SGOT (aspartate amino transferase) and amount of albumin, urea, creatinine and bilirubin of treated groups was not significantly different from control. Study suggested significant (p<0.01) antimicrobial activity towards C. albicans, A. niger, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis & S. aureus. Study revealed the synergistic efficacy of phytochemicals present in hydro-methanolic extract of N. cadamba bark for health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.), a close relative of Coffea canephora and Ophiorrhiza pumila, is an important traditional medicine in Southeast Asia. Three major glycosidic monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), cadambine and its derivatives 3β‐isodihydrocadambine and 3β‐dihydrocadambine, accumulate in the bark and leaves, and exhibit antimalarial, antiproliferative, antioxidant, anticancer and anti‐inflammatory activities. Here, we report a chromosome‐scale N. cadamba genome, with 744.5 Mb assembled into 22 pseudochromosomes with contig N50 and scaffold N50 of 824.14 Kb and 29.20 Mb, respectively. Comparative genomic analysis of N. cadamba with Co. canephora revealed that N. cadamba underwent a relatively recent whole‐genome duplication (WGD) event after diverging from Co. canephora, which contributed to the evolution of the MIA biosynthetic pathway. We determined the key intermediates of the cadambine biosynthetic pathway and further showed that NcSTR1 catalyzed the synthesis of strictosidine in N. cadamba. A new component, epoxystrictosidine (C27H34N2O10, m/z 547.2285), was identified in the cadambine biosynthetic pathway. Combining genome‐wide association study (GWAS), population analysis, multi‐omics analysis and metabolic gene cluster prediction, this study will shed light on the evolution of MIA biosynthetic pathway genes. This N. cadamba reference sequence will accelerate the understanding of the evolutionary history of specific metabolic pathways and facilitate the development of tools for enhancing bioactive productivity by metabolic engineering in microbes or by molecular breeding in plants. Significance Statement: Coffea canephora, Ophiorrhiza pumila and Neolamarckia cadamba are three closely‐related species in the Rubiaceae family that produce quite different major specialized metabolites including caffeine (a purine alkaloid), camptothecin (anti‐cancer MIAs) and cadambine. This chromosome‐level assembly of N. cadamba genome and analysis of the cadambine synthetic pathway will not only facilitate the development of tools for enhancing bioactive productivity, through metabolic engineering, but will also accelerate our understanding of the evolutionary history of specific metabolic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can be treated by the inhibition of Beta Amyloid protein (Aβ) and inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE). Anti-Alzheimer’s potential phytoconstituents from Neolamarckia cadamba methanolic bark extracts were identified through GC–MS/MS analysis and in silico molecular docking analysis. Powdered bark sample was subjected to extract by soxhlet extractor with n-hexane, chloroform and methanol solvents respectively. The methanolic extract was taken for GC–MS/MS analysis, the observed chromatogram was revealed the presence of 61 constituents in the methanolic extract, 59 new phytoconstituents were identified which were not reported earlier as constituents any part of N. cadamba. GC–MS/MS detected phytoconstituents were analysed through the docking analysis by iGEMDOCK software against Aβ (PDB ID: 2LMN) and ACHE (PDB ID: 3LII) and compared with standard known inhibitors of galantamine and curcumin. Docking analysis binding energy was determined and verified by Discovery studio visulaizer. Both inhibition assay top 5 best dock energy compounds were analysed through the in silico modeling through admetSAR web portal for parameters of intestinal absorption, blood brain barrier permeation, carcinogencity, and acute oral toxicity were determined. From that heptadecanoic acid, 16-methyl-, methyl ester; beta-sitosterol acetate and octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, methyl ester inhibitors were identified. Further the top lead successful compound of each target molecular interactions were detected by LigPlot analysis. From this research these three compounds are best to treat AD than standard. Isolation of individual compounds would, however, help to find new compounds for other diseases and lead molecules for AD were identified.

Abstract Background Various parts i.e., stem bark, leaf, root and flower of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser has been extensively used by traditional practitioners to treat all types of diabetes. Our present study investigated the antidiabetic property of the extract from its flower and evaluated its traditional use for diabetes. Results Phenolic contents were found to be higher in the methanol soluble fraction (MESF) (228.16 ± 0.32 GAE/g of sample) while flavonoids were greater in quantity in the chloroform soluble fraction (CSF) (291 ± 5.99 QE/g of sample). The MESF showed the highest free radical scavenging and α-amylase inhibitory potential with IC50 value of 30.52 ± 2.40 and 6.26 ± 0.82 μg/mL respectively and both the values were promising when compared to the individual standards. Highest reduction of blood glucose level were observed when the N. cadamba flower extract (NCFE) were given (not in combination with metformin) orally for 2 weeks. NMCE at 500 mg/kg resulted 60.2% (p

Larval infestation by Kadamb defoliator, Arthroschista hilaralis (Walker) was observed for the first time in the Kadamb plantation of Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi and adjoining areas of Jharkhand state. A brief account of the larval incidence and behaviour is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of a particleboard seems to be related to the chemical constituents of the species and the size distribution the particles. Neolamarckia cadamba (NC) and Leucaena leucocephala (LL) are fast growing species and good potential resources for particleboard production. This study examined the chemical contents of both species, as well as the mechanical and physical performance of particleboard made with 100% NC, 100% LL, and their 50:50 admixtures. High moisture resistance boards were prepared using melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) at a content of 10, 12, and 14 %. The 30% extra buffering of LL translated to its lower performance for both mechanical and physical properties. The 50:50 admixtures provided enticing results, as it counteracts the impact of lowered performance of 100% LL. All boards passed the mechanical requirements of the BS EN 312 (2003) standard, but they did not meet the requirement for thickness swelling. The internal bond for cyclic test only failed for 100% LL with 10% resin added. With use of wax, the potential of improvement in swelling properties is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocephalus chinensis (Lamk.) (ACL) is a traditional plant from the Rubiaceae family that has been employed as an Indian traditional folk medicine for hundreds of years in India. In this review, we compiled the published studies of the past 50 years (1971–2021) that were related to chemical constituents having significant pharmacologic activities. Approximately 93 compounds have been isolated from different parts of this plant mainly as monoterpene indole alkaloids, triterpenoids, polyphenols, and their glycosides. These chemical constituents support the various pharmacological properties such as fever, uterine disorders, blood diseases, and leprosy, etc. ACL also has been used as crude traditional drug for the treatment of other ailments, but efficacy, safety and clinical utilities are insufficient from a scientific point of view. This review, thus, covers the structural diversity of secondary metabolites of ACL and their potential pharmacological properties to render the interest that would help in their commercialization as potential therapeutic agents. The present work also highlighted the use of column chromatography methods (for example silica gel, Sephadex LH20, and HPLC techniques) to isolate and purify the compounds, especially indole alkaloids. Thus, our study provides a collection of chemical constituents from ACL that may be a source of traditional drugs with possible therapeutic effects for the treatment of various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In general, use of herbal medicines are considered as the backbone in traditional system of medicines as it has been used for food, flavoring agents and in the form of medicines. Keeping in knowledge the increasing demand of herbal drugs over their synthetic counter parts and to restrain the worldwide problem of multidrug resistance (MDR) in hepatoprotective activity. Neolamarckia cadamba that is commonly called Cadamb is a standout amongst the most significant therapeutic plants having a place with the Rubiaceae family. It is one of such Ayurvedic cure that has been referenced in numerous Indian restorative written works. The arrangement of work includes gathering and confirmation of stem bark of cadamb plant pursued by shade drying, granulating, and extraction by two-fold cool maceration, phytochemical examination lastly screening of pharmacological exercises as expressed. Aim: The present study was carried out to establish hepatoprotective activity of hydro alcoholic extract of stem bark of Neolamarckia cadamba by using two established hepatotoxic screening models in Swiss albino mice (chloroform induced hepatotoxicity and iron over dose induced hepatotoxicity). Materials and Methods: The hepatoprotective activity of Neolamarckia cadamba was screened by hydro alcoholic extract of stem bark of Neolamarckia cadamba (NCHAE). The experimental animals were treated with corn oil and chloroform for a period of 7 days at a dose of 0.75mg/kg body weight, p.o to induce hepatotoxicity. In the second experimental model over dose of iron dextran induced hepatic damage was performed by administering 100 mg/kg, i.p.upto7 days, 3 consecutive periods. Blood samples were collected for the estimation of biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in liver was also performed. Silymarin (50 mg/kg; body weight) was used as standard referral of hepatoprotective agent. Results: Chloroform and iron over dose treatment were induced higher levels of liver marker enzymes and showed damage of hepatocytes. In histopathological findings there were significant opposed treatment with Neolamarckia cadamba dose dependently. The results indicated that biochemical changes produced by both the hepatotoxicity models were restored to normal by NCHAE. In the present study, the results of NCHAE was found significant hepatoprotective effect (***p<0.01) against both the inducing agents, which was indicated by the enhancement in biochemical parameters. Conclusion: The current study confirmed the hepatoprotective effect of NCHAE against the chloroform induced hepatotoxicity and iron over dose induced hepatotoxicity models and the activity is likely related to its potent antioxidant and ironchelating property. NCHAE therefore needs to be for further in-deep studies to correlate its bioactive constituents responsible for the pharmacological activity selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is one of the abundant and essential elements for plant growth and development, and N deficiency (ND) affects plants at both physiological and transcriptomic levels. Neolamarckia cadamba is a fast-growing woody plant from the Rubiaceae family. However, the physiological and molecular impacts of ND on this species have not been well investigated. Here, we studied how N. cadamba responds to ND under hydroponic conditions. In a physiological aspect, ND led to a reduction in biomass, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic capacity. ND also impaired the assimilation of N as the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS) and nitrate reductase (NR) were decreased in the root. Interestingly, the lignin content of stem increased progressively during the ND stress. The main transcription factors, the transcription factors that are important to N regulation has been found to be upregulated, including Nodule inception-like protein 7 (NLP7), TGACG motif-binding factor 1 (TGA1), basic helix-loop-helix protein 45 (BHLH45), NAM, ATAF1,2, CUC2 (NAC) transcription factor 43 (NAC43), and basic leucine zipper pattern 44 (bZIP44). The expression of N transporters, such as nitrate transporter 2.4 (NRT2. 4), ammonium transporter 3 (AMT3), and amino acid transporter protein 3 (AAP3), was also upregulated. In addition, phosphorus- and calcium-related genes such as phosphate starvation response 2 (PHR2) and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 15 (CNGC15) were expressed more abundantly in response to ND stress. Our results reveal the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which woody plants respond to ND. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]