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A multirod Ce:Nd:YAG solar laser approach, using a Fresnel lens as a primary concentrator, is here proposed with the aim of considerably increasing the efficiency of solar-pumped lasers. Fresnel lenses are cost-effective, rendering solar lasers more economically competitive. In this work, solar-pumped radiation collected and concentrated using the Fresnel lens is received by a secondary three-dimensional compound parabolic concentrator which transmits and funnels the light toward the Ce:Nd:YAG laser rods within a water-cooled tertiary conical concentrator that enables efficient multipass pumping of the rods. To explore the full potential of the proposed approach, the performance of various multirod configurations is numerically evaluated. Through this study, configurations with three and seven Ce:Nd:YAG rods are identified as being the most efficient. A maximum continuous wave total laser power of 122.8 W is reached with the three-rod configuration, marking the highest value from a Ce:Nd:YAG solar laser, leading to solar-to-laser conversion and collection efficiencies of 7.31% and 69.50 W/m2, respectively. These results represent enhancements of 1.88 times and 1.79 times, respectively, over the previous experimental records from a Ce:Nd:YAG/YAG single-rod solar laser with a Fresnel lens. Furthermore, the above results are also 1.58 times and 1.68 times, respectively, greater than those associated with the most effective three-rod Ce:Nd:YAG solar laser utilizing a parabolic mirror as the main concentrator. The present study also shows the great usefulness of the simultaneous pumping of multiple laser rods in terms of reducing the thermal stress effects in active media, being the seven-rod configuration the one that offered the best compromise between maximum efficiency and thermal performance. This is crucial for the applicability of this sustainable technology, especially if we wish to scale our system to higher power laser levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the 21st century, infrared Nd:YVO4 pulsed lasers have been widely applied, especially in some actual industrial processes. In the working process of a laser-aided etching device, the "match-head" effect must be effectively controlled by suppressing the first giant pulse for a solid-state Q-switched laser. In the process of optimizing the infrared Nd:YVO4 pulsed laser by adjusting the slope parameters of the radio frequency (RF) modulation to suppress the first giant pulse, it has been found that an abnormal horizontally polarized emission with a very short time appears before the formal vertically polarized emission when the gate signal is artificially started. Actually, abnormal horizontally polarized emissions will bring some unexpected machining traces during the production process and even greater dangers. The experimental results show that with the increase in the slope duration of an RF signal, the existence time of abnormal output horizontally polarized light will be shortened, and the horizontal giant pulse and vertical giant pulse are well suppressed. When the slope duration is greater than 0.18 ms, both horizontal and vertical giant pulses will disappear. The horizontally polarized light can be thoroughly suppressed when the slope duration is greater than 13.7 ms. Compared with the method of adding a polarizer to eliminate abnormal output horizontally polarized light, this method does not add elements in the laser, ensuring that the laser volume is relatively small, and does not affect the quality of the normal output laser. The research conclusion is thought to be of great practical significance, especially for processing transparent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral microbiota comprises a wide variety of microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Nd:YAG laser with a 1064 nm wavelength on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Streptococcus mutans clinical strains, as well as their biofilm. The study also aimed to determine whether the parameters recommended for photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy, typically used for tissue wound healing, have any additional antibacterial or antifungal effects. Material and Methods: Single- and dual-species planktonic cell solution and biofilm cultures of Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata were irradiated using an Nd:YAG laser (LightWalker; Fotona; Slovenia) with a flat-top Genova handpiece. Two test groups were evaluated: Group 1 (G-T1) exposed to low power associated parameters (irradiance 0.5 W/cm2) and Group 2 (G-T2) with higher laser parameters (irradiance 1.75 W/cm2). Group 3 (control) was not exposed to any irradiation. The lasers' effect was assessed both immediately after irradiation (DLI; Direct Laser Irradiation) and 24 h post-irradiation (24hLI) of the planktonic suspension using a quantitative method (colony-forming units per 1 mL of suspension; CFU/mL), and the results were compared with the control group, in which no laser was applied. The impact of laser irradiation on biofilm biomass was assessed immediately after laser irradiation using the crystal violet method. Results: Nd:YAG laser irradiation with photobiomodulation setting demonstrated an antimicrobial effect with the greatest immediate reduction observed in S. mutans, achieving up to 85.4% reduction at the T2 settings. However, the laser's effectiveness diminished after 24 h. In single biofilm cultures, the highest reductions were noted for C. albicans and S. mutans at the T2 settings, with C. albicans achieving a 92.6 ± 3.3% reduction and S. mutans reaching a 94.3 ± 5.0% reduction. Overall, the T2 settings resulted in greater microbial reductions compared to T1, particularly in biofilm cultures, although the effectiveness varied depending on the microorganism and culture type. Laser irradiation, assessed immediately after using the crystal violet method, showed the strongest biofilm reduction for Streptococcus mutans in the T2 settings for both single-species and dual-species biofilms, with higher reductions observed in all the microbial samples at the T2 laser parameters (p < 0.05) Conclusion: The Nd:YAG laser using standard parameters typically applied for wound healing and analgesic effects significantly reduced the number of Candida albicans; Candida glabrata; and Streptococcus mutans strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bilateral malignant glaucoma induced by a capsular tension ring associated with ring-shaped cysts of the ciliary body post-cataract surgery is rare. Herein, we present a case to highlight the possibility of capsular tension ring-induced malignant glaucoma. Case presentation: A 59-year-old woman underwent phacoemulsification combined with capsular tension ring implantation for cataracts and zonular fibre laxity in both eyes. Upon admission, annular ciliary masses were detected in both eyes using ultrasound biomicroscopy. Two months post-surgery, the patient experienced vision deterioration, high intraocular pressure, and an axial shallowing anterior chamber in the right eye, and responded poorly to traditional anti-glaucoma medication. Ten days later, similar symptoms appeared in the left eye. Ultrasound biomicroscopy detected contact between the ciliary body and the capsular tension ring. Subsequently, malignant glaucoma was diagnosed. Anterior and posterior capsulotomies performed peripheral to intraocular lens optics using neodymium: YAG laser restored communication and alleviated the symptoms. A one-year follow-up revealed stable intraocular pressure and anterior chamber in both eyes. Conclusions: This is the first case report of bilateral malignant glaucoma after cataract surgery induced by capsular tension ring, which is associated with bilateral ring-shaped cysts of the ciliary body. Blockage between the ciliary body and capsular tension ring was confirmed using ultrasound biomicroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protective ceramic coatings are frequently the most common solutions for problems like corrosion and wear. Polymer derived ceramics technology is suitable for the preparation of ceramic coatings by pyrolysis in a furnace but requires high temperatures for the ceramization. To overcome this restriction a Nd:YVO 4 laser (λ = 1064 nm) as energy source was used to process a novel ceramic coating system composed of an organosilazane with zirconia and alumina particles specially to protect magnesium. The resulting dense ceramic coating with a thickness up to 20 µm exhibits very good adhesion (25.9 ± 2.7 MPa) to the magnesium substrate, exceptionally high hardness (19.79 ± 1.90 GPa), an outstanding thermal shock stability but also a low coefficient of friction (0.21 ± 0.02) and a very good wear protection towards a SiC counter body. Furthermore, the coating protects the magnesium substrate effectively against corrosion (5 wt% aqueous NaCl solution). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser on the forearm local skin temperature (LST) and electrophysiology in healthy adults. A total of 30 healthy subjects with a mean age of 21 ± 0.74 years, mass of 63 ± 9.97 kg, and height of 163.7 ± 6.24 cm participated in this study. The anterior surface of the left non-dominant forearm was scanned with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 20 Jcm−2 for a total of 2000 J in 15 min. The right forearm was considered as the control and was scanned with a placebo laser for the same time as the active laser. Forearm minimal, average, and maximum LST were measured using a thermographic camera. Electrophysiological assessment of the median nerve [distal motor latency (DML), motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), and sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV)] was performed on both forearms before and after the application of the pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Paired and unpaired t tests were used to compare within and between groups, respectively. The level of significance was set at p > 0.05. There were significant increases in the minimum, average, and maximum LST, as well as the MNCV and SNCV with a significant decrease in DML after laser application compared to the control. The average increase in LST and nerve conduction velocity post-treatment was 275.55 K and 4.8 ms−1, respectively. The application of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser significantly increased the forearm LST, MNCV, and SNCV and significantly decreased the DML in healthy subjects. The average increase in the LST was 275.55 K with an average increase of 5 ms−1 in the motor and 4 ms−1 in the sensory NCVS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we demonstrate a Watt-level, high-quality Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) LG0±1 vortex mode directly output from an end-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser by using an axicon-based annular pump beam. A theoretical model for the annular beam end-pumped solid-state laser with an LG vortex mode output was established. Chirality control of the vortex laser was achieved by carefully tilting the output coupler. Watt-level 1064 nm lasers with pure LG0,1/LG0,−1 vortex mode, and the incoherent superposition mode of LG0,1 odd and even petal modes, were achieved successively in our experiments. The intensity profile of the generated pure LG0,1 vortex laser was measured, and it can be well fitted by using the standard expression of the LG0,1 vortex mode. The beam quality of the pure LG0,1 mode is Mx2 = 2.01 and My2 = 2.00 along the x-axis and y-axis, respectively. Our study demonstrates that that axicon-based annular pumping has great potential in developing high-power vortex solid-state lasers with simple and compact structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gold standard in the non-surgical treatment of periodontitis is scaling and root planing (SRP). In recent years, the use of autogenous platelet concentrates has spread over many specialties in dentistry and, thus, has also been gaining popularity in periodontal treatment. Its two main fractions are platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), which, since 2014, can also be used via injection as injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF). The authors conducted a comprehensive systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. It involved searching PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases using the phrases ("Root Planing" OR "Subgingival Curettage" OR "Periodontal Debridement") AND ("Platelet-Rich Plasma"). Based on the authors' inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 results were included in the review, out of 1170 total results. The objective of this review was to ascertain the impact of utilizing PRP and i-PRF in SRP. The results revealed that both the incorporation of PRP and i-PRF were found to be significantly associated with are duction in gingival pocket depth and again in clinical attachment level; however, i-PRF demonstrated superiority in improving clinical parameters. Furthermore, i-PRF demonstrated notable bactericidal efficacy against Porphyromonas gingivalis. On the other hand, PRP proved inferior to an Nd:YAG laser in clinical parameter improvement; however, it demonstrated significant efficiency as well. This literature review led the authors to the conclusion that autologous platelet concentrates might be competent agents for improving the therapeutic outcomes of SRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of stromal vascular fraction (SVF), platelet rich plasma (PRP), and 1064‐nm Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser in reducing nanofat treated dark circles and wrinkles under the eyes. Method: This study was a single‐blinded randomized clinical trial conducted on patients with suborbital darkening under the eyes that randomly divided into control and case groups. In the control group, 15 patients were treated with one session of nanofat injection only, and five patients of each intervention groups received one session of nanofat+SVF injection, nanofat+PRP injection, and nanofat injection+Nd:YAG laser, respectively. Assessments methods were (1) evaluation of the degree of darkness and repair under the eyes by a blinded dermatologist based on clinical photographs, (2) investigating patient satisfaction, (3) using biometric variables for color, thickness, and density of the skin (only 3 months after the treatment), and (4) recording the possible adverse effects. Conclusion: In terms of the extent of reduction in the intensity of darkness under the eyes, the combined treatment of nanofat injection together with SVF, PRP, and Nd:YAG laser had a much greater therapeutic effect than nanofat injection alone. In all three groups of combined treatments, patients were 100% satisfied. In terms of biometric variables, amount of changes in colorimeter, complete and dermal thickness, complete and dermal density, between the different groups was statistically significant. The use of combined treatments including nanofat with SVF injection, PRP, and 1064 Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser may be more effective than nanofat alone, in reducing infraorbital dark circles and wrinkles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research is based on the study of the efficacy of low-power laser analgesia in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity and how this method can achieve an effect on the reduction of pain caused by external stimuli to the oral cavity?. This literature review was carried out consulting various scientific sources, using keywords such as: "laser analgesia", "dentin hypersensitivity" and "low level laser"; for therapeutic and pain-reducing uses. A total of 18 scientific articles comparing the analgesic efficacy of therapeutic laser in the treatment of tooth sensitivity were evaluated. Electronic search engines such as Hinari, PubMed and Ebsco were used to search these articles, as well as Journals such as: J Int Oral Health, J. Appl. Oral Science, Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects, Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, Community Dentistry, Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, Int J Prev Med, PLOS ONE, Dental Clin Oral Invest. Specific journals on the use of therapeutic lasers such as: Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy were searched. Were mentioned in this review, studies that include low-level laser therapy (LLLT) such as: He-Ne laser (Neon Helium laser), CO2 laser, the Nd:YAG Neodymium laser), the GaA laser (Gallium Aluminum Arsenide laser) and the GaAs (Gallium Arsenide laser) laser. Studies that mentioned dentin hypersensitivity, caused by teeth that have fissures, restorations or fillings on any of their faces, fractures or periodontal disease were excluded. Several studies have concluded that low-power laser therapy has a high percentage of effectiveness in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) violet phosphorus (VP) plays a significant role in the applications of photonic and optoelectronic devices due to its unique optical and electrical properties. The ultrafast carrier dynamics and nonlinear optical absorption properties were systematically investigated here. The intra- and inter-band ultrafast relaxation times of 2D VP nanosheets were measured to be ~6.83 ps and ~62.91 ps using the pump–probe method with a probe laser operating at 1.03 μm. The nonlinear absorption coefficient βeff, the saturation intensity Is, the modulation depth ΔR, and the nonsaturable loss were determined to be −2.18 × 104 cm/MW, 329 kW/cm2, 6.3%, and 9.8%, respectively, by using the Z-scan and I-scan methods, indicating the tremendous saturable absorption property of 2D VP nanosheets. Furthermore, the passively Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser was realized with the 2D VP nanosheet-based SA, in which the average output power of 700 mW and the pulse duration of 478 ns were obtained. These results effectively reveal the nonlinear optical absorption characteristics of VP nanosheets, demonstrating their outstanding light-manipulating capabilities and providing a basis for the applications of ultrafast optical devices. Our results verify the excellent saturable absorption properties of 2D VP, paving the way for its applications in pulsed laser generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary murals and street art play a critical role in urban culture, serving as platforms for social activism and reflecting the vibrancy of city life. This study within the SuperStaAr project framework examines the challenge of graffiti removal while safeguarding the original synthetic paint layers. Through a detailed investigation using Q-Switch and Long Q-Switch lasers (Nd:YAG), we evaluate the effectiveness and safety of laser cleaning techniques on both unaged and artificially aged mural mock-ups. The initial findings highlight the Q-Switch and Long Q-Switch lasers as promising for removing graffiti without compromising the paint integrity. Our assessment criteria—encompassing residue presence, surface roughness, color changes, cleaning effectiveness, and pigment pickup—were validated through empirical evaluation and supported by colorimetric, micro–ATR–FTIR, and Py–GC/MS analyses. Notably, the incorporation of a passive sampling system for Py–GC/MS analysis facilitates a deeper understanding of the ablated materials without direct sampling from the artwork. This research contributes a foundational framework for the evaluation of laser cleaning in mural conservation, emphasizing the importance of tailored strategies to enhance the sustainability of urban art conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The AZ91 Mg alloy was surface melted by a DPSS Nd:YVO4 laser using different pulse lengths. Characterization of the Mg alloy and laser melted layers was accomplished utilizing XRD, SEM, and EDS. The impact of laser surface melting (LSM) on hardness and corrosion characteristics was investigated using hardness tester and potentiodynamic polarization test, respectively. The results indicated that LSM clearly reduced the crystallite size of α-Mg to be in the range of 206–251 nm for the laser melted layers compared to 369 nm for the Mg alloy. The highest melted layer thickness of 13.7 μm was obtained using a pulse length of 100 nm. The concentration of Al and Zn in the melted layers changed with increasing pulse length due to the evaporation of Mg. The hardness was enhanced due to the LSM, especially with a decrease in the pulse length owing to the rapid solidification where the highest hardness value of 89.1 HV0.1 was observed using a pulse length of 15 ns. The LSM significantly boosted the corrosion resistance of Mg alloy mainly owing to the increase in Al concentration. The corroded surface of all laser melted layers was characterized by a sponge-like structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of MHD simulations of astrophysical and laboratory supersonic jets under a superposition of poloidal ( , ) and toroidal () magnetic fields. It is shown that the escaping matter is quickly collimated by the magnetic field. A shock wave of an elongated shape is formed, which moves from the target to the boundary of the chamber, leaving behind a stable flow. A periodic shock wave structure is observed inside the main conical expanding shock wave. It is shown that the toroidal component of the magnetic field remains in the region throughout the entire calculation and plays a role in the collimation of the flow. The poloidal magnetic field decreases in the region of the jet cone, but remains in the simulation region throughout the calculation and also participates in flow collimation. Thus, both components and take part in the collimation of the flow by the magnetic field. The width of the jet and the opening angle of the cone depend on the magnitude of the magnetic field induction. As the field increases, the jet becomes narrower and the cone angle decreases. Initially, we do not specify the rotation of the jet . However, due to the presence of the field, the substance acquires angular velocity and twists along the axis. The simulation results are in agreement with laboratory jets arising in the experiment at the Neodymium laser installation, and with the previously obtained results of MHD modeling of jet formation separately, in poloidal or toroidal magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assess the temperature stability requirements of unseeded Nd:YAG lasers in lidar systems for atmospheric temperature profiling through the rotational Raman technique. Taking as a reference a system using a seeded laser assumed to emit pulses of negligible spectral width and wavelength-drift free, we estimate first the effect of the pulse spectral widening of the unseeded laser on the output of the interference filters, then we derive the limits of the allowable wavelength drift for a given bias in the temperature measurement that would add to the noise-induced uncertainty. Finally, using spectroscopic data, we relate the allowable wavelength drift to allowable temperature variations of the YAG rod. We find that, in order to keep the bias affecting atmospheric temperature measurements smaller than 1 K, the Nd:YAG rod temperature should also be kept within 1 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the six generations of intraocular lenses (IOLs) and their evolution since their invention by Harold Ridley. Each generation represents advancements in surgical technique, IOL quality, design, and material. The article highlights the complications associated with each generation, including posterior capsule opacification, IOL decentration, corneal problems, inflammation, and other issues. The article concludes by acknowledging the importance of IOLs in modern ophthalmology and honoring Sir Harold Ridley for his contribution to the field. [Extracted from the article]

Primary angle closure disease (PACD) is a major cause of blindness worldwide. It has a high prevalence in East Asia, especially in China, which leads to a higher incidence of blindness than open-angle glaucoma. The aim of this study was to directly observe the circumlental space (CLS) in laser peripheral iridotomized eyes with PACD and to determine whether this structure plays a role in the pathogenesis of PACD. Fifty eyes of 50 patients with PACD, who had received laser peripheral iridotomy performed with neodymium:yttrium–aluminum-garnet were recruited from glaucoma clinics from March 2021 to May 2022, including 17 primary angle closure suspect (PACS), 16 primary angle closure (PAC) and 17 primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG). They were classified into two groups based on whether the ciliary process and the crystalline lens equator were in contact using slit-lamp photograph: the attached group and the unattached group. The demographic, clinical characteristics and anterior segment parameters measured from ultrasound biomicroscopy were compared between the attached group and the unattached group. Thirty-three eyes were assigned to the attached group and 17 eyes belonged to the unattached group. In the unattached group, the mean CLS was 0.10 ± 0.07 mm. No significant differences were identified between the different diagnosis groups in age, sex, best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, white-to-white, axial length, central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, flat keratometry, steep keratometry or iridotomy diameter (p > 0.05). The unattached group had shorter trabecular-ciliary process distance (p = 0.021) and larger ciliary process area (p = 0.001) compared with the attached group. Small CLS and its potential effect (partial ciliary block) might be considered as one of the mechanisms of PACD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New polar K2NbO2F3 crystals were obtained under mild hydrothermal conditions, which differ from the higher temperature synthesis of previously known Nb-containing oxyfluorides. X-ray diffraction analysis of the single crystal, performed in the polar space group Pna21, is consistent with the existence of the second harmonic generation (SHG) effect in powders. A monotonous increase in SHG power in samples with increasing powder grain size indicates phase matching of neodymium laser radiation and its second harmonic. However, SHG is relatively small and does not exceed a third of the intensity of standard KH2PO4 powders. The weakness of the second-order optical nonlinearity in K2NbO2F is related to the strong pseudo-symmetry of the crystal structure, corresponding to the space group Pnam-D2h16, and thus the structure is very close to centrosymmetric. Structural evidence for the polarity of the K2NbO2F3 crystal is the subtle differences in the Nb–O bonds along the c axis in the (NbO3F3) octahedra, together with the presence of similar differences in the K1–O bonds. Extremely weak, close to the detection limit, very small deviations from the centrosymmetry of the entire structure also correlate with the existence of an almost second-order irreversible transformation of K2NbO2F3 into a centrosymmetric phase at temperatures 50–60 °C below the decomposition temperature of the substance at 560 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitreous floaters are a common ocular condition that affects individuals of all ages. Although vitreous floaters are typically benign, they can significantly impair visual acuity and quality of life. Laser vitreolysis, which uses an Nd: YAG laser to vaporize collagenous vitreous opacities, is increasingly being used as a treatment option. However, there is currently a lack of evidence regarding its efficacy and the appropriate timing of its application. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of early intervention with YAG laser vitreolysis in treating symptomatic vitreous floaters. Methods: The present study is a randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. A total of 70 participants with symptomatic floaters for 1 month were prospectively recruited. These participants will be randomly assigned to two groups, with 35 individuals in each group: the early treatment group and the delayed treatment group. Participants assigned to the early treatment group will undergo YAG laser vitreolysis immediately, followed by a sham laser treatment 3 months later. On the other hand, participants assigned to the delayed treatment group will receive a sham laser treatment and then undergo YAG laser vitreolysis 3 months later. The follow-up time points will be 1, 3, 6, and 12 months from randomization. Primary outcomes will be participants' self-reported improvement in visual disturbance on a scale of 1 to 10 and their scores on the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire 25 (NEI VFQ-25). Secondary outcomes will be an objective evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatment in reducing vitreous floaters through OCT and fundus photography and tracking any adverse events related to the eyes or overall health. Discussion: This clinical trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of YAG laser vitreolysis in treating symptomatic vitreous floaters and assess the safety of performing early intervention with YAG laser vitreolysis. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05800353. Registered on 10 March 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Facial partial unilateral lentiginosis (PUL) is an infrequent skin pigmentation disorder characterized by multiple lentigines. Despite the availability of various treatment modalities, there is no standard treatment for PUL. This study reports a successful treatment of facial PUL in a female patient using a novel 532-nm Nd:YAG fractional picosecond laser (FPL). Case Report: The patient underwent four treatment sessions at four-week intervals. The treatments were administered using a 9 mm high coverage handpiece micro lens array (MLA), with a fluence of 0.2-0.4 J/cm², a frequency of 2 Hz for 2-3 passes, and approximately 10% overlap. The treatment was well-tolerated by the patient, with significant improvement in pigmentation and no significant side effects observed. The outcomes confirmed the efficacy of the 532-nm Nd:YAG FPL in treating facial PUL. Conclusion: The 532-nm Nd:YAG FPL appears to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment for facial PUL, offering significant improvement in pigmentation without notable side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Differences in clinical efficacy based on the fluence of fractional picosecond laser treatment for acne scars are unknown. Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of low‐fluence versus high‐fluence fractional picosecond Nd:YAG 1064‐nm laser treatment in acne scar patients. Methods: In this 12‐week, investigator‐blinded, randomized, split‐face study, 25 patients with moderate‐to‐severe acne scars received three sessions of high‐fluence laser treatment (1.0 J/cm2) on one side of their face and low‐fluence (0.3 J/cm2) on the other side every 4 weeks. Patients were assessed using acne scar counts, the scar global assessment (SGA), and the ECCA scar grading scale every 4 weeks. The histological analysis compared the acne scars obtained before and 4 weeks after treatment. Results: At their last visit, 88.00% and 92.00% of the subjects achieved >30% reduction in scar counts on the low‐ and high‐fluence sides, respectively, without a significant difference between the two sides. On both sides, the scar counts, SGA, and ECCA score significantly improved 4 weeks after the last treatment. Although the high‐fluence side showed a greater reduction in scar counts (−66.73%) than the low‐fluence side (−62.13%), the two sides had no significant difference in the grading scores. The high‐fluence side showed significantly more severe pain and higher side‐effect scores immediately and 4 weeks after treatment. Histological analysis revealed a significantly increased collagen, elastin, and vimentin expression after treatment on the low‐fluence side. Conclusions: The low‐fluence setting demonstrated comparable efficacy and superior safety in treating acne scars compared with the high‐fluence setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To review the efficacy and safety of PS neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser for the removal of cosmetic tattoos of the eyebrows. Method: This was a retrospective review from January 2022 to August 2023 of patients who underwent cosmetic tattoo removal of the eyebrows with PS Nd:YAG laser. Results: A total of 24 patients were included in the review. 70% of patients were rated as “very much improved” (75-100% of the tattoo removed) and 30% of patients were rated “much improved” (50-75% of the tattoo removed). 1064-nm was the 1st wavelength used in all the cases. The average number of sessions required to obtain satisfactory results was 3. Four patients experienced unexpected change in their primary color of the eyebrow tattoos after the 1st treatment, which was successfully treated with 532-nm wavelength. None of the patients experienced dyspigmentation, scarring, or damage/bleaching of hairs of the eyebrows. Conclusion: PS Nd:YAG garnet laser is an effective and safe treatment for the removal of cosmetic tattoos of the eyebrows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light at 118 nm has been shown to be a powerful tool to ionize molecules for various gas-phase chemical studies. A convenient table top source of 118 nm light can be produced by frequency tripling 355 nm light from a Nd:YAG laser in xenon gas. This process has a low efficiency, typically producing only nJ/pulse of VUV light. Simple models of the tripling process predict that the power of 118 nm light produced should increase quadratically with increasing xenon pressure. However, experimental 118 nm production has been observed to reach a maximum and then decrease to zero with increasing xenon pressure. Here, we describe the basic theory and experimental setup for producing 118 nm light and a new proposed model for the mechanism limiting the production based on pressure broadened absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of experiments are conducted for the study of time-dependent variations of major emission from the metastable excited He generated in various experimental conditions. Different Nd:YAG laser pulse widths and pulse energies, as well as purity of the He gas, are employed for studying quenching effects including the use of a Cu target in an experimental condition for spectrochemical analysis. It is found that in all cases investigated, the metastable excited He atom (He*) associated with the triplet He I 587.5 nm emission line has the unquestionable dominance over another triplet emission line of He I 388.8 nm and the singlet He I 667.8 nm emission. Further analysis of the present data combined with the results of previous studies suggested that the energy transfer between He atoms via the Penning-like collision-induced energy transfer process has so far remained less than appropriately addressed. It is strongly argued and demonstrated in this work that this underlying physical process is likely the moving force leading to the repeated He ionizations responsible for the self-propelled multiple amplification of the triplet He I 587.5 nm emission intensity particularly at the early stage of the shock wave formation. This study has convincingly demonstrated that the Penning-like collision-induced energy transfer process can also effectively take place between He* and the ablated atoms, implying its usefulness for spectrochemical laser-induced plasma spectroscopy analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a Nd:YAG laser with a pulse duration of 150 ps at different laser parameters. The effects on multiple-colored tattoos with such ultrashort pulses has not been previously described in the literature. In vivo experiments were conducted on porcine skin to analyze the fragmentation efficiency of five different tattoo colors using different wavelengths, pulse energies, and spot sizes. The results showed that the optimal tattoo clearance to safety ratio for blue, green, red, and yellow tattoos with a 532 nm wavelength was 0.96–2.39 J/cm2. The laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm demonstrated the highest efficacy in eliminating black tattoos, with positive results observed for green and blue pigments at a fluence of 3.02 J/cm2. The study provides valuable insights into the efficacy of laser treatment with 150 ps for removing tattoos of different colors using different laser parameters. This information can help dermatologists and practitioners perform more efficient and effective tattoo removal with fewer side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Full clearance and no side effects method of treating enlarged veins was successfully accomplished by one laser session. This is the ambition and dream of both dermatologists and patients. Most vascularity treatment protocols had shown some unpleasant adverse effects. The purpose of the present work is to work out, in advance, the accurate dose of laser pulse duration and fluence in order to treat varicose veins in the face, arms and legs with no adverse effects. This mission required the calculation of the exact rise in temperature of the enlarged vein; prior to laser treatment. These pre-calculated temperature rise values were tested on 20 subjects in order to have the best clinical outcomes; using fundamental frequency (1064 nm) pulsed Nd: YAG laser. This work necessitated the use of pulse length (15–30 ms), spot size (3, 5 mm), fluence (110–190 J/cm2) and skin cooling temperature (3–18 °C). Cooling of the skin before and after the treatment was needed to guarantee ultimate impactful results without side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Warts are one of the contagious viral diseases that may cause disturbing cosmetic problems. Plane warts represents a common self‐limiting viral infection of the skin caused by the Human Papilloma Virus, however, those that do not disappear by themselves can be very difficult to treat with no uniformly effective treatment modality. Objective: To assess the efficacy of long pulsed 532 nm ND:YAG laser in the treatment of plane warts. Patients and Methods: In this therapeutic clinical trial study, 34 patients with plane warts were enrolled. Each patient was eligible for up to three treatment sessions administrated at 2 weeks intervals with long pulsed ND:YAG laser at a spot size 3 mm; wavelength 532 nm; pulsed duration 20 ms; and fluence 30 J/cm2. The patients were assessed before each treatment session and at 3 months after the last treatment session. The response to treatment was graded using four points scale: Scale 1 = poor: <25%, Scale 2 = fair: 25%–50%, Scale 3 = good: 51%–75%, Scale 4 = excellent: >75%. Results: Twenty‐two patients only with a total of 478 lesions, completed the study; their ages ranged from (6–45) years with a mean ± SD 19.95 ± 13.142 years. Thirteen patients (59.09%) were female and nine (40.90%) were male. The results from this study showing that long pulsed ND:YAG laser 532 nm led to an excellent response in 19 patients (86.36%) in which 15 of 19 patients showed a complete response (78.94%); one patient showed a good response (4.545%), one showed a fair response (4.545%) and one showed a poor response (4.545%) at the end of three‐months follow up. The difference was statistically significant; the P value at the three months follow‐up was 0.002. The cumulative clearance rate after the first, second, and third treatment sessions was 58.4%, 77.7%, and 89.9% respectively. Recurrence was seen in only one patient (4.545%). Side effects were generally mild and didn't prevent normal activity. Conclusion: Long pulsed ND:YAG laser 532 nm appears to be an effective method for treatment of plane warts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, nanoparticles of manganese phthalocyanine (MnPc) were synthesized through laser ablation in liquid. The MnPc powder was dispersed in deionized water using sonification, and the resulting suspension was irradiated with a Nd:YAG laser. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques including Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and zeta potential analysis. The SEM analysis revealed that the morphology of the nanoparticles was predominantly spherical particles. The DLS measurements showed that the secondary particle sizes decreased as the laser fluence increased. The UV-Vis spectroscopy results indicated an increase in absorbance at low laser fluence, followed by a decrease at high laser fluence. Additionally, the zeta potential analysis confirmed the dispersion stability of the nanoparticles. The photoacoustic signal generated by the nanoparticles exhibited an increase at low laser fluence and a decrease at high laser fluence. These results demonstrate the successful synthesis of MnPc nanoparticles using laser ablation in liquid. The obtained nanoparticles exhibited desirable morphological characteristics and showed potential for enhancing photoacoustic signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of using nanosecond laser pulses for perforation of elements of a diffusion-welded joint of the ceramic–metal–ceramic type has been studied. An improvement in the mechanical properties of compounds with elements pretreated by a repetitively pulsed Nd:YAG laser compared to untreated elements has been experimentally demonstrated. In particular, an increase in the tensile strength of the connection with treated elements from 40 to 50% are shown. Comparative studies of the distribution of strains in diffusion-welded joints with and without preliminary laser treatment were also carried out. The results make it possible to reduce energy consumption for the diffusion welding process and improve the quality of joints of dissimilar materials in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New polar iodate Cs3Ta(IO3)8, space group P31c, has been obtained under mild hydrothermal conditions and its structural determination was carried out with a single crystal. Two types of layers were selected and characterized using topology and symmetry analysis. The structure of the new iodate has relation with KSc(IO3)3Cl determined earlier. The polar space group corresponds to the presence of the distinct effect of optical second harmonic generation, but the SHG intensity is limited due to lack of phase matching for neodymium laser radiation and its second harmonic. The low optical nonlinearity is consistent with the structural feature of the crystal, and the polarity is determined mainly by the positions of Cs cations with a slight deviation from the centrosymmetry of the entire structure as a whole. Two structural variants of Cs3Ta(IO3)8 are predicted based on a OD topology-symmetry approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pursuing higher topological charge—larger angular indices m of high‐order Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams—is not only important for frontier applications like optical/quantum communication, optical tweezers, and super‐resolution imaging, but also involves a novel laser cavity and beam dynamics. Active methods to directly generate high‐order‐mode vortex beams from a laser cavity have excellent power handling and conversion efficiency, but struggle to achieve hundred‐level ultra‐high‐order LG modes. Here, the generation of ultra‐high‐order LG beams with m beyond 300 is demonstrated, utilizing the spherical aberration of a lens in the cavity of a simple end‐pumped Nd:YVO4 laser at 1064 nm. LG0,±m modes with m up to 317, selectable across a large range, are generated. With a simple model, how the mode selection relates to the cavity parameters is explained, and it is predicted that even higher order mode output can be expected by appropriate management of the elements' aperture and laser gain. The approach provides a simple and flexible method to convert a wide range of lasers to generate ultra‐high‐order LG modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Body contouring is a significant area of dermatologic and plastic surgery. Surgical procedures, like surgical lipectomy, and less invasive procedures, such as various liposuction techniques, are the two main ways to reduce fat. Aim: Our study showed that 1444 nm Nd:YAG laser‐assisted lipolysis used with appropriate and specific parameters effectively destroys adipose tissue avoiding these risks and determining a safe clinical application. Method: A subcutaneous, 1444 nm Nd:YAG laser was used on 132 patients (range, 18–73 years; 109 women and 23 men with Fitzpatrick skin phototypes ranging between II and V) requiring body and face contouring. All patients were photographed for documentation. Digital clinical photography was taken under as near identical conditions as possible at baseline (pre‐treatment), and 16 weeks post‐treatment. The 5‐point Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) was recorded immediately after treatment and at their final assessment session (4 months). Adverse events were monitored. Results: On the basis of the investigator‐evaluated GAIS scale, the total GAIS scores showed satisfactory results. Clinician assessment from the clinical photography showed good efficacy and visible aesthetic results for body and face areas. No serious or unexpected adverse side effects were recorded, and transient pain, oedema, erythema and slight induration resolved within the first week of treatment. Conclusions: The 1444 nm Nd:YAG laser is a new tool for performing lipolysis, and this study reports its effectiveness and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lasers with low-coherent radiation have attracted the attention since the first publications on this topic in the 1960s and up to the present time, thanks to their numerous applications. Compact lowcoherent lasers with a flow of the active medium through the pumped region can be done, using dense mixtures of solid particles and a liquid – slurry lasers. The preparation of slurry compositions based on particles like Nd :YVO4 or Nd :YAG crystal granules meets certain difficulties associated with the use of liquids having high refractive indices, n ≈ 2. Here, we study the properties of a perspective Nd-doped slurry laser in model experiments, comparing parameters of Nd :YVO4 and Nd :YAG slab lasers in compact plano-spherical resonators with and without a cuvette-diffuser on an immersion mixture of LiF crystal microparticles and isobutyl alcohol, n ≈ 1.39. At a laser diode pump power of 100 W, these lasers (without a cuvette) emit, in a quasicontinuous multimode regime, 1 ms pulses of low-coherent radiation (⋋ ≈ 1064 nm) with a divergence of 20 – 40 mrad and the 21 – 47 W power at the 10 Hz repetition rate. Under the same pumping conditions, we obtain a low-coherent radiation with the 1 – 6 W power and divergence up to 100 mrad in these lasers with a cuvette-diffuser. The spatial coherence of these lasers under changes in the pump current, pump spot sizes, and the state of immersion in the cuvette is estimated from the contrast C of the speckle patterns produced by the radiation. Also, we register C values in the region 0.02 − 0.04, comparable to the thermal sources contrast. The presented scheme demonstrates low-coherent Nd :YVO4 and Nd :YAG lasers and show the feasibility of creating compact LD-pumped slurry lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The buildup dynamics of diode-pumped passively mode-locked solid-state laser is thoroughly explored using the real-time measurement with temporal sampling rate of up to 40 GHz. A concise cavity is developed to ensure the transient dynamics purely arising from the gain medium and saturable absorber. Experimental results reveal that the laser output in the buildup process exhibits numerous passively Q-switched pulses followed with a damped relaxation oscillation prior to the stable mode locking. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the laser output has already displayed single clean mode-locked pulses inside the first several Q-switched envelopes before stepping into the stage of relaxation oscillation. The present real-time exploration is expected to provide important information for practical applications with temporal modulation of the pump intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) enable advanced surface functionalization with broad applications in various fields such as micro- and nanoelectronics, medicine, microbiology, tribology, anti-icing systems, and more. This study demonstrates the possibility of achieving anisotropy in the tribological behavior of C45-grade steel structured by nanosecond laser radiation using the LIPSS method. The lateral surface of the steel roller was irradiated with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser at an optimum intensity I = 870 MW/cm2 for the formation of LIPSS. Two sets of samples were formed with LIPSS that were perpendicular and parallel to the roller's rotational motion direction. The Raman intensity maps revealed that the LIPSS structure consisted of periodically arranged oxides at the top of hills. At the same time, the valleys of the LIPSS structures were almost not oxidized. These results correlated well with scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping and atomic force microscopy measurements. A comparison of Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra revealed that both the magnetite phase and traces of the hematite phase were present on the surface of the samples. Tribological tests were performed in two cycles with periodic changes in the normal clamping force and sliding speed. It was found that the LIPSS structures which were formed perpendicularly to the sliding direction on the roller had a significantly greater impact on the friction processes. Structures oriented perpendicular to the direction of motion had a positive influence on reducing the energy consumption of a friction process as well as increasing the wear resistance compared to LIPSS formed parallel to the direction of motion or ones having a non-texturized surface. Laser texturing to produce LIPSS perpendicular to the direction of motion could be recommended for friction pairs operating under low-load conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological materials have been increasingly examined in recent years. What motivates such studies is the need for a comprehensive mechanistic, structural link that will aid future designs of manufactured analogs. Non-destructive laser testing (NDLT) describes the non-damaging material testing method employing a laser. They deny damaging or inducing helpfulness to give information about a material or component and find their physical properties; the experimental study examined bone's physical characteristics for two types (dental and rib) of sheep that is 1 year old. The classical methods depends on microtensile and microhardness compared with NDLT data depending on studying images in high-resolution optical microscopy by studying the laser effect induced by different energies of nanosecond Nd:YAG laser. In laser-induced shock peening (LSP), the forward velocity of the shock wave depends on the bone type related to the rate of ionization of the excited atoms. It noted that the shock measurements at laser intensity 14 GW/cm2 show that the peak pressures typically are 3.1 and 4.1 GPa for dental and rib bones, respectively. The particle velocity for the rib is 962 m/s. In contrast, dental bones are 752 m/s, the shock force for rib bones is 1.9 kN, while dental force is 2 kN. Mechanical properties show that the Young modulus by NDLT is 8.7 GPa for rib and 13.3 GPa for dental bones; it consisted of the classical tensile method, and the hardness measurement by NDLT consisted of Vickers hardness for rib and dental bones. Furthermore, the rib bones show less wear coefficient than the teeth, whose values (4.33 and 5.55 × 10−14 m2/N) for rib and teeth, respectively. Dependent on NDLT and classical results and calculations, the NDLT results have good agreement with classical methods; it is a good technique employed as an alternative method to find acoustic material properties and mechanical properties; NDLT is a suitable, precision, accurate, cheaper, and non-distractive manner applied to examine the acoustic properties of bone and biological materials in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy thresholds of laser pulse initiation and kinetic characteristics of explosive decomposition of heavy metal azides (HMA), including pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and furazanotetrazine dioxide (FTDO), have been studied at different pressures of uniform compression. Samples were excited by the first harmonic of the neodymium laser (λ = 1064 nm) with the actuating pulse duration τ = 14 ns. It has been established that the sensitivity of energetic materials (EM) to the pulsed laser action increases monotonically with the pressure. Experimental results are interpreted within the framework of the hot microspot ignition theory based on the features of gas-dynamic unloading from the volume of hot spots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular post-treatment procedures consist of cooling the skin with cold wet gauze after laser treatment in order to reduce any oedema and inflammation that may occur after the procedure. A total of 102 patients (89 with leg telangiectasia and 13 with face telangiectasia on nose wings) were treated by performing one to three treatment sessions at three to eight weekly intervals, using a total fluence range from 90 to 120 J/cm SP 2 sp . Facial and leg telangiectasias are common cosmetic concerns for both men and women of all skin types and ages. Pre- and post-treatment photographs were taken before and 6 months after the last treatment session, and improvement was judged by an experienced physician both visually on patients and by comparison of pre- and post-treatment photos. [Extracted from the article]

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Nevus of Ota and nevus of Ito are rare dermal melanocytosis. These occur due to the failure of migration of melanocytes from the neural crest to the epidermis. They are more common in Asian females and usually present at birth. While the solitary occurrence of these conditions is known they can be present simultaneously. We are reporting a case who had unilateral nevus of Ota, nevus of Ito at an unusual site, and speckled lentigines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photon power in laser-produced plasma (LPP) sources is critically important for efficient future nanolithography devices. Enhancing the lifetime of the optical collector system in these devices is another important challenge for reliable and economically feasible devices. In this work, various mechanisms affecting ion acceleration in LPP were investigated to predict the maximum ion energies and flux arriving at the collecting mirror surfaces. Plasma evolution produced by an Nd:YAG laser from Sn targets was studied in detail to predict the dynamics of EUV producing ions and their contribution to the EUV power. The multiphysics fully 3D integrated HEIGHTS computer package was used in this analysis. HEIGHTS simulations of detail plasma evolution and ion kinetic energies were compared with various worldwide experimental data. Excellent agreement was shown regarding the range of ion kinetic energies and their angular distribution as well as recombination processes and their effect on the temporal output of EUV photons. Spatial and charge distributions were predicted for EUV producing ions and ionic debris. The analysis showed that mainly two Sn ions, i.e., Sn XII and Sn XIII, determine the EUV source intensity and spatial location. It was also shown that reducing the laser spot size and increasing the pulse duration allow a significant reduction in ion kinetic energies that is important for a longer lifetime of the optical collection system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present measurements from laser-produced plasmas generated using cryogenic Xe targets and quantify the emission characteristics in the soft x-ray region (1 to 6 nm). The system is based on a LN2-cooled rotating drum, which allows for a high repetition rate, and Nd:YAG laser systems with energies up to 325 mJ on-target with pulse lengths of 130 ps, 600 ps, or 6.5 ns. High resolution spectra are measured using a grazing incidence spectrometer, and we present the first quantitative conversion efficiency (CE) measurements for Xe in this range. Data show CE values up to ∼1% at 6 nm and ∼0.08% at 1.5 nm (for 2% bandwidth and 2π solid angle), and there are lower limits on the required laser intensities and energies on target to achieve these efficiencies. In addition, the emission spot size is directly measured at 2 nm (620 eV) using a point-projection slit imaging method, with optimized emission spot sizes of ∼20 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, coherent microwave Rayleigh scattering for the detection of resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (Radar REMPI) was used for the measurement of atomic oxygen in a nonequilibrium pulsed plasma discharge. Specifically, the detection of atomic oxygen is demonstrated in a pulsed discharge at 100 Torr in a molecular oxygen and helium gas mixture. REMPI was conducted using Nd:YAG pumped dye radiation at 618.9 nm mixed with the Nd:YAG 355 nm radiation, generating 225.6 nm laser light, of which two photons match the energy of the 2P33p(3P) electronically excited intermediate state of atomic oxygen. A third photon from the laser source then readily ionizes the atom in the 2 + 1 photon REMPI scheme. The Radar REMPI results are compared to two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence measurements from the literature, which shows reasonable agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infantile hemangiomas (IH) are common benign tumors of infancy. Most IH involute, either spontaneously, or secondary to pharmacological treatment with systemic propranolol. Propranolol treatment mostly leads to regression of hemangiomas with satisfactory aesthetic results, but unfortunately not in all cases. To assess the safety and efficacy of long pulsed Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser in treating patients with residual infantile hemangioma after systemic propranolol treatment. This is an open-label prospective cohort study. 30 patients with focal residual IH that had sub-optimal responses to systemic propranolol treatment were enrolled in the study. The patients were treated with 1 to 3 sessions with long pulsed Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser. The maximal response of the IH was assessed using a 4-point scale evaluation scale system. Of the 30 patients enrolled, 18 patients exhibited a great response (> 76% improvement), 10 patients had a good response (> 51–75% improvement), while only 2 patients showed a moderate response (< 50% improvement) to the treatment. No patients had an unsatisfactory response. No serious side effects were observed, and only minor side effects were reported. The treatment with long pulsed Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser for residual IH, which were resistant to systemic propranolol treatment, is safe and effective. Thus, we suggest its use as a second-line treatment for patients with sub-optimal aesthetic results following systemic propranolol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]