249 results on '"Nentwig W"'
Search Results
2. Influence of Venom Availability on a Spider's Prey-Choice Behaviour
- Author
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Wullschleger, B. and Nentwig, W.
- Published
- 2002
3. Human health impact by alien spiders and scorpions.
- Author
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Nentwig, W., primary
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Grasping at the Routes of Biological Invasions: A Framework for Integrating Pathways into Policy
- Author
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Hulme, P. E., Bacher, S., Kenis, M., Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Minchin, D., Nentwig, W., Olenin, S., Panov, V., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Roques, A., Sol, D., Solarz, W., and Vilà, M.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Field decomposition of transgenic Bt maize residue and the impact on non-target soil invertebrates
- Author
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Zwahlen, C., Hilbeck, A., and Nentwig, W.
- Published
- 2007
6. Mutualistic relationship beneficial for aphids and ants on giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum)
- Author
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Hansen, S. O., Hattendorf, J., and Nentwig, W.
- Published
- 2006
7. Chemical extracts of plants as possible attractants for the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Planipennia, Chrysopidae) / Chemische Pflanzenextrakte als mögliche Anlockstoffe für die Grüne Florfliege Chrysoperla carnea (Planipennia, Chrysopidae)
- Author
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Nentwig, W., Sorg, M., and Eichenberger, J.
- Published
- 2002
8. Effects of weed strips on the occurrence of noxious coleopteran species (Nitidulidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae) / Auswirkungen von Ackerkrautstreifen auf schädliche Käferarten (Nitidulidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae)
- Author
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Lethmayer, Christa, Nentwig, W., and Frank, Th.
- Published
- 1997
9. Evaluation of Nastus fausti Reitter (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae: Nastini) for biological control of invasive giant hogweeds (Heracleum spp.)
- Author
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Reznik, S. Ya., Dolgovskaya, M. Yu., Zaitzev, V. F., Davidyan, G. E., and Nentwig, W.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Population dynamics of Microtus arvalis in a weed strip
- Author
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Briner, T., Favre, Nathalie, Nentwig, W., and Airoldi, J.-P.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. CSTX-9, a toxic peptide from the spider Cupiennius salei: amino acid sequence, disulphide bridge pattern and comparison with other spider toxins containing the cystine knot structure
- Author
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Schaller, J., Kämpfer, U., Schürch, S., Kuhn-Nentwig, L., Haeberli, S., and Nentwig, W.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The Importance of Human Ecology at the Threshold of the Next Millennium: How Can Population Growth Be Stopped?
- Author
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Nentwig, W.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Defence systems of Heracleum mantegazzianum .
- Author
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Hattendorf, J., primary, Hansen, S. O., additional, and Nentwig, W., additional
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Master of all traits: can we successfully fight giant hogweed?
- Author
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Pyšek, P., primary, Cock, M. J. W., additional, Nentwig, W., additional, and Ravn, H. P., additional
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Herbivorous arthropods on Heracleum mantegazzianum in its native and invaded distribution range.
- Author
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Hansen, S. O., primary, Hattendorf, J., additional, Nielsen, C., additional, Wittenberg, R., additional, and Nentwig, W., additional
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Behavioral responses of voles along fences patrolled by natural predators
- Author
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Fuelling, O., Buehler, E., Airoldi, J.-P., and Nentwig, W.
- Subjects
Arvicola ,damage ,Microtus ,orchards ,plant protection ,predation ,rodents ,Agriculture ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
In a two year field experiment in Switzerland we tested if vole barriers combined with traps was a suitable tool to protect meadows and orchards from vole damage. We used a special kind of vole live trap that could be opened by terrestrial predators to feed on the captured animals. The experiment was designed to compare fences with traps, fences without traps and control lines without fences or traps. Predators preferred to move along fences with traps, which has been presented elsewhere. Voles on the other hand showed a preference for control lines as a general pattern but clear effects were masked by other factors. In practice, however, self service traps will attract natural predators and can therefore enhance the effect of simple fences to stop invading voles.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Buchbesprechungen
- Author
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Nentwig, W., Benkhoff, J., and Gericke, D.
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- 1993
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18. Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools
- Author
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Seebens, H. Blackburn, T.M. Dyer, E.E. Genovesi, P. Hulme, P.E. Jeschke, J.M. Pagad, S. Pyšek, P. Van Kleunen, M. Winter, M. Ansong, M. Arianoutsou, M. Bacher, S. Blasius, B. Brockerhoff, E.G. Brundu, G. Capinha, C. Causton, C.E. Celesti-Grapow, L. Dawson, W. Dullinger, S. Economo, E.P. Fuentes, N. Guénard, B. Jäger, H. Kartesz, J. Kenis, M. Kühn, I. Lenzner, B. Liebhold, A.M. Mosena, A. Moser, D. Nentwig, W. Nishino, M. Pearman, D. Pergl, J. Rabitsch, W. Rojas-Sandoval, J. Roques, A. Rorke, S. Rossinelli, S. Roy, H.E. Scalera, R. Schindler, S. Štajerová, K. Tokarska-Guzik, B. Walker, K. Ward, D.F. Yamanaka, T. Essl, F.
- Abstract
Our ability to predict the identity of future invasive alien species is largely based upon knowledge of prior invasion history. Emerging alien species-those never encountered as aliens before-therefore pose a significant challenge to biosecurity interventions worldwide. Understanding their temporal trends, origins, and the drivers of their spread is pivotal to improving prevention and risk assessment tools. Here, we use a database of 45,984 first records of 16,019 established alien species to investigate the temporal dynamics of occurrences of emerging alien species worldwide. Even after many centuries of invasions the rate of emergence of new alien species is still high: Onequarter of first records during 2000-2005 were of species that had not been previously recorded anywhere as alien, though with large variation across taxa. Model results show that the high proportion of emerging alien species cannot be solely explained by increases in well-known drivers such as the amount of imported commodities from historically important source regions. Instead, these dynamics reflect the incorporation of new regions into the pool of potential alien species, likely as a consequence of expanding trade networks and environmental change. This process compensates for the depletion of the historically important source species pool through successive invasions. We estimate that 1-16% of all species on Earth, depending on the taxonomic group, qualify as potential alien species. These results suggest that there remains a high proportion of emerging alien species we have yet to encounter, with future impacts that are difficult to predict. © 2018 National Academy of Sciences. All Rights Reserved.
- Published
- 2018
19. Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools
- Author
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Seebens, H., Blackburn, T.M., Dyer, E.E., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Pagad, S., Pyšek, P., van Kleunen, M., Winter, M., Ansong, M., Arianoutsou, M., Bacher, S., Blasius, B., Brockerhoff, E.G., Brundu, G., Capinha, C., Causton, C.E., Celesti-Grapow, L., Dawson, W., Dullinger, S., Economo, E.P., Fuentes, N., Guénard, B., Jäger, H., Kartesz, J., Kenis, M., Kühn, Ingolf, Lenzner, B., Liebhold, A.M., Mosena, A., Moser, D., Nentwig, W., Nishino, M., Pearman, D., Pergl, J., Rabitsch, W., Rojas-Sandoval, J., Roques, A., Rorke, S., Rossinelli, S., Roy, H.E., Scalera, R., Schindler, S., Štajerová, K., Tokarska-Guzik, B., Walker, K., Ward, D.F., Yamanaka, T., Essl, F., Seebens, H., Blackburn, T.M., Dyer, E.E., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Pagad, S., Pyšek, P., van Kleunen, M., Winter, M., Ansong, M., Arianoutsou, M., Bacher, S., Blasius, B., Brockerhoff, E.G., Brundu, G., Capinha, C., Causton, C.E., Celesti-Grapow, L., Dawson, W., Dullinger, S., Economo, E.P., Fuentes, N., Guénard, B., Jäger, H., Kartesz, J., Kenis, M., Kühn, Ingolf, Lenzner, B., Liebhold, A.M., Mosena, A., Moser, D., Nentwig, W., Nishino, M., Pearman, D., Pergl, J., Rabitsch, W., Rojas-Sandoval, J., Roques, A., Rorke, S., Rossinelli, S., Roy, H.E., Scalera, R., Schindler, S., Štajerová, K., Tokarska-Guzik, B., Walker, K., Ward, D.F., Yamanaka, T., and Essl, F.
- Abstract
Our ability to predict the identity of future invasive alien species is largely based upon knowledge of prior invasion history. Emerging alien species—those never encountered as aliens before—therefore pose a significant challenge to biosecurity interventions worldwide. Understanding their temporal trends, origins, and the drivers of their spread is pivotal to improving prevention and risk assessment tools. Here, we use a database of 45,984 first records of 16,019 established alien species to investigate the temporal dynamics of occurrences of emerging alien species worldwide. Even after many centuries of invasions the rate of emergence of new alien species is still high: One-quarter of first records during 2000–2005 were of species that had not been previously recorded anywhere as alien, though with large variation across taxa. Model results show that the high proportion of emerging alien species cannot be solely explained by increases in well-known drivers such as the amount of imported commodities from historically important source regions. Instead, these dynamics reflect the incorporation of new regions into the pool of potential alien species, likely as a consequence of expanding trade networks and environmental change. This process compensates for the depletion of the historically important source species pool through successive invasions. We estimate that 1–16% of all species on Earth, depending on the taxonomic group, qualify as potential alien species. These results suggest that there remains a high proportion of emerging alien species we have yet to encounter, with future impacts that are difficult to predict.
- Published
- 2018
20. Matching global and regional distribution models of the recluse spider Loxosceles rufescens: to what extent do these reflect niche conservatism?
- Author
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Taucare‐Ríos, A., primary, Nentwig, W., additional, Bizama, G., additional, and Bustamante, R. O., additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Troubling travellers: are ecologically harmful alien species associated with particular introduction pathways?
- Author
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Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Bacher, S., Essl, F., Genovesi, P., Harrower, C.A., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Kenis, M., Kühn, Ingolf, Perglová, I., Rabitsch, W., Roques, A., Roy, D.B., Roy, H.E., Vilà, M., Winter, Marten, Nentwig, W., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Bacher, S., Essl, F., Genovesi, P., Harrower, C.A., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Kenis, M., Kühn, Ingolf, Perglová, I., Rabitsch, W., Roques, A., Roy, D.B., Roy, H.E., Vilà, M., Winter, Marten, and Nentwig, W.
- Abstract
Prioritization of introduction pathways is seen as an important component of the management of biological invasions. We address whether established alien plants, mammals, freshwater fish and terrestrial invertebrates with known ecological impacts are associated with particular introduction pathways (release, escape, contaminant, stowaway, corridor and unaided). We used the information from the European alien species database DAISIE (www.europe-aliens.org) supplemented by the EASIN catalogue (European Alien Species Information Network), and expert knowledge. Plants introduced by the pathways release, corridor and unaided were disproportionately more likely to have ecological impacts than those introduced as contaminants. In contrast, impacts were not associated with particular introduction pathways for invertebrates, mammals or fish. Thus, while for plants management strategies should be targeted towards the appropriate pathways, for animals, management should focus on reducing the total number of taxa introduced, targeting those pathways responsible for high numbers of introductions. However, regardless of taxonomic group, having multiple introduction pathways increases the likelihood of the species having an ecological impact. This may simply reflect that species introduced by multiple pathways have high propagule pressure and so have a high probability of establishment. Clearly, patterns of invasion are determined by many interacting factors and management strategies should reflect this complexity.
- Published
- 2017
22. Purification, cDNA 1 structure and biological significance of a single insulin-like growth factor-binding domain protein (SIBD-1) identified in the hemocytes of the spider Cupiennius salei
- Author
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Kuhn-Nentwig L, Largiadèr CR, Streitberger K, Chandru S, Baumann T, Kämpfer U, Schaller J, Schürch S, and Nentwig W
- Abstract
Cupiennius salei single insulin like growth factor binding domain protein (SIBD 1) which exhibits an IGFBP N terminal domain like profile was identified in the hemocytes of the spider C. salei. SIBD 1 was purified by RP HPLC and the sequence determined by a combination of Edman degradation and 5' 3' RACE PCR. The peptide (8676.08 Da) is composed of 78 amino acids contains six intrachain disulphide bridges and carries a modified Thr residue at position 2. SIBD 1 mRNA expression was detected by quantitative real time PCR mainly in hemocytes but also in the subesophageal nerve mass and muscle. After infection the SIBD 1 content in the hemocytes decreases and simultaneously the temporal SIBD 1 expression seems to be down regulated. Two further peptides SIBD 2 and IGFBP rP1 also exhibiting IGFBP N terminal domain variants with unknown functions were identified on cDNA level in spider hemocytes and venom glands. We conclude that SIBD 1 may play an important role in the immune system of spiders.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Field trials with genetically modified powdery mildew-resistant wheat
- Author
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Foetzki A, Winzeler M, Boller T, Felber F, Gruissem W, Keel C, Keller B, Mascher F, Maurhofer M, Nentwig W, Romeis J, Sautter C, Schmid B, and Bigler F
- Published
- 2011
24. Invasieve exoten - prioritering van preventie via horizon scanning
- Author
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Roy, HE, Adriaens, T, Aldridge, DC, Bacher, S, Bishop, JDD, Blackburn, TM, Branquart, E, Brodie, J, Carboneras, C, Cook, EJ, Copp, GH, Dean, HJ, Eilenberg, J., Essl, F., Gallardo, B., Garcia, M., Garcia-Berthou, E., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Kenis, M., Kerckhof, F., Kettunen, M., Minchin, D., Nentwig, W., Nieto, A., Pergl, J., Pescot, O., Peyton, J., Preda, C., Rabitsch, W., Roques, A., Rorke, S., Scalera, R., Schindler, S., Schönrogge, K., Sewell, J., Solarz, W., Stewart, A., Tricarico, E., Vanderhoeven, S., van der Velde, G., Vila, M., Wood, C.A., and Zenetos, A.
- Subjects
invasive alien species ,Invasive species (management) ,B003-ecology ,invasieve exoten ,Prevention ,Invasive species (damage management) ,B005-zoology ,Invasive species (fauna management) ,Europe ,invasieve soorten ,Invasive species (nature management) ,Invasive species (species diversity) ,horizon scanning ,B004-botany - Abstract
n order to support the prioritisation of invasive alien species for future risk assessments, a horizon scanning methodology for the Europe was developed and implemented. The outcome was a list of 95 species, including all taxa (except microorganisms) within marine, terrestrial and freshwater environments, considered as very high or high priority for risk assessment.
- Published
- 2015
25. Crossing frontiers in tackling pathways of biological invasions
- Author
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Essl, F., Bacher, S., Blackburn, T.M., Booy, O., Brundu, G., Brunel, S., Cardoso, A.-C., Eschen, R., Gallardo, B., Galil, B., García-Berthou, E., Genovesi, P., Groom, Q., Harrower, C., Hulme, P.E., Katsanevakis, S., Kenis, M., Kühn, Ingolf, Kumschick, S., Martinou, A.F., Nentwig, W., O'Flynn, C., Pagad, S., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Rabitsch, W., Richardson, D.M., Roques, A., Roy, H.E., Scalera, R., Schindler, S., Seebens, H., Vanderhoeven, S., Vilà, M., Wilson, J.R.U., Zenetos, A., Jeschke, J.M., Essl, F., Bacher, S., Blackburn, T.M., Booy, O., Brundu, G., Brunel, S., Cardoso, A.-C., Eschen, R., Gallardo, B., Galil, B., García-Berthou, E., Genovesi, P., Groom, Q., Harrower, C., Hulme, P.E., Katsanevakis, S., Kenis, M., Kühn, Ingolf, Kumschick, S., Martinou, A.F., Nentwig, W., O'Flynn, C., Pagad, S., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Rabitsch, W., Richardson, D.M., Roques, A., Roy, H.E., Scalera, R., Schindler, S., Seebens, H., Vanderhoeven, S., Vilà, M., Wilson, J.R.U., Zenetos, A., and Jeschke, J.M.
- Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in understanding how pathways underlie and mediate biological invasions. However, key features of their role in invasions remain poorly understood, available knowledge is widely scattered, and major frontiers in research and management are insufficiently characterized. We review the state of the art, highlight recent advances, identify pitfalls and constraints, and discuss major challenges in four broad fields of pathway research and management: pathway classification, application of pathway information, management response, and management impact. We present approaches to describe and quantify pathway attributes (e.g., spatiotemporal changes, proxies of introduction effort, environmental and socioeconomic contexts) and how they interact with species traits and regional characteristics. We also provide recommendations for a research agenda with particular focus on emerging (or neglected) research questions and present new analytical tools in the context of pathway research and management.
- Published
- 2015
26. Framework and guidelines for implementing the proposed IUCN Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT)
- Author
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Hawkins, C.L., Bacher, S., Essl, F., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Kühn, Ingolf, Kumschick, S., Nentwig, W., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Rabitsch, W., Richardson, D.M., Vilà, M., Wilson, J.R.U., Genovesi, P., Blackburn, T.M., Hawkins, C.L., Bacher, S., Essl, F., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Kühn, Ingolf, Kumschick, S., Nentwig, W., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Rabitsch, W., Richardson, D.M., Vilà, M., Wilson, J.R.U., Genovesi, P., and Blackburn, T.M.
- Abstract
Recently, Blackburn et al. (2014) developed a simple, objective and transparent method for classifying alien taxa in terms of the magnitude of their detrimental environmental impacts in recipient areas. Here, we present a comprehensive framework and guidelines for implementing this method, which we term the Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa, or EICAT. We detail criteria for applying the EICAT scheme in a consistent and comparable fashion, prescribe the supporting information that should be supplied along with classifications, and describe the process for implementing the method. This comment aims to draw the attention of interested parties to the framework and guidelines, and to present them in their entirety in a location where they are freely accessible to any potential users.
- Published
- 2015
27. Augmentation of beneficial arthropods by strip-management. 3. Artificial introduction of a spider species which preys on wheat pest insects
- Author
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Heidger, C. and Nentwig, W.
- Published
- 1989
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Disentangling the role of environmental and human pressures on biological invasions across Europe
- Author
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Pyšek, P. Jarošík, V. Hulme, P.E. Kühn, I. Wild, J. Arianoutsou, M. Bacher, S. Chiron, F. Didžiulis, V. Essl, F. Genovesi, P. Gherardi, F. Hejda, M. Kark, S. Lambdon, P.W. Desprez-Loustau, M.-L. Nentwig, W. Pergl, J. Poboljšaj, K. Rabitsch, W. Roques, A. Roy, D.B. Shirley, S. Solarz, W. Vilà, M. Winter, M.
- Abstract
The accelerating rates of international trade, travel, and transport in the latter half of the twentieth century have led to the progressive mixing of biota from across the world and the number of species introduced to new regions continues to increase. The importance of biogeographic, climatic, economic, and demographic factors as drivers of this trend is increasingly being realized but as yet there is no consensus regarding their relative importance. Whereas little may be done to mitigate the effects of geography and climate on invasions, a wider range of options may exist to moderate the impacts of economic and demographic drivers. Here we use the most recent data available from Europe to partition between macroecological, economic, and demographic variables the variation in alien species richness of bryophytes, fungi, vascular plants, terrestrial insects, aquatic invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Only national wealth and human population density were statistically significant predictors in the majority of models when analyzed jointly with climate, geography, and land cover. The economic and demographic variables reflect the intensity of human activities and integrate the effect of factors that directly determine the outcome of invasion such as propagule pressure, pathways of introduction, eutrophication, and the intensity of anthropogenic disturbance. The strong influence of economic and demographic variables on the levels of invasion by alien species demonstrates that future solutions to the problem of biological invasions at a national scale lie in mitigating the negative environmental consequences of human activities that generate wealth and by promoting more sustainable population growth.
- Published
- 2010
29. How well do we understand the impacts of alien species on ecosystem services? A pan-European, cross-taxa assessment
- Author
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Vilà, M. Basnou, C. Pyšek, P. Josefsson, M. Genovesi, P. Gollasch, S. Nentwig, W. Olenin, S. Roques, A. Roy, D. Hulme, P.E. Andriopoulos, P. Arianoutsou, M. Bazos, I. Kokkoris, I. Yannitsaros, A. Zikos, A. Augustin, S. Cochard, P.-O. Lopez-Vaamonde, C. Sauvard, D. Yart, A. Bacher, S. Bretagnolle, F. Gasquez, J. Chiron, F. Kark, S. Shirley, S. Clergeau, P. Cocquempot, C. Coeur d’Acier, A. Dorkeld, F. Migeon, A. Navajas, M. David, M. Delipetrou, P. Georghiou, K. Desprez-Loustau, M.-L. Didziulis, V. Essl, F. Rabitsch, W. Hejda, M. Jarosik, V. Pergl, J. Perglová, I. Kühn, I. Winter, M. Kühn, P.W. Marcer, A. Pino, J. McLoughlin, M. Minchin, D. Panov, V.E. Pascal, M. Poboljsaj, K. Scalera, R. Sedlácek, O. Zagatti, P. DAISIE partners
- Abstract
Recent comprehensive data provided through the DAISIE project (www.europe-aliens.org) have facilitated the development of the first pan-European assessment of the impacts of alien plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments - on ecosystem services. There are 1094 species with documented ecological impacts and 1347 with economic impacts. The two taxonomic groups with the most species causing impacts are terrestrial invertebrates and terrestrial plants. The North Sea is the maritime region that suffers the most impacts. Across taxa and regions, ecological and economic impacts are highly correlated. Terrestrial invertebrates create greater economic impacts than ecological impacts, while the reverse is true for terrestrial plants. Alien species from all taxonomie groups affect "supporting", "provisioning", "regulating", and "cultural" services and interfere with human well-being. Terrestrial vertebrates are responsible for the greatest range of impacts, and these are widely distributed across Europe. Here, we present a review of the financial costs, as the first step toward calculating an estimate of the economic consequences of alien species in Europe. © The Ecological Society of America.
- Published
- 2010
30. A unified classification of alien species based on the magnitude of their environmental impacts
- Author
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Blackburn, T.M., Essl, F., Evans, T., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Kühn, Ingolf, Kumschick, S., Marková, Z., Mrugała, A., Nentwig, W., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Rabitsch, W., Ricciardi, A., Richardson, D.M., Sendek, Agnieszka, Vilà, M., Wilson, J.R.U., Winter, M., Genovesi, P., Bacher, S., Blackburn, T.M., Essl, F., Evans, T., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Kühn, Ingolf, Kumschick, S., Marková, Z., Mrugała, A., Nentwig, W., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Rabitsch, W., Ricciardi, A., Richardson, D.M., Sendek, Agnieszka, Vilà, M., Wilson, J.R.U., Winter, M., Genovesi, P., and Bacher, S.
- Abstract
Species moved by human activities beyond the limits of their native geographic ranges into areas in which they do not naturally occur (termed aliens) can cause a broad range of significant changes to recipient ecosystems; however, their impacts vary greatly across species and the ecosystems into which they are introduced. There is therefore a critical need for a standardised method to evaluate, compare, and eventually predict the magnitudes of these different impacts. Here, we propose a straightforward system for classifying alien species according to the magnitude of their environmental impacts, based on the mechanisms of impact used to code species in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Global Invasive Species Database, which are presented here for the first time. The classification system uses five semi-quantitative scenarios describing impacts under each mechanism to assign species to different levels of impact—ranging from Minimal to Massive—with assignment corresponding to the highest level of deleterious impact associated with any of the mechanisms. The scheme also includes categories for species that are Not Evaluated, have No Alien Population, or are Data Deficient, and a method for assigning uncertainty to all the classifications. We show how this classification system is applicable at different levels of ecological complexity and different spatial and temporal scales, and embraces existing impact metrics. In fact, the scheme is analogous to the already widely adopted and accepted Red List approach to categorising extinction risk, and so could conceivably be readily integrated with existing practices and policies in many regions.
- Published
- 2014
31. Plant extinctions and introductions lead to phylogenetic and taxonomic homogenization of the European flora
- Author
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Winter, M. Schweiger, O. Klotz, S. Nentwig, W. Andriopoulos, P. Arianoutsou, M. Basnou, C. Delipetrou, P. Didžiulis, V. Hejda, M. Hulme, P.E. Lambdon, P.W. Pergl, J. Pyšek, P. Roy, D.B. Kühn, I.
- Abstract
Human activities have altered the composition of biotas through two fundamental processes: native extinctions and alien introductions. Both processes affect the taxonomic (i.e., species identity) and phylogenetic (i.e., species evolutionary history) structure of species assemblages. However, it is not known what the relative magnitude of these effects is at large spatial scales. Here we analyze the large-scale effects of plant extinctions and introductions on taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of floras across Europe, using data from 23 regions. Considering both native losses and alien additions in concert reveals that plant invasions since AD 1500 exceeded extinctions, resulting in (i) increased taxonomic diversity (i.e., species richness) but decreased phylogenetic diversity within European regions, and (ii) increased taxonomic and phylogenetic similarity among European regions. Those extinct species were phylogenetically and taxonomically unique and typical of individual regions, and extinctions usually were not continent-wide and therefore led to differentiation. By contrast, because introduced alien species tended to be closely related to native species, the floristic differentiation due to species extinction was lessened by taxonomic and phylogenetic homogenization effects. This was especially due to species that are alien to a region but native to other parts of Europe. As a result, floras of many European regions have partly lost and will continue to lose their uniqueness. The results suggest that biodiversity needs to be assessed in terms of both species taxonomic and phylogenetic identity, but the latter is rarely used as a metric of the biodiversity dynamics.
- Published
- 2009
32. Swiss prospective study on spider bites
- Author
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Gnädinger, M, Nentwig, W, Fuchs, J, Ceschic, A, Gnädinger, M, Nentwig, W, Fuchs, J, and Ceschic, A
- Abstract
Knowledge of spider bites in Central Europe derives mainly from anecdotal case presentations; therefore we aimed to collect cases systematically. From June 2011 to November 2012 we prospectively collected 17 cases of alleged spider bites, and together with two spontaneous notifications later on, our database totaled 19 cases. Among them, eight cases could be verified. The causative species were: Cheiracanthium punctorium (3), Zoropsis spinimana (2), Amaurobius ferox, Tegenaria atrica and Malthonica ferruginea (1 each). Clinical presentation was generally mild, with the exception of Cheiracanthium punctorium, and patients recovered fully without sequelae. In Switzerland, spider bites generally have a benign clinical course, which is characterised by minor effects, with rapid and complete recovery. Since only verified spider bites can be regarded as spider bites, in the case of clinically important arachnidism, the spider should be sent to an expert for identification. Our study may help to diminish spider fear and reassure people who have experienced a bite.
- Published
- 2013
33. Progress on DAISIE: alien species inventories in Europe updated
- Author
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Pergl, J., Nentwig, W., Winter, M., Bacher, S., Essl, F., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Jarošik, V., Kühn, I., Pyšek, P., Roques, A., Roy, D., Vilá, M., Roy, H., Pergl, J., Nentwig, W., Winter, M., Bacher, S., Essl, F., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Jarošik, V., Kühn, I., Pyšek, P., Roques, A., Roy, D., Vilá, M., and Roy, H.
- Abstract
In Europe, a unique alien species inventory with almost 11.000 alien species was established in 2009 through the EU funded Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe (DAISIE) project (http://www.europe-aliens.org). Several high impact publications as well as ground-breaking handbook (DAISIE 2009) documented alarming trends of increasing numbers of newly introduced and naturalized/established species across all groups of organisms. These data enabled to analyse various aspects of invasions at large continental scale, , including their socio-economic aspects, habitat-specific invasion patterns for different taxa, or increasing loss of European taxonomic and phylogenetic uniqueness due to invasions of alien and extinctions of native species. The strength of the European inventory is its completeness in terms of a wide range of organisms covered; however, for obvious reasons such information requires regular updates to reflect the dynamic nature of biological invasions, otherwise it will soon be outdated. Within last year several updates of the DAISIE database have been made to keep it up-to-date. These have included additional species lists from some understudied regions of Europe where regional lists of aliens started to be developed during the DAISIE project, and new records from other regions. The paper will review most recent patterns of alien species in Europe and will report about the most recent development of the DAISIE database and web portal, including the expert registry. The role of DAISIE in international integration of invasive species information will be discussed.
- Published
- 2012
34. Species richness-environment relationships of European arthropods at two spatial grains: habitats and countries
- Author
-
Entling, M.H., Schweiger, Oliver, Bacher, S., Espadaler, X., Hickler, T., Kumschick, S., Woodcock, B.A., Nentwig, W., Entling, M.H., Schweiger, Oliver, Bacher, S., Espadaler, X., Hickler, T., Kumschick, S., Woodcock, B.A., and Nentwig, W.
- Abstract
We study how species richness of arthropods relates to theories concerning net primary productivity, ambient energy, water-energy dynamics and spatial environmental heterogeneity. We use two datasets of arthropod richness with similar spatial extents (Scandinavia to Mediterranean), but contrasting spatial grain (local habitat and country). Samples of ground-dwelling spiders, beetles, bugs and ants were collected from 32 paired habitats at 16 locations across Europe. Species richness of these taxonomic groups was also determined for 25 European countries based on the Fauna Europaea database. We tested effects of net primary productivity (NPP), annual mean temperature (T), annual rainfall (R) and potential evapotranspiration of the coldest month (PETmin) on species richness and turnover. Spatial environmental heterogeneity within countries was considered by including the ranges of NPP, T, R and PETmin. At the local habitat grain, relationships between species richness and environmental variables differed strongly between taxa and trophic groups. However, species turnover across locations was strongly correlated with differences in T. At the country grain, species richness was significantly correlated with environmental variables from all four theories. In particular, species richness within countries increased strongly with spatial heterogeneity in T. The importance of spatial heterogeneity in T for both species turnover across locations and for species richness within countries suggests that the temperature niche is an important determinant of arthropod diversity. We suggest that, unless climatic heterogeneity is constant across sampling units, coarse-grained studies should always account for environmental heterogeneity as a predictor of arthropod species richness, just as studies with variable area of sampling units routinely consider area.
- Published
- 2012
35. Open minded and open access: introducing NeoBiota, a new peer-reviewed journal of biological invasions
- Author
-
Kühn, Ingolf, Kowarik, I., Kollmann, J., Starfinger, U., Bacher, S., Blackburn, T., Bustamante, R., Celesti-Grapow, L., Chytrý, M., Colautti, R., Essl, F., Foxcroft, L., García-Berthou, E., Gollasch, S., Hierro, J., Hufbauer, R., Hulme, P., Jarošík, V., Jeschke, J., Karrer, G., Mack, R., Molofsky, J., Murray, B., Nentwig, W., Osborne, B., Pyšek, P., Rabitsch, W., Rejmanek, M., Roques, A., Shaw, R., Sol, D., van Kleunen, M., Vilà, M., von der Lippe, M., Wolfe, L., Penev, L., Kühn, Ingolf, Kowarik, I., Kollmann, J., Starfinger, U., Bacher, S., Blackburn, T., Bustamante, R., Celesti-Grapow, L., Chytrý, M., Colautti, R., Essl, F., Foxcroft, L., García-Berthou, E., Gollasch, S., Hierro, J., Hufbauer, R., Hulme, P., Jarošík, V., Jeschke, J., Karrer, G., Mack, R., Molofsky, J., Murray, B., Nentwig, W., Osborne, B., Pyšek, P., Rabitsch, W., Rejmanek, M., Roques, A., Shaw, R., Sol, D., van Kleunen, M., Vilà, M., von der Lippe, M., Wolfe, L., and Penev, L.
- Abstract
The Editorial presents the focus, scope, policies, and the inaugural issue of NeoBiota, a new open access peer-reviewed journal of biological invasions. The new journal NeoBiota is a continuation of the former NEOBIOTA publication series. The journal will deal with all aspects of invasion biology and impose no restrictions on manuscript size neither on use of color. NeoBiota implies an XML-based editorial workflow and several cutting-edge innovations in publishing and dissemination, such as semantic markup of and enhancements to published texts, data publication, and extensive cross-linking within the journal and to external sources.
- Published
- 2011
36. Reply to Keller and Springborn: no doubt about invasion debt
- Author
-
Essl, F., Dullinger, S., Rabitsch, W., Hulme, P.E., Hülber, K., Jarošík, V., Kleinbauer, I., Krausmann, F., Kühn, Ingolf, Nentwig, W., Vilà, M., Genovesi, P., Gherardi, F., Desprez-Loustau, M.L., Roques, A., Pyšek, P., Essl, F., Dullinger, S., Rabitsch, W., Hulme, P.E., Hülber, K., Jarošík, V., Kleinbauer, I., Krausmann, F., Kühn, Ingolf, Nentwig, W., Vilà, M., Genovesi, P., Gherardi, F., Desprez-Loustau, M.L., Roques, A., and Pyšek, P.
- Abstract
We recently showed (1) that, for a wide range of taxa, the current numbers of established alien species in 28 European countries were generally more closely related to socioeconomic indicators from the year 1900 than 2000. Thus, the establishment of alien species seemed to lag considerably behind one of the main drivers of alien species introductions (2). We concluded that current high socioeconomic activity could result in considerable additional accumulation of alien species in the future, a phenomenon that we have called invasion debt.
- Published
- 2011
37. Non-natives: 141 scientists object
- Author
-
Simberloff, D., Alexander, J., Allendorf, F., Aronson, J., Antunes, P.M., Bacher, S., Bardgett, R., Bertolino, S., Bishop, M., Blackburn, T.M., Blakeslee, A., Blumenthal, D., Bortolus, A., Buckley, R., Buckley, Y., Byers, J., Callaway, R.M., Campbell, F., Campbell, K., Campbell, M., Carlton, J.T., Cassey, P., Catford, J., Celesti-Grapow, L., Chapman, J., Clark, P., Clewell, A., Clode, J.C., Chang, A., Chytrý, M., Clout, M., Cohen, A., Cowan, P., Cowie, R.H., Crall, A.W., Crooks, J., Deveney, M., Dixon, K., Dobbs, F.C., Duffy, D.C., Duncan, R., Ehrlich, P.R., Eldredge, L., Evenhuis, N., Fausch, K.D., Feldhaar, H., Firn, J., Fowler, A., Galil, B., García-Berthou, E., Geller, J., Genovesi, P., Gerber, E., Gherardi, F., Gollasch, S., Gordon, D., Graham, J., Gribben, P., Griffen, B., Grosholz, E.D., Hewitt, C., Hierro, J.L., Hulme, P., Hutchings, P., Jarošík, V., Johnson, C., Johnson, L., Johnston, E.L., Jones, C.G., Keller, R., King, C.M., Knols, B.G.J., Kollmann, J., Kompas, T., Kotanen, P.M., Kowarik, I., Kühn, Ingolf, Kumschick, S., Leung, B., Liebhold, A., MacIsaac, H., Mack, R., McCullough, D.G., McDonald, R., Merritt, D.M., Meyerson, L., Minchin, D., Mooney, H.A., Morisette, J.T., Moyle, P., Müller-Schärer, H., Murray, B.R., Nehring, S., Nelson, W., Nentwig, W., Rilov, G., Ritchie, E., Robertson, P.A., Roman, J., Vilà, M., Simberloff, D., Alexander, J., Allendorf, F., Aronson, J., Antunes, P.M., Bacher, S., Bardgett, R., Bertolino, S., Bishop, M., Blackburn, T.M., Blakeslee, A., Blumenthal, D., Bortolus, A., Buckley, R., Buckley, Y., Byers, J., Callaway, R.M., Campbell, F., Campbell, K., Campbell, M., Carlton, J.T., Cassey, P., Catford, J., Celesti-Grapow, L., Chapman, J., Clark, P., Clewell, A., Clode, J.C., Chang, A., Chytrý, M., Clout, M., Cohen, A., Cowan, P., Cowie, R.H., Crall, A.W., Crooks, J., Deveney, M., Dixon, K., Dobbs, F.C., Duffy, D.C., Duncan, R., Ehrlich, P.R., Eldredge, L., Evenhuis, N., Fausch, K.D., Feldhaar, H., Firn, J., Fowler, A., Galil, B., García-Berthou, E., Geller, J., Genovesi, P., Gerber, E., Gherardi, F., Gollasch, S., Gordon, D., Graham, J., Gribben, P., Griffen, B., Grosholz, E.D., Hewitt, C., Hierro, J.L., Hulme, P., Hutchings, P., Jarošík, V., Johnson, C., Johnson, L., Johnston, E.L., Jones, C.G., Keller, R., King, C.M., Knols, B.G.J., Kollmann, J., Kompas, T., Kotanen, P.M., Kowarik, I., Kühn, Ingolf, Kumschick, S., Leung, B., Liebhold, A., MacIsaac, H., Mack, R., McCullough, D.G., McDonald, R., Merritt, D.M., Meyerson, L., Minchin, D., Mooney, H.A., Morisette, J.T., Moyle, P., Müller-Schärer, H., Murray, B.R., Nehring, S., Nelson, W., Nentwig, W., Rilov, G., Ritchie, E., Robertson, P.A., Roman, J., and Vilà, M.
- Abstract
no abstract
- Published
- 2011
38. Socio-economic legacy yields an invasion debt
- Author
-
Essl, F., Dullinger, S., Rabitsch, W., Hulme, P.E., Huelber, K., Jarošík, V., Kleinbauer, I., Krausmann, F., Kühn, Ingolf, Nentwig, W., Vilà, M., Genovesi, P., Gherardi, F., Desprez-Loustau, M.L., Roques, A., Pyšek, P., Essl, F., Dullinger, S., Rabitsch, W., Hulme, P.E., Huelber, K., Jarošík, V., Kleinbauer, I., Krausmann, F., Kühn, Ingolf, Nentwig, W., Vilà, M., Genovesi, P., Gherardi, F., Desprez-Loustau, M.L., Roques, A., and Pyšek, P.
- Abstract
Globalization and economic growth are widely recognized as important drivers of biological invasions. Consequently, there is an increasing need for governments to address the role of international trade in their strategies to prevent species introductions. However, many of the most problematic alien species are not recent arrivals but were introduced several decades ago. Hence, current patterns of alien-species richness may better reflect historical rather than contemporary human activities, a phenomenon which might be called "invasion debt." Here, we show that across 10 taxonomic groups (vascular plants, bryophytes, fungi, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, terrestrial insects, and aquatic invertebrates) in 28 European countries, current numbers of alien species established in the wild are indeed more closely related to indicators of socioeconomic activity from the year 1900 than to those from 2000, although the majority of species introductions occurred during the second half of the 20th century. The strength of the historical signal varies among taxonomic groups, with those possessing good capabilities for dispersal (birds, insects) more strongly associated with recent socioeconomic drivers. Nevertheless, our results suggest a considerable historical legacy for the majority of the taxa analyzed. The consequences of the current high levels of socioeconomic activity on the extent of biological invasions will thus probably not be completely realized until several decades into the future.
- Published
- 2011
39. How well do we understand the impacts of alien species on ecosystem services? A pan-European cross-taxa assessment
- Author
-
Vilà, M., Basnou, C., Pyšek, P., Josefsson, M., Genovesi, P., Gollasch, S., Nentwig, W., Olenin, O., Roques, A., Roy, D., Hulme, P.E., Adriopoulos, P., Arianoutsou, M., Augustin, S., Baccetti, N., Bacher, S., Bazos, I., Bretagnolle, F., Chiron, F., Clergeau, P., Cochard, P.O., Cocquempot, C., Coeur d'Acier, A., David, M., Delipetrou, P., Didžiulis, V., Dorkeld, F., Essl, F., Galil, B., Gasquez, J., Georghiou, K., Hejda, M., Jarošík, V., Kark, S., Kobelt, M., Kokkoris, Y., Kühn, Ingolf, Lambdon, P., Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Desprez-Loustau, M.-L., Marcer, A., Migeon, A., Minchin, D., Navajas, M., Panov, V.E., Pascal, M., Pergl, J., Perglová, I., Pino, J., Poboljšaj, K., Rabitsch, W., Rasplus, J.-Y., Sauvard, D., Scalera, R., Sedlácek, O., Shirley, S., Trocchi, V., Winter, Marten, Yart, A., Yiannitsaros, A., Zagatti, P., Zikos, A., Vilà, M., Basnou, C., Pyšek, P., Josefsson, M., Genovesi, P., Gollasch, S., Nentwig, W., Olenin, O., Roques, A., Roy, D., Hulme, P.E., Adriopoulos, P., Arianoutsou, M., Augustin, S., Baccetti, N., Bacher, S., Bazos, I., Bretagnolle, F., Chiron, F., Clergeau, P., Cochard, P.O., Cocquempot, C., Coeur d'Acier, A., David, M., Delipetrou, P., Didžiulis, V., Dorkeld, F., Essl, F., Galil, B., Gasquez, J., Georghiou, K., Hejda, M., Jarošík, V., Kark, S., Kobelt, M., Kokkoris, Y., Kühn, Ingolf, Lambdon, P., Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Desprez-Loustau, M.-L., Marcer, A., Migeon, A., Minchin, D., Navajas, M., Panov, V.E., Pascal, M., Pergl, J., Perglová, I., Pino, J., Poboljšaj, K., Rabitsch, W., Rasplus, J.-Y., Sauvard, D., Scalera, R., Sedlácek, O., Shirley, S., Trocchi, V., Winter, Marten, Yart, A., Yiannitsaros, A., Zagatti, P., and Zikos, A.
- Abstract
Recent comprehensive data provided through the DAISIE project () have facilitated the development of the first pan-European assessment of the impacts of alien plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates - in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments - on ecosystem services. There are 1094 species with documented ecological impacts and 1347 with economic impacts. The two taxonomic groups with the most species causing impacts are terrestrial invertebrates and terrestrial plants. The North Sea is the maritime region that suffers the most impacts. Across taxa and regions, ecological and economic impacts are highly correlated. Terrestrial invertebrates create greater economic impacts than ecological impacts, while the reverse is true for terrestrial plants. Alien species from all taxonomic groups affect "supporting", "provisioning", "regulating", and "cultural" services and interfere with human well-being. Terrestrial vertebrates are responsible for the greatest range of impacts, and these are widely distributed across Europe. Here, we present a review of the financial costs, as the first step toward calculating an estimate of the economic consequences of alien species in Europe.
- Published
- 2010
40. The role of non-native plants and vertebrates in defining patterns of compositional dissimilarity within and across continents
- Author
-
Winter, Marten, Kühn, Ingolf, La Sorte, F.A., Schweiger, Oliver, Nentwig, W., Klotz, Stefan, Winter, Marten, Kühn, Ingolf, La Sorte, F.A., Schweiger, Oliver, Nentwig, W., and Klotz, Stefan
- Abstract
Aim Human activities have led to the spread and establishment of increasing numbers of non-native species. Here we assess whether non-native plant and vertebrate species have affected species compositions within and across Europe and North America. We also assess the effects of intra-continental species exchange using the example of vertebrates. Location European countries and North America (states in the contiguous United States and provinces of Canada). Methods We measured compositional dissimilarity of native and non-native assemblages of vascular plants and vertebrates and related these patterns to climatic dissimilarity and geographical distance. We considered three categories of non-native species (introduced after ad 1500), namely: those (1) originating outside of both continents, (2) native to one continent and non-native to the other, and (3) native in a particular region of a continent but non-native in another region. Results The presence of non-native plants and vertebrates led to more homogeneous species compositions between continents and to less homogeneous species composition within Europe compared with the native assemblages. In North America, the presence of non-native plants led to more homogeneous species compositions and the presence of non-native vertebrates had no effect. Species compositions being more homogeneous than the native composition were found for the three categories of non-native vertebrate species for both continents. Between continents, climate was a better predictor of compositional dissimilarity for non-native plants, whereas for vertebrates the explanatory power of climate and geographical distance were comparable. By contrast, within continents, climate was a better predictor of compositional dissimilarity of both plants and vertebrates. Conclusions We found clear evidence for biotic homogenization as a consequence of species displacement. However, in relation to overall species richness this effect was rather small, ind
- Published
- 2010
41. Disentangling the role of environmental and human pressures on biological invasions across Europe
- Author
-
Pyšek, P., Jarošík, V., Hulme, P.E., Kühn, Ingolf, Wild, Jan, Arianoutsou, M., Bacher, S., Chiron, F., Didžiulis, V., Genovesi, P., Gherardi, F., Hejda, M., Kark, S., Lambdon, P.W., Desprez-Loustau, M.-L., Nentwig, W., Pergl, J., Poboljšaj, K., Rabitsch, W., Roques, A., Roy, D.B., Shirley, S., Solarz, W., Vilà, M., Winter, Marten, Pyšek, P., Jarošík, V., Hulme, P.E., Kühn, Ingolf, Wild, Jan, Arianoutsou, M., Bacher, S., Chiron, F., Didžiulis, V., Genovesi, P., Gherardi, F., Hejda, M., Kark, S., Lambdon, P.W., Desprez-Loustau, M.-L., Nentwig, W., Pergl, J., Poboljšaj, K., Rabitsch, W., Roques, A., Roy, D.B., Shirley, S., Solarz, W., Vilà, M., and Winter, Marten
- Abstract
The accelerating rates of international trade, travel, and transport in the latter half of the twentieth century have led to the progressive mixing of biota from across the world and the number of species introduced to new regions continues to increase. The importance of biogeographic, climatic, economic, and demographic factors as drivers of this trend is increasingly being realized but as yet there is no consensus regarding their relative importance. Whereas little may be done to mitigate the effects of geography and climate on invasions, a wider range of options may exist to moderate the impacts of economic and demographic drivers. Here we use the most recent data available from Europe to partition between macroecological, economic, and demographic variables the variation in alien species richness of bryophytes, fungi, vascular plants, terrestrial insects, aquatic invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Only national wealth and human population density were statistically significant predictors in the majority of models when analyzed jointly with climate, geography, and land cover. The economic and demographic variables reflect the intensity of human activities and integrate the effect of factors that directly determine the outcome of invasion such as propagule pressure, pathways of introduction, eutrophication, and the intensity of anthropogenic disturbance. The strong influence of economic and demographic variables on the levels of invasion by alien species demonstrates that future solutions to the problem of biological invasions at a national scale lie in mitigating the negative environmental consequences of human activities that generate wealth and by promoting more sustainable population growth.
- Published
- 2010
42. Alien species in a warmer world - risks and opportunities
- Author
-
Walther, G.-R., Roques, A., Hulme, P.E., Sykes, M.T., Pyšek, P., Kühn, Ingolf, Zobel, M., Bacher, S., Botta-Dukát, Z., Bugmann, H., Czúcz, B., Dauber, J., Hickler, T., Jarošík, V., Kenis, M., Klotz, Stefan, Minchin, D., Moora, M., Nentwig, W., Ott, J., Panov, V.E., Reineking, B., Robinet, C., Semenchenko, V., Solarz, W., Thuiller, W., Vilà, M., Vohland, K., Settele, Josef, Walther, G.-R., Roques, A., Hulme, P.E., Sykes, M.T., Pyšek, P., Kühn, Ingolf, Zobel, M., Bacher, S., Botta-Dukát, Z., Bugmann, H., Czúcz, B., Dauber, J., Hickler, T., Jarošík, V., Kenis, M., Klotz, Stefan, Minchin, D., Moora, M., Nentwig, W., Ott, J., Panov, V.E., Reineking, B., Robinet, C., Semenchenko, V., Solarz, W., Thuiller, W., Vilà, M., Vohland, K., and Settele, Josef
- Abstract
Climate change and biological invasions are key processes affecting global biodiversity, yet their effects have usually been considered separately. Here, we emphasise that global warming has enabled alien species to expand into regions in which they previously could not survive and reproduce. Based on a review of climate-mediated biological invasions of plants, invertebrates, fishes and birds, we discuss the ways in which climate change influences biological invasions. We emphasise the role of alien species in a more dynamic context of shifting species' ranges and changing communities. Under these circumstances, management practices regarding the occurrence of 'new' species could range from complete eradication to tolerance and even consideration of the 'new' species as an enrichment of local biodiversity and key elements to maintain ecosystem services.
- Published
- 2009
43. Procyon lotor (Linnaeus), raccoon (Procyonidae, Mammalia)
- Author
-
Hulme, P.E., Nentwig, W., Pyšek, P., Vilà, M., Winter, Marten, Hulme, P.E., Nentwig, W., Pyšek, P., Vilà, M., and Winter, Marten
- Published
- 2009
44. Plant extinctions and introductions lead to phylogenetic and taxonomic homogenization of the European flora
- Author
-
Winter, Marten, Schweiger, Oliver, Klotz, Stefan, Nentwig, W., Andriopoulos, P., Arianoutsou, M., Basnou, C., Delipetrou, P., Didžiulis, V., Hejda, M., Hulme, P.E., Lambdon, P.W., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Roy, D.B., Kühn, Ingolf, Winter, Marten, Schweiger, Oliver, Klotz, Stefan, Nentwig, W., Andriopoulos, P., Arianoutsou, M., Basnou, C., Delipetrou, P., Didžiulis, V., Hejda, M., Hulme, P.E., Lambdon, P.W., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Roy, D.B., and Kühn, Ingolf
- Abstract
Human activities have altered the composition of biotas through two fundamental processes: native extinctions and alien introductions. Both processes affect the taxonomic (i.e., species identity) and phylogenetic (i.e., species evolutionary history) structure of species assemblages. However, it is not known what the relative magnitude of these effects is at large spatial scales. Here we analyze the large-scale effects of plant extinctions and introductions on taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of floras across Europe, using data from 23 regions. Considering both native losses and alien additions in concert reveals that plant invasions since AD 1500 exceeded extinctions, resulting in (i) increased taxonomic diversity (i.e., species richness) but decreased phylogenetic diversity within European regions, and (ii) increased taxonomic and phylogenetic similarity among European regions. Those extinct species were phylogenetically and taxonomically unique and typical of individual regions, and extinctions usually were not continent-wide and therefore led to differentiation. By contrast, because introduced alien species tended to be closely related to native species, the floristic differentiation due to species extinction was lessened by taxonomic and phylogenetic homogenization effects. This was especially due to species that are alien to a region but native to other parts of Europe. As a result, floras of many European regions have partly lost and will continue to lose their uniqueness. The results suggest that biodiversity needs to be assessed in terms of both species taxonomic and phylogenetic identity, but the latter is rarely used as a metric of the biodiversity dynamics.
- Published
- 2009
45. Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray), raccoon dog (Canidae, Mammalia)
- Author
-
Hulme, P.E., Nentwig, W., Pyšek, P., Vilà, M., Kauhala, K., Winter, Marten, Hulme, P.E., Nentwig, W., Pyšek, P., Vilà, M., Kauhala, K., and Winter, Marten
- Published
- 2009
46. Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & Gray., wild cucumber (Cucurbitaceae, magnoliophyta)
- Author
-
Hulme, P.E., Nentwig, W., Pyšek, P., Vilà, M., Klotz, Stefan, Hulme, P.E., Nentwig, W., Pyšek, P., Vilà, M., and Klotz, Stefan
- Published
- 2009
47. Alien vascular plants of Europe
- Author
-
Hulme, P.E., Nentwig, W., Pyšek, P., Vilà, M., Lambdon, P.W., Arianoutsou, M., Kühn, Ingolf, Pino, J., Winter, Marten, Hulme, P.E., Nentwig, W., Pyšek, P., Vilà, M., Lambdon, P.W., Arianoutsou, M., Kühn, Ingolf, Pino, J., and Winter, Marten
- Abstract
no abstract
- Published
- 2009
48. Prunus serotina Ehrh., black cherry (Rosaceae, magnoliophyta)
- Author
-
Hulme, P.E., Nentwig, W., Pyšek, P., Vilà, M., Klotz, Stefan, Hulme, P.E., Nentwig, W., Pyšek, P., Vilà, M., and Klotz, Stefan
- Published
- 2009
49. Spatial aspects of trait homogenization within the German flora
- Author
-
Winter, Marten, Kühn, Ingolf, Nentwig, W., Klotz, Stefan, Winter, Marten, Kühn, Ingolf, Nentwig, W., and Klotz, Stefan
- Abstract
Aim Biotic homogenization, the replacement of local biota by non-indigenous and locally expanding species, is among the major effects of species invasions. Almost all studies related to this topic are focused on the species level, on taxonomic homogenization. Homogenization effects on trait diversity (functional homogenization) may be very important for ecosystem functioning, but they are rarely analysed, especially not at different spatial scales within a single study. This paper aims to examine how the presence of alien species (species introduced since 1500 ad) affects the distribution of ploidy levels in the German flora at different spatial scales.Location Germany.Methods We used a resampling method and the Morisita-Horn dissimilarity index to calculate dissimilarities of ploidy level within and between alien and indigenous plants at three different spatial scales in Germany: (1) the entire country as one location, (2) between grid cells, and (3) within grid cells of a lattice covering Germany.Results We found a significant differentiation effect within grid cells of c. 130 km2, with alien plants increasing the variability of ploidy levels. The differentiation effect varies according to the scale used. At the coarsest scale (entire Germany), ploidy levels of alien plants tend to be more homogeneous in composition compared with those of native plants. At the intermediate scale (between grid cells), and even more pronounced at a small scale (within grid cells), ploidy levels are more heterogeneously distributed across Germany than those of native plant species.Main conclusions Homogenization of ploidy levels at a large scale (entire Germany) and differentiation at a small scale (within grid cells) is comparable with the patterns found in taxonomic homogenization analyses. This analysis is a first step towards understanding the impacts of plant invasions on a trait level. Differentiation and homogenization of ploidy levels might mirror the distribution of related
- Published
- 2008
50. Grasping at the routes of biological invasions: a framework for integrating pathways into policy
- Author
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Hulme, P.E., Bacher, S., Kenis, M., Klotz, Stefan, Kühn, Ingolf, Minchin, D., Nentwig, W., Olenin, O., Panov, V., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Roques, A., Sol, D., Solarz, W., Vilà, M., Hulme, P.E., Bacher, S., Kenis, M., Klotz, Stefan, Kühn, Ingolf, Minchin, D., Nentwig, W., Olenin, O., Panov, V., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Roques, A., Sol, D., Solarz, W., and Vilà, M.
- Abstract
1. Pathways describe the processes that result in the introduction of alien species from one location to another. A framework is proposed to facilitate the comparative analysis of invasion pathways by a wide range of taxa in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Comparisons with a range of data helped identify existing gaps in current knowledge of pathways and highlight the limitations of existing legislation to manage introductions of alien species. The scheme aims for universality but uses the European Union as a case study for the regulatory perspectives.2. Alien species may arrive and enter a new region through three broad mechanisms: importation of a commodity, arrival of a transport vector, and/or natural spread from a neighbouring region where the species is itself alien. These three mechanisms result in six principal pathways: release, escape, contaminant, stowaway, corridor and unaided.3. Alien species transported as commodities may be introduced as a deliberate release or as an escape from captivity. Many species are not intentionally transported but arrive as a contaminant of a commodity, for example pathogens and pests. Stowaways are directly associated with human transport but arrive independently of a specific commodity, for example organisms transported in ballast water, cargo and airfreight. The corridor pathway highlights the role transport infrastructures play in the introduction of alien species. The unaided pathway describes situations where natural spread results in alien species arriving into a new region from a donor region where it is also alien.4. Vertebrate pathways tend to be characterized as deliberate releases, invertebrates as contaminants and plants as escapes. Pathogenic micro-organisms and fungi are generally introduced as contaminants of their hosts. The corridor and unaided pathways are often ignored in pathway assessments but warrant further detailed consideration.5. Synthesis and applications. Intentional releases and escapes
- Published
- 2008
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