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Urinary Incontinence (UI) is a significant reason for the decline in women's quality of life. The unexpected occurrence of UI and its high costs around the world are evident. Numerous methods are used for the management of UI; however, there is no worldwide agreement on any of these methods. Traditional medicines are a source of human medical experiences and this study is a review on the books of the most famous Persian medicine (PM) physician, Avicenna, to find about his approach to UI. Keywords such as: "female urinary incontinence", "lifestyle", and “nutrition” were selected. As a library research, Avicenna’s (980- 1037 AD) "the Canon of Medicine" (Al-Qanun Fi al-Tibb), was reviewed and coded. Some other PM famous books like "the Great Continens" (Al-Hawi fi Al-Tibb) of Rhazes (865- 925 AD) and "The Comprehensive Book on Medicine" (Al-Shamil fi Al-Sana'a Al-Tibbiya) of Ibn al-Nafis al-Qarshi (1213- 1288 AD) were used as a help to interpret the codes just in case it was required. Modern literature was searched with the same keywords at electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Magiran. Finally, the results were compared. Recent studies care on conservative and lifestyle management in the treatment of UI. In PM, principles of lifestyle management (Setteh-e-zarurieh) is one of the main characteristics of prevention and treatment with six essential principles including weather, eating and drinking, sleep and wakefulness, movement and rest, evacuation and retention, and psychological and mental reactions. In healthy people, these six axes are designed by temperament and personal characteristics. In this manuscript, we discussed five mentioned subtypes. These managements are appropriate for designing various pieces of clinical trials to survey their effects on female UI.

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Dysmenorrhea is known as painful menstruation with considerable effects on women's mental status and quality of life with some limits for treatment. The objective of this prospective case series was to evaluate effects of Saussurea Costus (Qost) oil, an Iranian Traditional Medicine (Persian Medicine) product, on the primary dysmenorrhea. In this case series, 13 patients were included to study and treated with local Qost oil for 6 weeks. The oil was rubbed (without massage) 15 drops every 12 hours to the sub-navel region until pubis. The improvement of dysmenorrhea, evaluated with VAS score based on the last periodic cycle before the study and the last cycle after the completion of the intervention, which continued 6 weeks (at least one period for each patient). Then, 4 weeks after the end of the intervention (equivalent to one period for each patient), the evaluation was performed. The mean VAS score of patients before intervention was 7.77. The score after the end of intervention up to 4 weeks after the end of intervention improved to 1.85. (76.191%). During this study, no side effects were reported in the patients, and no patient was excluded from the study. Due to easiness of use and low invasion of topical treatment, it can be suitable for dysmenorrhea controlling. Upon the beneficial effects of Qost oil on uterine diseases and pains in Persian Medicine sources, usage of that oil in double blinded clinical trial in the subject of dysmenorrhea is suggested.

Background and objectives: Urinary incontinence is a public complaint that causes discomfort, embarrassment and costs. Also, there are some limitations and insufficiencies of drug therapy and surgical complications. This study has compared the effect ofSaussurea costus (qost) oil as an Iranian traditional medicine product and other contemporary medicine treatment methods on female urinary incontinence. Methods: A parallel double blinded placebo-controlled study was conducted. Thirty to 70 years old women with urinary incontinence were allocated in placebo and intervention groups, 41 patients in each group.Intervention and placebo groups received qost oil and placebo, respectively by local application twice daily below the navel without massage. The results were evaluated with valid questionnaires (ICIQ-SF and I-QOL). For evaluation, Chi-square test, independent-sample t-test and repeated measure analysis of variance were used. Significant p value was Results: A significant decrease in mean scores of the questionnaires during the study was noted in the qost group compared to the placebo group (p

Congenital or acquired obstruction is the most common anomaly of nasolacrimal duct (NLD). NLD obstruction (NLDO) is one of the most common problems in pediatric ophthalmology. Some symptoms of NLDO are seen in 6-20% of infants. NLDO creates two problems; first is disruption in the flow of tears that is due to epiphora. Another is the infection leading to stasis of fluid in the lacrimal system. Surgery is the choice treatment of chronic congenital NLDO in the refractory infants to massage and antibiotics. Dam-e is a watery discharge of eyes that has different reasons in Persian Medicine (PM). Based on the symptoms which was seen in patients with NLDO, it could be one of the subgroups of Dam-e. Conforming to Persian Medicine, residue of materials that moves from brain to the eyes and sediments in the NLD, can be the main reason of NLDO. Our case is the thirteen-month-old infant with congenital NLDO unresponsive to antibiotics and massage and has been a candidate for surgery. In PM view, to open the lacrimal duct obstruction, we use the properties of Persian Medicine’drugs (including Honey, camphor, vinegar and sesame oil) such as fragmentation of excreta (are Moghatte in PM), anti- obstruction (Mofatteh in PM), cleansing (Monaghi in PM) and descaling (Jali in PM) effects, and the patient's symptoms were nonsurgically relieved. In the discussion of this paper, the properties of these drugs also check point of view of contemporary medicine’s viewpoints compared to Persian Medicine.

Avicenna`s Point about Bladder Gas as a Cause of Interstitial Cystitis

Bladder pain syndrome or interstitial cystitis is a disagreeable feeling of pain, pressure and discomfort in the urinary bladder, along with lower urinary tract symptoms that may last more than six weeks with no infection or any other identifiable cause. Its etiology is still unknown. A significant percentage of women with chronic pelvic pain suffer from interstitial cystitis. However, there are some ambiguities in its diagnostic and therapeutic process. In this article, we survey the viewpoints of Persian Medicine scholars about bladder disorders that can fit with interstitial cystitis. Thus, we designed a qualitative content analysis study and investigated signs, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis in conventional medicine articles. Then, diseases of the bladder and the bladder gas was surveyed in the Canon of Medicine by Avicenna (980-1037 AD) and the other literatures of Persian Medicine, in particular. Pain, lower urinary tract symptoms, beneficial reaction to dietary modifications and warming bladder up also the lack of infection and other urinary disorders are observable matches between bladder pain syndrome in contemporary medicine and bladder gas in Persian Medicine. Upon Persian Medicine scholars' viewpoints entrapped gas can cause pain by stretching of bladder tissues. In this opinion, “gas” may be one of the causes of pain and dysfunction in organs. We found reports of gas in some tissues in contemporary medicine, too. If we accept that bladder gas can be one of the manifestations or causes of interstitial cystitis, bladder gas treatment methods that are used in Persian Medicine, can be simple, low-cost preventive and therapeutic methods for its management.

Involuntary urination called urinary incontinence, is a worldwide major health problem with enormous negative consequences. Three large categories in women urinary incontinence are: stress urinary incontinence, urge urinary incontinence and mixed urinary incontinence. The diseases mechanism is seen as the muscle dysfunction of the bladder’s wall and sphincter. In Iranian Traditional Medicine literature, women urinary incontinence has two main reasons: cold and wet- temperament affecting the bladder muscle dysfunction, and relaxation of bladder sphincter. Both conditions occur due to cold-nature and humidity.We present a 53-years-old woman with chronic mixed urinary incontinence that has shown an acceptable response to simple topical heating treatments designed on the basis of Iranian Traditional Medicine to eliminate the mentioned cold and wet temperament based on relative questionnaire. After 4 weeks thermotherapy, score of disease severity improved significant. In follow of patient after 6 weeks the effect of treatment was indelible.