Search

Daily images collected with the MODIS sensor on the NASA Aqua satellite were used to describe chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations before, during, and after synoptic-scale meteorological pulses in the Yucatan Basin, Caribbean Sea. The relative influence of vertical diffusive and vertical advective transport on mixing of the near surface layer was quantified with wind data from the QuikSCAT satellite. Computation of vertical density eddy diffusivity and gradient Richardson numbers was done with data from the three-dimensional MERCATOR model. The model evidenced the importance of vertical shear (i.e., vertical diffusive processes) in generating mixing during autumn and winter (2007–2009). During moderate meteorological pulses (e.g., cold fronts, easterly tropical waves, and low-pressure systems with wind speeds of 9–15 m s–1 sustained over 2 days), mixing caused by diffusive transport (eddy viscosity of 10 × 10–3 m2 s–1) was at least one order of magnitude higher than upward advective mixing (0.3 × 10–3 m2 s–1). During the passage of hurricanes Ivan (September 2004) and Wilma (October 2005), upward advective mixing (5–7 m2 s–1) dominated mixing of the upper water column and was nearly four orders of magnitude higher than during moderate meteorological events. Background chl-a concentrations of 0.03–0.08 mg m–3 were observed during the July–October period. During synoptic weather pulses, three different patterns in the chl-a concentrations were observed: first, chl-a concentrations in the range of 0.05 to 0.12 mg m–3 followed moderate meteorological pulses; second, higher regional chl-a concentrations (0.5–2.0 mg m–3) followed the passage of hurricanes; and third, the formation of filaments showing apparent high chl-a (0.3–1.5 mg m–3) south of Cuba, possibly caused by freshwater discharge from land. The changes in chlorophyll patterns following meteorological events illustrate typical patterns of connectivity among different parts of the Yucatan Basin.

The space-time variation of phytoplankton pigments in the western Intra-Americas Sea (IAS), in the vicinity of the island of Cuba, is examined using digital images obtained with the Coastal Zone Color Scanner sensor flown aboard the Nimbus 7 satellite from 1978 to 1986. The results are compared to historical in situ hydrographic observations. A marked seasonality in pigment concentration was observed in waters around Cuba, with an average of 0.07 mg m−3 in summer (April-September) and 0.13 mg m−3 during winter (October–March). The range of variation in pigment concentration was larger in the Gulf of Mexico relative to the western Caribbean Sea. We identified four biogeographical areas on the basis of groups of pixels with similar patterns of time variability. These are area I: southwest of Cuba, Yucatan Channel, and Florida Strait; area II: central Gulf of Mexico; area III: east of Cuba; and area IV: central Caribbean Sea, south of Jamaica and Hispaniola. Two major meteorological events led to anomalies in the seasonal cycle of pigment concentrations. During El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) of 1982–1983, positive anomalies were observed in the pigment concentration in the western IAS during winter months. This was associated with intense mixing of the water column by higher-frequency and stronger winds associated with cold fronts. ENSO 1982–1983 therefore had a fertilizing effect on the IAS region. Another positive anomaly was observed in 1980–1981, a non-ENSO period that featured higher hurricane and extratropical low-pressure activity.