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The evaluation of potential health risks associated with neuronal exposure to space radiation is critical for future long duration space travel. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of low-dose proton and high-energy charged particle (HZE) radiation on electrophysiological parameters of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and its associated functional consequences. We examined excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in DG granule cells (DGCs) in dorsal hippocampal slices from male C57BL/6 mice at 3 months after whole body irradiation with accelerated proton, silicon or iron particles. Multielectrode arrays were used to investigate evoked field synaptic potentials, an extracellular measurement of synaptic excitability in the perforant path to DG synaptic pathway. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were used to measure miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) in DGCs. Exposure to proton radiation increased synaptic excitability and produced dose-dependent decreases in amplitude and charge transfer of mIPSCs, without affecting the expression of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor α2, β3 and γ2 subunits determined by Western blotting. Exposure to silicon radiation had no significant effects on synaptic excitability, mEPSCs or mIPSCs of DGCs. Exposure to iron radiation had no effect on synaptic excitability and mIPSCs, but significantly increased mEPSC frequency at 1 Gy, without changes in mEPSC kinetics, suggesting a presynaptic mechanism. Overall, the data suggest that proton and HZE exposure results in radiation dose- and species-dependent long-lasting alterations in synaptic neurotransmission, which could cause radiation-induced impairment of hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions.

Calabash (Crescentia cujete) is a plant that grows in tropical climates and is scattered and easily found in Indonesia. Calabash is also known to contain several secondary metabolite compounds that have the potential as an antioxidant. This research is purposed to identify phytochemical compounds in calabash fruit seed extract, identify compounds based on the result of LC-MS, and know the antioxidant activity of calabash fruit seeds. The samples were extracted using the maceration method, and then phytochemical screening, LC-MS tests, and antioxidant tests were continued using the DPPH method. This research showed that the ethanol extract of calabash seed positive contains saponin, flavonoids, and triterpenoid compounds. Ethyl acetate extract of calabash seed contains flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids. The n-hexane extracts positively contain tannins, alkaloids, and steroids. The values of antioxidant activity of ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts were IC50 = 29.7883, 7.219, and 848.712 ppm (µg/ml), respectively. Ethyl acetate extract as the best antioxidant activity was then tested with LC-MS, and results obtained from 26 compounds with the composition of the largest % area is convolvidine (11.277%), coumaroylquinic acid (8.290%) and taxchinin G (8,233%). They showed that calabash fruit seed extract has very strong antioxidant activity, with the best activity being the ethyl acetate extract of calabash fruit seed.

Objetivo: realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre la innovación del modelo de negocio sostenible en los emprendimientos turísticos ecuatorianos. Metodología: exploratoria, derivada de un análisis de 165 artículos sobre innovación del modelo de negocio sostenible seleccionados de Scopus y Web of Science. Resultados: se propone un marco holístico de investigación que identifica seis componentes principales de la innovación del modelo de negocio sostenible. Valor: los componentes ofrecen múltiples perspectivas de análisis en emprendimientos turísticos. Limitaciones: la investigación se limita a solo dos bases de datos y a pocas palabras clave. Conclusiones: se propone una perspectiva de innovación del modelo de negocio sostenible en emprendimientos turísticos de la región, explorando la forma en que estos rediseñan sus modelos de negocio y cómo este rediseño constante les permite analizar las nuevas formas para transformar la propuesta, la creación y la captura de valor sostenible en los productos turísticos.

El objetivo de este artículo consiste en describir las prácticas para transitar hacia un liderazgo para el aprendizaje en una escuela de la región de La Araucanía, Chile. El trabajo se suscribe a un estudio de caso que utiliza una metodología cualitativa. Participó un total de diecinueve personas, distribuidas en diecisiete docentes, un jefe de la unidad técnica pedagógica y un director. Para recoger la información, se realizaron conversaciones dialógicas entre participantes y reflexiones para profundizar desde la perspectiva de los distintos actores las comprensiones construidas antes, durante y después del cuestionamiento sistemático de las representaciones implícitas sobre liderazgo arraigadas en el pensamiento y en su práctica. Los resultados señalan la predominancia de prácticas de liderazgo pedagógico centradas en la enseñanza del profesorado. Posteriormente a la propuesta de mejoramiento coconstruida por docentes y directivos, se destaca una transición paulatina del foco y enfoque del liderazgo en el centro escolar, dejando entrever pequeños cambios en la forma de comprender el aprendizaje. A modo de conclusión, se estableció de manera colaborativa una ruta de aprendizaje profesional entre docentes y directivos, desde las representaciones implícitas que construyeron en su trayectoria docente sobre lo que significa enseñar, aprender y evaluar. Así, se posibilita el impulso de transformaciones en sus prácticas, desde un liderazgo centrado en la enseñanza hacia uno focalizado en el aprendizaje del estudiante.

Abstract Epigenetic variation in plant populations is an important factor in determining phenotype and adaptation to the environment. However, while advances have been made in the molecular and computational methods to analyze the methylation status of a given sample of DNA, tools to profile and compare the methylomes of multiple individual plants or groups of plants at high resolution and low cost are lacking. Here, we describe a computational approach and R package (sounDMR) that leverages the benefits of long read nanopore sequencing to enable robust identification of differential methylation from complex experimental designs, as well as assess the variability within treatment groups and identify individual plants of interest. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by profiling a population of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to a demethylating agent and identify genomic regions of high epigenetic variability between individuals. Given the low cost of nanopore sequencing devices and the ease of sample preparation, these results show that high resolution epigenetic profiling of plant populations can be made more broadly accessible in plant breeding and biotechnology.

A população masculina é mais propensa a doenças, principalmente crônicas e graves, com maiores taxas de mortalidade. Isso decorre de uma cultura marcada pela falta do hábito de procurar pelo atendimento médico, resultando em diagnósticos tardios e complicações irreparáveis. Assim, para superar esse quadro, foi estabelecida a Política Nacional de Atenção Integrada à Saúde do Homem (PNAISH). Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho relata uma experiência em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde, localizada em um município Pernambucano, que utilizou estratégias para aproximar a população masculina dos serviços de saúde. Ao passo que, em longo prazo, pode ter como resultado a redução da morbimortalidade masculina por causas previsíveis associadas à saúde do homem.

There are two species of plant that grow flourishing all around Indonesia including in Banten and West Java which are Merremia vitifolia and Bidens pilosa. In this study we evaluate how these plants could be potentially used as natural preserver of fish product especially Auxis thazard, to inhibit the histamine formation, and to find out how this activity correlates to the substances in polar extract of B. pilosa flowers and M. vitifolia leaves. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to identify the substances of the plant’s part extracts. There are 27 chemicals in M. vitifolia extract and 14 chemicals in B. pilosa extract that have been detected. A triglyceride has been detected, isolated, and characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR from n-hexane extract of M. vitifolia supported by LC-MS/MS data. Histamine formation in fish was determined after 30 min treatment with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid solution is around 40 – 51 mg / 100 g of fish, while treatment with M. vitifolia and Bidens pilosa extracts were less than 10 mg / 100 g of fish. This is the indication of high potential of both extract as preserver of fish products. Many of the identified substances have bioactivity like antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and more, which influence the extracts’ ability to inhibit the formation of histamine in fish.

An in silico study was conducted to inhibit the active compound in Kirinyuh leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.) against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes using a molecular docking approach. The docking was carried out on 19 active compounds that had been identified in Kirinyuh leaves and were optimized using the PM3 method. The best results in inhibit on of the α-amylase enzyme were shown by compounds from the flavanone group, namely genkwanin and sakuranetin with binding affinities of -8.3 kcal/mol and -8.1 kcal/mol, respectively, while the best results in inhibiting on of the α-glucosidase enzyme were shown by two compounds from the hydroxybenzoic acid group, namely p-coumaric acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid with bond affinities of -5.7 kcal.mol and -5.5 kcal.mol, respectively. The interaction between α-amylase with genkwanin and sakuranetin produces one conventional hydrogen bond GLU 233 and GLN 63 respectively. The interaction between α-glucosidase with p-coumaric acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid produces three conventional hydrogen bonds, HIS 112; GLN 182; ASP 352 and GU 277; GLN 279; ASP 352.

Abstract Background Cellular events during meiosis can differ between inbred lines in maize. Substantial differences in the average numbers of chiasmata and double-strand breaks (DSBs) per meiotic cell have been documented among diverse inbred lines of maize: CML228, a tropical maize inbred line, B73 and Mo17, temperate maize lines. To determine if gene expression might explain these observed differences, an RNA-Seq experiment was performed on CML228 male meiocytes which was compared to B73 and Mo17 male meiocytes, where plants were grown in the same controlled environment. Results We found that a few DSB-repair/meiotic genes which promote class I crossovers (COs) and the Zyp1 gene which limits newly formed class I COs were up-regulated, whereas Mus81 homolog 2 which promotes class II COs was down-regulated in CML228. Although we did not find enriched gene ontology (GO) categories directly related to meiosis, we found that GO categories in membrane, localization, proteolysis, energy processes were up-regulated in CML228, while chromatin remodeling, epigenetic regulation, and cell cycle related processes including meiosis related cell cycle processes were down-regulated in CML228. The degree of similarity in expression patterns between the three maize lines reflect their genetic relatedness: B73 and Mo17 had similar meiotic expressions and CML228 had a more distinct expression profile. Conclusions We found that meiotic related genes were mostly conserved among the three maize inbreds except for a few DSB-repair/meiotic genes. The findings that the molecular players in limiting class I CO formation (once CO assurance is achieved) were up-regulated and those involved in promoting class II CO formation were down-regulated in CML228 agree with the lower chiasmata number observed in CML228 previously. In addition, epigenetics such as chromatin remodeling and histone modification might play a role. Transport and energy-related processes was up-regulated and Cyclin13 was down-regulated in CML228. The direction of gene expression of these processes agree with that previously found in meiotic tissues compared with vegetative tissues. In summary, we used different natural maize inbred lines from different climatic conditions and have shown their differences in expression landscape in male meiocytes.

Abstract Background RAD51 proteins, which are conserved in all eukaryotes, repair DNA double-strand breaks. This is critical to homologous chromosome pairing and recombination enabling successful reproduction. Work in Arabidopsis suggests that RAD51 also plays a role in plant defense; the Arabidopsis rad51 mutant is more susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae. However, the defense functions of RAD51 and the proteins interacting with RAD51 have not been thoroughly investigated in maize. Uncovering ligands of RAD51 would help to understand meiotic recombination and possibly the role of RAD51 in defense. This study used phage display, a tool for discovery of protein-protein interactions, to search for proteins interacting with maize RAD51A1. Results Maize RAD51A1 was screened against a random phage library. Eleven short peptide sequences were recovered from 15 phages which bound ZmRAD51A1 in vitro; three sequences were found in multiple successfully binding phages. Nine of these phage interactions were verified in vitro through ELISA and/or dot blotting. BLAST searches did not reveal any maize proteins which contained the exact sequence of any of the selected phage peptides, although one of the selected phages had a strong alignment (E-value = 0.079) to a binding domain of maize BRCA2. Therefore, we designed 32 additional short peptides using amino acid sequences found in the predicted maize proteome. These peptides were not contained within phages. Of these synthesized peptides, 14 bound to ZmRAD51A1 in a dot blot experiment. These 14 sequences are found in known maize proteins including transcription factors putatively involved in defense. Conclusions These results reveal several peptides which bind ZmRAD51A1 and support a potential role for ZmRAD51A1 in transcriptional regulation and plant defense. This study also demonstrates the applicability of phage display to basic science questions, such as the search for binding partners of a known protein, and raises the possibility of an iterated approach to test peptide sequences that closely but imperfectly align with the selected phages.

Abstract Diabetes affects multiple systems in complex manners. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a result of diabetes‐induced microarterial vessel disease and peripheral neuropathy. The presence of arteriosclerosis‐induced macroarterial disease can further complicate DFU pathophysiology. Recent studies suggest that mesenchymal stromal cell therapies can enhance tissue regeneration. This phase I study was designed to determine the safety and explore the efficacy of local injections of autologous adipose‐derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells to treat nonhealing DFUs greater than 3 cm in diameter. Sixty‐three patients with type 2 diabetes with chronic DFU—all amputation candidates—were treated with 30 × 106 SVF cells injected in the ulcer bed and periphery and along the pedal arteries. Patients were seen at 6 and 12 months to evaluate ulcer closure. Doppler ultrasounds were performed in a subset of subjects to determine vascular structural parameters. No intervention‐related serious adverse events were reported. At 6 months, 51 subjects had 100% DFU closure, and 8 subjects had ≥75% closure. Three subjects had early amputations, and one subject died. At 12 months, 50 subjects had 100% DFU healing and 4 subjects had ≥85% healing. Five subjects died between the 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up visits. No deaths were intervention related. Doppler studies in 11 subjects revealed increases in peak systolic velocity and pulsatility index in 33 of 33 arteries, consistent with enhanced distal arterial runoff. These results indicate that SVF can be safely used to treat chronic DFU, with evidence of efficacy (wound healing) and mechanisms of action that include vascular repair and/or angiogenesis.

Sagu tumbuh dan berkembang sangat banyak di daerah Maluku. Sagu memiliki potensi yang paling besar untuk digunakan sebagai pengganti beras. Keuntungan sagu dibandingkan dengan sumber karbohidrat lainnya adalah tanaman sagu atau hutan sagu sudah siap dipanen bila diinginkan dan memiliki nilai kandungan gizi dan ekonomis yang tinggi namun belum dikelola secara baik sesuai permintaan pasar. Oleh karena itu, melalui Program Produk Teknologi yang Diseminasikan ke Masyarakat diharapkan ada tranformasi learning yang diberikan untuk mengembangkan masyarakat khususnya di Desa Porto, Kecamatan Saparua, Kabupaten Maluku Tengah yang mempunyai usaha yang belum sesuai standar pasar. Metode pelaksanaan dilakukan melalui sosialisasi atau penyuluhan kepada mitra, memberikan keterampilan teknis pembuatan peralatan pengolahan sagu, dan pelatihan partisipatif. Sosialisasi dilakukan secara berkelompok dan penggalian solusi masalah dengan teknik Focus Group Discussion. Hasil yang didapat berupa penerapan teknologi tepat guna oleh mitra diantaranya pembuatan alat pemarut batang sagu termodifikasi yang mampu menghasilkan empulur sagu yang lebih halus, alat ekstraksi pati sagu termodifikasi yang dapat memaksimalkan proses ekstraksi sehingga sagu mentah yang dihasilkan lebih banyak, dan alat pemanggang pati sagu untuk pembuatan “Sagu Merah-Putih”. Masyarakat berharap kegiatan ini tidak berhenti sampai disini, tetapi ada bantuan untuk memfasilitasi pengadaan peralatan atau teknologi ini ke depan. Kata kunci: Desa Porto, Sagu, Teknologi, Produk Merah-Putih ABSTRACT Sago grows and develops well in Maluku region. Sago has the greatest potential as a rice substituted. Sago has more benefit if compared to other carbohydrate sources because it ready to harvested if we want, has high nutritional and economic value, but has not been properly managed according to the market demand. Therefore, through The Technology Product Program that is Disseminated to the Community, hopely that there will be a learning transformation provided to develop the community, especially in Porto Village, Saparua District, Central Moluccas Regency. Socialization was carried out in groups and the exploration of problem solving using the Focus Groups Discussion technique. The results obtained were application of appropriate technology by partners including production of the modified sago stem gratertoolthat capable to produced finer sago pith, a modified sago starch extraction tool that maximizes the extraction process so that more raw sago is produced, and a sago starch roaster tool for production of "SaguMerah-Putih" product. The community hopes that activity doesn’t stop here, but there is acollaborated to facilitated the procurement of this equipments or technologies in the future. Keywords: Porto Village, Sago, Technology, Merah-Putih Products

ABSTRACT Objective: To elucidate the current scenario of endourology in Brazil for the treatment of urinary lithiasis, with an emphasis on regional differences and the reasons why certain techniques are still underutilized. Materials and Methods: An electronic questionnaire was sent by email to the 4,745 members of the Brazilian Urological Society (BSU) in 2016 to collect information on the 3 main endourological procedures used in the treatment of nephrolithiasis: Semi-rigid ureteroscopy (URS), Flexible ureteroscopy (F-URS) and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL). Results: A total of 1,267 urologists answered the questionnaire. It was observed that the vast majority perform URS (95.6%), while 80.2% perform F-URS and only 72.1% perform PCNL. Regarding the surgical volume, most perform up to 10 procedures per month (73.4% to 88.2%) and the main impediment was the lack of patients with the pathology (42.1% to 67.7%). The lack of equipment or hospital infrastructure was one of the main limiting factors for rigid (23%) and flexible (38.1%) URS, mainly in the North and Northeast regions of the country. Regarding PCNL, most of them reported lack of practical experience in the method (29.9%). Finally, most urologists expressed interest in taking courses in endourology. Conclusion: Ureteroscopy, rigid or flexible, is already well established in the country, requiring the direction of more resources for its practice, especially in less developed regions. Regarding PCNL a significant part of Brazilian urologists still lack practical experience in this procedure, emphasizing the need for greater investment in teaching this technique.

Desde la puesta en marcha del Proceso de Kimberley, en el 2003, el comercio de diamantes entró en una nueva fase de supervisión a nivel internacional. La razón que motivó tal iniciativa fue la recurrente inestabilidad política que marcó a países como Sierra Leona y Angola, donde grupos armados utilizaban la explotación de este mineral como vía de financiamiento para socavar la estabilidad sociopolítica tras la búsqueda de acceder al poder por la vía de la fuerza. Con la entrada en vigor, el Proceso ha incorporado progresivamente a los diversos actores vinculados a la explotación de esta gema en sus intentos de intervenir y controlar la cadena de comercialización convirtiéndolo en un instrumento promotor de la paz a nivel global.

Handling plastic waste through recycling allows extending the life of polymeric materials, avoiding recurrence to incineration or landfilling. In contrast with traditional mechanical recycling technologies, chemical recycling enables the obtention of the virgin monomers by means of depolymerisation to create new polymers with the same mechanical and thermal properties as the originals. Research presented in this paper is part of the polynSPIRE project (Horizon 2020 European funding programme) and develops and scales-up a heated reactor to carry out the depolymerisation of polyamide-6 (PA6), polyamide-6,6 (PA66) and polyurethane (PU) using microwave (MW) technology as the heating source. The purpose is to design and optimize a MW reactor using up to eight ports emitting electromagnetic waves. Finite element method (FEM) simulation and optimisation are used to design the reactor, considering as parameters the data obtained from experimental dielectric testing and lab-scale characterisation of the processes and materials studied. Two different COMSOL Multiphysics modules are involved in this work: Radio Frequency (RF) and Chemical Reaction Engineering (RE), to simulate the reactor cavity using two frequency levels (915 MHz and 2.45 GHz) with a power level of 46 kW, and the chemical depolymerisation process, respectively. A sensitivity study has been performed on key parameters such as the frequency, the number of ports, and position inside the reactor to consolidate the final design. It is expected that these results assist in the design and scale-up of microwave technology for the chemical recycling of plastics, and for the large-scale deployment of this sustainable recovery alternative.

Se presenta la situación productiva del cacao en la provincia de Manabí (Ecuador), así como sus posibilidades de desarrollo regido por una política de revalorización cultural sostenible. Los productores de cacao, por lo general, desarrollan sus actividades en zonas rurales y periferias urbanas, las condiciones de vida muchas veces son precarias; el 90% de sus unidades productivas, denominadas fincas, con una extensión promedio de cinco hectáreas y su mantenimiento se caracteriza por ser de responsabilidad familiar. El objetivo de la presente investigación es identificar los diferentes grupos de productores, a partir de sus motivaciones, para el cultivo y producción del cacao en la zona centro norte de Manabí, Ecuador. El trabajo se dividió en dos etapas: (1) exploratoria, mediante la utilización de datos provenientes de organismos oficiales, los mismos que fueron procesados con el software ARC GIS; (2) trabajo de campo utilizando un cuestionario con escala de Likert. La muestra está conformada por 196 productores de cacao. El diseño de investigación es flexible, de enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo; de carácter exploratorio. Existen dos grandes conjuntos de productores. El primer conjunto de productores relacionado con la simple comercialización del cacao y el segundo conjunto de productores que muestra una significante apropiación del producto como reflejo de la cultura local. Se vislumbra un contexto positivo para las iniciativas en torno al turismo agrario.

OBJECTIVES: In breast cancer (BC) patients, the frequency of germline BRCA mutations (gBRCA) may vary according to the ethnic background, age, and family history of cancer. Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) is the second most common somatic mutated gene in BC; however, the association of mutations in both genes with cancer has not been thoroughly investigated. Thus, our aims were to investigate gBRCA mutation frequency in a cohort of postmenopausal Brazilian BC patients and the association of gBRCA1/BRCA2 and PIK3CA somatic mutations. METHODS: Forty-nine postmenopausal (>55 years) and forty-one young (≤35 years) BC patients were included in this study. The postmenopausal group included patients who reported a positive family history of cancer. For these patients, gBRCA1/BRCA2 were sequenced using next-generation sequencing (NGS) or Sanger sequencing. Data for gBRCA in young patients were already available from a previous study. DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumors was obtained from 27 postmenopausal and 41 young patients for analyzing exons 9 and 20 of PIK3CA. The association between gBRCA1/BRCA2 and somatic mutations in PIK3CA was investigated. RESULTS: The overall frequency of gBRCA1/BRCA2 among the 49 postmenopausal patients was 10.2%. The frequencies of somatic mutations in PIK3CA in the postmenopausal and young patients were 37% and 17%, respectively (ns). The most common PIK3CA mutation was found to be E454A. Nonsense and frameshift mutations, which may counteract the oncogenic potential of PIK3CA were also detected. Regardless of age, 25% of BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers and non-carriers , each, had PIK3CA somatic mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Data obtained indicate that BRCA1/BRCA2 gene testing may be considered for postmenopausal patients with BC who have a family history of cancer. Although some of them are not considered pathogenic, somatic variants of PIK3CA are frequently observed in BC patients, especially in postmenopausal patients.

Introducción: la enfermedad celiaca es una afección médica que se caracteriza por sus variadas formas de presentación clínica y por su asociación a otras patologías autoinmunes. Objetivo: describir caso de paciente que se presentó a consulta por alopecía areata. Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de varón obeso de 24 años Resultados: entre los estudios de rutina se detecta serología positiva para enfermedad celiaca que se confirma con endoscopía digestiva. Conclusiones: la alopecía areata de este paciente permitió detectar otra enfermedad autoinmune.

No dia 16 de abril de 2016, um terremoto de 7,8 graus na escala Richter sacudiu a costa noroeste do Equador. O evento causou grandes perdas para o sector do turismo. O custo total da reconstrução é estimado em USD 3344 milhões, o setor da hotelaria, alimentação e lazer na província de Manabí foi destruído em 80%. Nesse contexto, o artigo tem como objetivo avaliar os impactos causados pelo terremoto e identificar estratégias de reativação do turismo que garantam um replanejamento do turismo no cantão de Bolívar. A metodologia adotada em sua primeira fase propõe um diagnóstico do turismo situacional para avaliar os impactos negativos causados pelo terremoto, avaliação de serviços, infraestrutura, superestrutura e acessibilidade a recursos naturais e culturais. Em sua segunda fase, propõe-se realizar um planejamento turístico. A ferramenta SWOT é utilizada para o estudo. Com base nos principais resultados da pesquisa, são identificadas cinco estratégias voltadas para a restauração da infraestrutura; estabelecimento de um sistema adequado de governança do turismo; concepção de programas de sensibilização no cuidado e conservação do patrimônio natural e cultural; fortalecer a promoção e marketing; administrar recursos financeiros nacionais e internacionais não reembolsáveis para reativação.

The objective of this research is to improve tourist management after the earthquake on April 16, 2016 in the Bolívar canton, by proposing a strategic plan that responds to existing problems. The methodology employed consists of four phases: (1) post-earthquake diagnosis; (2) determine the main strengths, weaknesses, threats, opportunities and strategic positioning of the territory; (3) identify strategies based on long-term sustainable tourism planning; and the (4) proposal of the strategic plan, which as a result allowed the identification of 9 programs supported by 19 projects aimed at the improvement and reactivation of tourist attractions, basic services and commercialization.

Realizar estudios sobre valoración, motivaciones y satisfacción permite entender mejor las expectativas, necesidades y objetivos del turista, elementos fundamentales para diseñar estrategias de marketing. Sin embargo, existen aún pocos trabajos de segmentación y valoración en función de las motivaciones turísticas más relevantes, especialmente en contextos como el ecuatoriano. El principal objetivo de la presente investigación es caracterizar cuáles son los perfiles de los turistas que visitan el destino turístico de Manta, en el área metropolitana de Manabí, Ecuador. La metodología aplicada fue de carácter cuantitativo, a través de una encuesta realizada a turistas y excursionistas, considerando las motivaciones, el comportamiento de viaje, el producto o servicio, y la evaluación y satisfacción. Los resultados llevan a concluir que la principal aplicación práctica de esta investigación es comprender motivaciones, valoración y satisfacción de los segmentos identificados en función de contribuir a mejorar estrategias clave de actuación en el marco de la complementariedad entre patrimonio cultural y turismo de sol y playa en el destino Manta.

CASE PRESENTATION This is the case of a 23-year-old male with a past medical history of interrupted aortic arch after left subclavian artery emergency found in the 8th month of the his life. Back in 2004, the surgical correction attempted with a subclavian-aortic graft using a Dacron graft was uneventful. The procedure resulted in an improvement of the arterial blood pressure. The anomalies associated with the initial diagnosis were the anomalous origin of the patient’s right subclavian artery with an emergency following the interruption and a bicuspid aortic valve without stenosis or regurgitation. Additionally, in 2015, and due to a significant scoliosis of the spine, the patient underwent surgery with placement of screws and rods. Back in January 2018, the patient became sick due to a massive hemoptysis that required the use of hemoderivatives. From the start the patient had a total of 17 episodes, the last one of approximately 1 liter with a reduction of hemoglobin levels down to 7 g/dL. The patient was admitted to our center in October 2019 with a coronary computed tomography angiography performed back in April 2019 (figure 1) and in a period of 5 days. The clinical and CT scan assessment revealed the presence of a...

PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO Se presenta el caso de un varón de 23 años con antecedentes de interrupción de aorta torácica descendente posterior a emergencia de arteria subclavia izquierda detectada a los 8 meses de vida. Para su corrección quirúrgica, en el año 2004, se realizó una derivación subclavio-aórtica con prótesis de dacrón sin complicaciones y con mejoría de las cifras de presión arterial. Como anomalías asociadas al diagnóstico de base, el paciente tenía un origen anómalo de la arteria subclavia derecha con emergencia tras la interrupción y una aorta bivalva sin estenosis ni insuficiencia. Adicionalmente, en el año 2015, debido a escoliosis importante de columna dorsal, al paciente se le realizó cirugía con colocación de barras y tornillos. El paciente enfermó en enero de 2018 por hemoptisis de abundante cantidad que precisó el uso de hemoderivados. Desde su inicio presentó en total 17 episodios, el último de aproximadamente 1 litro, con descenso de la hemoglobina hasta 7 g/dl. El paciente acudió a nuestro centro en octubre de 2019, con angiotomografía realizada en abril de 2019 (figura 1) y en un periodo de 5 días. Tras la evaluación clínica y tomográfica se plantea la presencia de un seudoaneurisma en la anastomosis de la arteria...

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo, comprender el proceso de articulación entre “lo social” y “lo político” del movimiento de pobladores/as, a través del caso campamento Las Hortensias de Talagante a fines del gobierno de Frei y durante el período de la Unidad Popular [1969-1973]. Se visualiza un doble proceso de articulación sociopolítico, siendo el primero de “fracaso institucional” y el segundo de “consolidación orgánica”. Producto de la inexistencia de estudios previos al campamento, se analiza prensa local, acta ministerial, actas de reuniones del comité, registro fotográfico y fuentes orales en entrevistas realizadas por el autor a los/as pobladores/as.

Studies on parasites infecting non-human primates are essential to better understand the potential threat to humans of zoonoses transmission, particularly under the current processes of pervasive land use change and biodiversity loss. The natural ecosystems in the Middle Magdalena river basin in Colombia have suffered a dramatic reduction and transformation into pastures and agroindustrial monocultures, threatening their biodiversity, and probably affecting the dynamics between parasites and their hosts, as well as altering the disease transmission cycles between wild populations and humans. This study evaluated seasonality, prevalence and richness of intestinal parasites in three species of neotropical primates: Cebus versicolor, Ateles hybridus and Alouatta seniculus, in a fragmented forest in the Middle Magdalena river valley, Colombia. One hundred and eighty five faecal samples were collected between 2010 and 2015. Direct faecal smears were performed with saline solution (0.85%) and iodine solution (1%), in order to identify larvae and eggs based on their morphology. A large proportion of the samples examined (72.9%) was positive for intestinal parasites; seven families of nematodes were identified: Trichuridae, Trichostrongylidae, Oxyuridae, Strongyloididae, Ancylostomatidae, Ascarididae and Gnathostomatidae, two of protozoans: Entamoebidae and Balantiididae, as well as some eggs of trematodes, cestodes and acanthocephalans. Additionally, DNA extraction and sequencing were conducted on 30 faecal samples in order to identify Giardia sp. and Blastocystis hominis, two parasite species also present in humans. Molecular testing for Giardia sp. was negative and Blastocystis hominis was identified in a single sample of Alouatta seniculus. No clear patterns were observed for prevalence of intestinal parasites according to the season; nonetheless, parasite species richness was higher during the dry season. This study builds on our current understanding of intestinal parasites infecting wild neotropical primates and provides novel information on the patterns of intestinal parasites in primate communities exposed to anthropogenic disturbance. Keywords: Faecal smears, Fragmented forest, Intestinal parasites, Howler monkeys, Spider monkeys, Capuchin monkeys

Interdisciplinary collaboration is viewed as a critical factor in delivering quality patient care. The purpose of this study was to describe nurse-physician perceptions of collaboration relationship on general medical-surgical units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast tumors belong to the type of desmoplastic lesion in which a stiffer tissue structure is a determinant of breast cancer progression and constitutes a risk factor for breast cancer development. It has been proposed that cancer-associated stromal cells (responsible for this fibrotic phenomenon) are able to metabolize glucose via lactate production, which supports the catabolic metabolism of cancer cells. The aim of this work was to investigate the possible functional link between these two processes. To measure the effect of matrix rigidity on metabolic determinations, we used compliant elastic polyacrylamide gels as a substrate material, to which matrix molecules were covalently linked. We evaluated metabolite transport in stromal cells using two different FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) nanosensors specific for glucose and lactate. Cell migration/invasion was evaluated using Transwell devices. We show that increased stiffness stimulates lactate production and glucose uptake by mammary fibroblasts. This response was correlated with the expression of stromal glucose transporter Glut1 and monocarboxylate transporters MCT4. Moreover, mammary stromal cells cultured on stiff matrices generated soluble factors that stimulated epithelial breast migration in a stiffness-dependent manner. Using a normal breast stromal cell line, we found that a stiffer extracellular matrix favors the acquisition mechanistical properties that promote metabolic reprograming and also constitute a stimulus for epithelial motility. This new knowledge will help us to better understand the complex relationship between fibrosis, metabolic reprogramming, and cancer malignancy.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo general presentar un plan de promoción turística basado en un sitio web, para el cantón Bolívar en Ecuador. Se realiza un análisis previo de los fundamentos y metodologías bases del tema en estudio. El instrumento metodológico utilizado cuenta con tres fases, iniciando con un levantamiento de la información turística del plan promocional. Seguido a esto, se lleva a cabo el diseño de la herramienta promocional centrado en una página web y finalmente una fase dedicada al control y seguimiento de las acciones propuestas. Los aportes del trabajo radican en el beneficio práctico del plan de promoción para la actividad turística y comercial del cantón Bolívar. La página web realizada constituye una herramienta de fácil acceso a usuarios, prestatarios y actores involucrados en la presentación de: ofertas, actividades, opiniones, eventos, experiencias e imágenes fundamentalmente, que puede replicarse en otros cantones de la provincia de Manabí. Palabras clave: turismo 2.0, promoción turística, sitio web, información turística.

El cultivo de café fue el responsable de la acumulación originaria de capital en el país, y actualmente sigue siendo una de las principales fuentes de ingresos de las familias del sector agropecuario; sin embargo, su dinámica de producción y comercialización produjo grandes brechas de desigualdad, que en la actualidad siguen deteriorando las condiciones de vida de los más desprotegidos: los asalariados y los pequeños productores. La interpretación de índices e indicadores muestran que la tenencia de la tierra y las relaciones comerciales entre los distintos actores juegan un papel preponderante para la distribución de la riqueza generada. Los beneficios-exportadores procesan y exportan más del 90% del café, por lo que determinan el precio de compra a más del 80% de los pequeños productores. Así también, queda demostrado que el beneficio-exportador explota y sobreexplota a asalariados con tasas promedio de 362% y 11% respectivamente, mientras que expolia a pequeños productores en una tasa promedio de 88%. Sería ingenuo pensar que se puede desbaratar de tajo toda una estructura económica de más de cien años; sin embargo, es urgente dirigir acciones que permitan cerrar paulatinamente las amplias brechas de desigualdad. La investigación apunta al desarrollo de políticas que empiecen a apostar por las estrategias de desarrollo territorial protagonizadas por las comunidades organizadas, asocios de productores y movimientos cooperativistas.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No.137, 2013: 417-460

The stress state of the steel was determined from an experimental design where penetration depth, roller diameter, contact angle and the stresses of contact with deformation forces of 500, 1 500 and 2 500 N were considered as main variables. It is settle down that, as the roller moves through the surface of the material, compression stresses arise which deform the crystal lattice, introducing internal stresses that cause hardening by acrimony.

El N-Glicolil GM3 es un monosialilgangliósido utilizado como antígeno y adyuvante en preparaciones vacunales para uso terapéutico contra cáncer de mama, pulmón y melanoma. La obtención de este gangliósido a partir de eritrocitos equinos consta de dos etapas: extracción y purificación, en las que se trabaja para incrementar los volúmenes de procesamiento. La evaluación del incremento en la capacidad de procesamiento, su influencia en el rendimiento y la evaluación del comportamiento del proceso de purificación utilizando Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución Preparativa constituyeron objetivos del presente trabajo. Se compararon los resultados obtenidos entre el procedimiento aprobado y la propuesta de cambio. Se controló el proceso evaluando las características organolépticas y el peso del extracto liofilizado, así como la detección y contenido de N-Glicolil GM3 por Cromatografía de Placa Delgada cualitativa y análisis colorimétrico de ácido siálico; se utilizó el Software STATGRAPHICS para evaluar la variabilidad del proceso. El incremento del volumen de procesamiento respecto al procedimiento establecido mantuvo el rendimiento en la etapa de extracción y aumentó ligeramente el de la purificación, reduciéndose el tiempo de procesamiento con la utilización de la Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución Preparativa. El aumento de la capacidad de procesamiento mantuvo el rendimiento global del proceso en 0,006 g de N-Glicolil GM3/g de Eritrocitos y el producto obtenido mediante el procedimiento propuesto cumplió las especificaciones de calidad establecidas para el mismo; permitiendo un aumento en la productividad de 30%, menor consumo de energía y desgaste de los recursos humanos, siendo factible implementar el cambio.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo general determinar estrategias que contribuyan al desarrollo turístico del cantón Bolívar, provincia de Manabí, Ecuador afectado por el terremoto del pasado 16 de abril. Se analizó comparativamente varias metodologías de diferentes autores, que tributan a la identificación de estrategias. Las diferentes técnicas y herramientas utilizadas (observación, encuesta, entrevista, FODA), permitieron identificar las estrategias a implementar para promover el desarrollo turístico. La metodología propuesta se conforma por tres fases: el diagnostico turístico situacional del territorio; análisis de la gestión turística y su planificación estratégica que posibilitaron la identificación de siete estrategias centradas en el fortalecimiento de la actividad turística sostenible de cantón, establecimiento de un sistema adecuado de gobernanza turística, desarrollo de productos y servicios locales, fortalecer la promoción, comercialización, capacitación y establecimiento de mecanismos financieros, que permitan la ejecución de los ocho programas definidos. Palabras clave: Desarrollo turístico, estrategias de intervención.

Telomerase, a unique reverse transcriptase that specifically extends the ends of linear chromosomes, is up-regulated in the vast majority of cancer cells. Here, we show that an indole nucleotide analog, 5-methylcarboxyl-indolyl-2'-deoxyriboside 5'-triphosphate (5-MeCITP), functions as an inhibitor of telomerase activity. The crystal structure of 5-MeCITP bound to the Tribolium castaneum telomerase reverse transcriptase reveals an atypical interaction, in which the nucleobase is flipped in the active site. In this orientation, the methoxy group of 5-MeCITP extends out of the canonical active site to interact with a telomerase-specific hydrophobic pocket formed by motifs 1 and 2 in the fingers domain and T-motif in the RNA-binding domain of the telomerase reverse transcriptase. In vitro data show that 5-MeCITP inhibits telomerase with a similar potency as the clinically administered nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor azidothymidine (AZT). In addition, cell-based studies show that treatment with the cell-permeable nucleoside counterpart of 5-MeCITP leads to telomere shortening in telomerase-positive cancer cells, while resulting in significantly lower cytotoxic effects in telomerase-negative cell lines when compared with AZT treatment.

In silico studies on interactions between the human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA) enzyme with α, β, and γ-mangostin ligands has been carried out using the molecular docking method. Ligands α, β, and γ-mangostin interact through the formation of hydrogen and van der waals bonds with residues on the enzyme active side. The α-mangostin ligands form seven hydrogen and six van der waals bonds with residues involved were Trp59, Gln63, Trp96, Thr163, Thr164, Ala198, His201, Glu233, and Asp300; β-mangostin forms five hydrogen and eight van der waals bonds with residues involved were Gln63, Trp96, Thr163, Thr164, Arg195, Asp197, His201, Glu233, Asp300, and His305; while γ-mangostin forms nine hydrogen and five van der waals bonds with residues involved were Trp59, Gln63, Trp96, Thr163, Asp197, Ala198, His201, Glu233, and Asp300. The binding afinity of α, β, and γ-mangostin to the HPA obtained were -7.0; -6.6; and -7.4 kcal/mol with RMSD value were 1,850; 1,956; and 1,811 Å, respectively. The number of hydrogen bonds that can be formed was responsible to the binding affinity. Ligand γ-mangostin has potential activity as an inhibitor of HPA enzyme due to the stable complexes formation with lower binding affinity (validated with RMSD value) when compared to α and β-mangostin.

BackgroundThe diagnosis of sickle cell disease (SCD) is made by hemoglobin assays such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), isoelectric focusing and cellulose acetate or citrate agar electrophoresis. These assays are easy to perform and used in large-scale newborn screening in many countries. These tests however may not easily differentiate Sβ0 thalassemia from SS or identify other hemoglobin variants, and in this case, hemoglobin (HBB) gene sequencing may be necessary.ObjectivesTo develop a high throughput DNA based confirmatory assay for SCD and to detect mutations in the HBB gene.MethodsWe developed an automated pyrosequencing technique (PyS) based on QIAGEN technology (Hilden, Germany) to detect homozygous or heterozygous hemoglobin S mutations as well as hemoglobin C mutations. The technique was tested on 2,748 samples from patients enrolled in a multi-center SCD cohort in Brazil. Patients were previously tested using HPLC to diagnose SCD as part of routine clinical care. Any subjects with discrepant results between HPLC and PyS or with heterozygous hemoglobin S detected had Sanger sequencing of the HBB gene.ResultsWe identified 168 samples with discrepant results between HPLC and PyS and 100 with concordant PyS = heterozygous S and HPLC, which would suggest SB-thalassemia or other heterozygous S variants. The PyS assay correctly identified 1906 (98.7%) of the 1930 HbSS and 628 (98.7%) of the 636 HbSC samples. Of the 179 remaining samples, PyS correctly indicated S heterozygosis in 165 (92.2%). Of the 165 heterozygous S samples confirmed by Sanger as consistent with Sβ thalassemia genotype, 84 samples were classified as Sβ0 thalassemia and 81 as Sβ+ thalassemia. The most frequent beta thalassemia mutations of Sβ0 and Sβ+ were HBB: c.118C>T (Gln40Stop) and HBB c.92 + 6T> C, respectively.DiscussionThe PyS proved to be satisfactory for large-scale confirmatory testing of hemoglobin mutation. Moreover, with this study we were able to describe the most common β+ and β0 mutations in SCD patients with Sβ-thalassemia in a large multi-institutional SCD cohort in Brazil.

El presente estudio identifica las relaciones existentes entre el producto interno bruto PIB y algunos indicadores financieros de la banca privada ecuatoriana. Para el efecto, se aplica el análisis factorial de componentes principales ACP y el modelo de regresión lineal. Los resultados indican que en el modelo de regresión lineal múltiple el PIB tiene una relación positiva con la cartera de crédito y negativa con el número de bancos privados. Mientras que la investigación expone empíricamente la existencia de una relación entre las variables macroeconómicas e indicadores financieros de la banca privada durante el período 2000-2016. Se plantea como una nueva línea de investigación el análisis de la relación entre tasas de interés e indicadores financieros del sector financiero ecuatoriano.

Advanced high-strength steels (AHSS), are commonly used in the manufacture of car bodies, as well as in front and rear rails, and safety posts. These components can be exposed to corrosive environments for instance, in countries where de-icing salts are used. In this work, the corrosion behavior of four AHSS steels with dual-phase [ferrite-martensite (DP) and ferrite-bainite (FB)] steels were studied by means of electrochemical noise (EN) measurements according to the ASTM G199-09 standard in NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2 aqueous solutions at room temperature. The direct current (DC) trend data from EN were removed by a polynomial method of statistical and spectral analysis. According to the noise resistance (Rn) values obtained for the DP and FB dual-phase steels, both the martensite/bainite content and morphology of the phase constituents have an important effect on the corrosion behavior of these steels. The L.I. (localization index) (0.00054 to 0.15431), skewness (−6.18 to 7.35) and kurtosis (high values 37.15, 74.84 and 106.52) were calculated. In general, the results indicated that the main corrosion process is related to uniform corrosion. Corrosion behavior of AHSS steels exposed in NaCl solution could be related to the morphology of the phase constituents exposed in NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2 solutions.

The TEL2, TTI1, and TTI2 proteins are co-chaperones for heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) to regulate the protein folding and maturation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs). Referred to as the TTT complex, the genes that encode them are highly conserved from man to maize. TTT complex and PIKK genes exist mostly as single copy genes in organisms where they have been characterized. Members of this interacting protein network in maize were identified and synteny analyses were performed to study their evolution. Similar to other species, there is only one copy of each of these genes in maize which was due to a loss of the duplicated copy created by ancient allotetraploidy. Moreover, the retained copies of the TTT complex and the PIKK genes tolerated extensive retrotransposon insertion in their introns that resulted in increased gene lengths and gene body methylation, without apparent effect in normal gene expression and function. The results raise an interesting question on whether the reversion to single copy was due to selection against deleterious unbalanced gene duplications between members of the complex as predicted by the gene balance hypothesis, or due to neutral loss of extra copies. Uneven alteration of dosage either by adding extra copies or modulating gene expression of complex members is being proposed as a means to investigate whether the data supports the gene balance hypothesis or not.

Esse estudo apresenta uma análise do comportamento da carga sedimentar fundo, assim como oscilações na forma dos perfis transversais dos principais canais que compõe o trecho inferior da bacia do alto rio Branco. A metodologia envolveu o levantamento da morfologia do canal por batimetria, a amostragem e classificação de materiais de fundo. Os resultados evidenciaram oscilações na morfologia dos perfis transversais com destaque o perfil da Fazenda Paraíso, no rio Tacutu, com erosão de 263,88 m2 e no perfil Ilha São Lourenço, no rio Branco, que apresentaram deposição de 359,07 m2 . O levantamento dos materiais de fundo indicou a predominância de sedimentos tamanho areia grossa no baixo curso dos rios Tacutu e Uraricoera. No canal do alto rio Branco apresentou materiais formados principalmente por areia média, seguido por areia grossa. Quanto ao grau de seleção de sedimentos, o monitoramento apontou para uma ordenação dos materiais de fundo de acordo com a posição em relação ao talvegue

El tártago por sus características agroecológicas se adapta a la agricultura familiar. Para evaluar la factibilidad de la asociación de tártago con cultivos anuales se instaló un experimento con diseño en bloques completos al azar, con siete tratamientos y tres repeticiones, en el Distrito de Escobar, Departamento de Paraguarí, entre agosto de 2007 y julio de 2009. Los tratamientos fueron T1: monocultivo de maíz; T2: monocultivo de poroto; T3: monocultivo de algodón; T4: monocultivo de tártago; T5: tártago asociado a maíz; T6: tártago asociado a poroto; T7: tártago asociado a algodón. Fueron analizadas altura del cacho primario, altura de plantas de tártago en el primer año y rendimiento en granos de tártago, maíz, poroto y algodón en rama, en monocultivo y asociados y la eficiencia de las asociaciones mediante el Índice Equivalente de la Tierra (IET) en los dos años. La mayor altura de inserción del cacho primario y altura final de plantas se obtuvieron en la asociación del tártago con maíz (149,0 cm), y de tártago con algodón (215,0 cm), respectivamente, evaluadas en el primer año de experimentación. El rendimiento de tártago en el mismo año en monocultivo y en asociación presentó escasa variación, entre 963 y 1059 kg ha-1. En el segundo año, se obtuvo menor producción en la asociación de tártago con maíz (898 kg ha-1) y con algodón (890 kg ha-1) que en monocultivo (1056 kg ha-1). El IET obtenido en los dos años indica que asociando el cultivo de tártago con algodón, maíz o poroto se logra un uso más eficiente del suelo.

El alcoholismo es un trastorno conductual crónico, manifestado por excesiva ingestión de alcohol, respecto a normas sociales y dietéticas de la comunidad, y que acaban interfiriendo la salud o las funciones económicas y sociales del bebedor, constituyendo hoy uno de los principales problemas de salud a escala mundial. Se realizó un estudio analítico de tipo transversal, con el objetivo de cuantificar la prevalencia del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas en personas de 15 y más años de edad, y factores asociados al mismo en el municipio de Matanzas, durante los años 2011-2012. El universo estuvo constituido por los 112 348 habitantes del municipio, en las edades entre 15 y 74 años de edad. Para la selección de la muestra se tuvo en cuenta el protocolo del proyecto Conjunto de Acciones Multifactoriales para el Control de las Enfermedades no Transmisibles, de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. En cada estrato se incluyeron 220 personas, por lo que la muestra quedó constituida por 2 640. Las variables estudiadas como posibles factores asociadas al alcoholismo fueron: edad, sexo, ocupación, tabaquismo, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, colesterol, perímetro de cintura, el hábito de no desayunar y el estado nutricional inadecuado. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el enfoque de riesgo en análisis bivariado, con cálculo del Odds Ratio (OR) y sus intervalos de confianza a un 95 %, y también el valor de p, considerando una asociación estadística significativa cuando el mismo fuera p

The research about analysis of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) metal content on sediment inner part of Ambon Bay has been done. Sampling point located at Dermaga Ferry Poka, PLTD Poka, Kate-kate, Waiheru, Lateri III, Passo dan PLTD Galala. The results of analyzed of sediment particle size inside the Ambon Bay showed 3 components were sand, gravel, and sludge, but the sediments was dominated by sludge sand. Analysis of Cd content showed that at 7 stations in Ambon Bay detected Cd metal with the highest concentration at 4th station of Waiheru village was 0,6640 mg/Kg and the lowest concentration at 3th station of Kate-kate village was 0,0980 mg/Kg. Meanwhile, the highest Pb content was 20,075 mg/kg at 4th station and the lowest was 5,755 mg/kg at 2nd station of PLN Poka. The content of elements composition of sediment are SiO2, K2O, P2O5, Fe2, BaO, NiO and Ga2O3 but Cd and Pb metal was not detected.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo desentrañar el cambio en el liderazgo mundial basado en la expansión financiera y petrolera. La sucesión de ciclos de acumulación económica dirigidos por Gran Bretaña en el siglo XIX y Estados Unidos de Norte América en el Siglo XX, estas situaciones hegemónicas no suspenden los procesos de competencia, centralización del capital y del poder, responsables de la repetición periódica de grandes crisis y largos períodos de transición, reorganización de la base productiva así como de cambio en el liderazgo mundial del sistema, por el resurgimiento económico de China que ha llevado a un nuevo nivel, la discusión entre el proceso de formación de una economía de mercado, el desarrollo capitalista y la reemergencia geopolítica de Rusia la cual es considerada por Estados Unidos una amenaza dada su capacidad nuclear y energética.

La revisión bibliográfica está dirigida en la temática del efecto de la aplicación de sustancias húmicas sobre las propiedades físicas, físico-químicas y biológicas del suelo y las aguas de lixiviación. Específicamente tiene como objetivo en lo concerniente a la búsqueda de indicadores integradores que brinden una detección temprana del status del sistema suelo-agua, para evaluar posibles impactos de materiales naturales con alta carga orgánica fundamentalmente de naturaleza húmica en estos a largo plazo en su utilización en los sistemas productivos, específicamente en agroecosistemas con suelo de composición Ferralítica. Se refieren como indicadores más sensitivos en la evaluación del sistema suelo–agua de lixiviación: el contenido y caracterización de materia orgánica del suelo y la disuelta en las aguas y sus fracciones húmicas, contenido de microorganismos y su actividad biológica, la conductividad eléctrica, humedad del suelo, contenido de cationes y aniones, pH, capacidad de cambio de bases, relación de absorción de sodio, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, demanda química de oxígeno, oxígeno disuelto, los cuales pueden ser integrados en un procedimiento multidisciplinario.

El comportamiento de la balanza comercial es un elemento fundamental en la toma de decisiones económicas, financieras y sociales de los países; por lo tanto, se hace necesario tomar en consideración su comportamiento. Es por ello que en el presente estudio se exhiben los resultados obtenidos en la balanza comercial del Ecuador, todo esto con la finalidad de identificar el comportamiento de la balanza comercial en el país en estos últimos cinco años e identificar el porcentaje de participación de la balanza comercial respecto del Producto Interno Bruto en el Ecuador y el crecimiento tanto del PIB como de la balanza comercial.

The effect that the microstructure exerts on the Transformation-Induced Plasticity (TRIP) phenomenon and on the mechanical properties in a multiphase steel was studied. Samples of an initially cold-rolled ferrite⁻pearlite steel underwent different intercritical annealing treatments at 750 °C until equal fractions of austenite/ferrite were reached; the intercritical treatment was followed by isothermal bainitic treatments before cooling the samples to room temperature. Samples in the first treatment were heated directly to the intercritical temperature, whereas other samples were heated to either 900 °C or 1100 °C to obtain a fully homogenized, single-phase austenitic microstructure before performing the intercritical treatment. The high-temperature homogenization of austenite resulted in a decrease in its stability, so a considerable austenite fraction transformed into martensite by cooling to room temperature after the bainitic heat treatment. Most of the retained austenite transformed during the tensile tests, and, consequently, the previously homogenized steels showed the highest Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS). In turn, the steel with a ferritic⁻pearlitic initial microstructure exhibited higher ductility than the other steels and texture components that favor forming processes.

Los estudios sobre felicidad y bienestar son abordados con mucho interés por investigadores y gobiernos, bajo la premisa que las personas felices generan organizaciones y naciones felices. Así, el objetivo del presente trabajo es identificar los factores determinantes de la felicidad y el bienestar subjetivo del individuo. Para el efecto, se revisan 51 documentos teóricos y empíricos. Del estudio se presenta un cuadro que describe los factores determinantes de la felicidad y el bienestar subjetivo agrupados de acuerdo con la clasificación de García-Martín (2002). Del mismo modo, se expone otro cuadro con los factores determinantes de la felicidad y el bienestar subjetivo que se relacionan con las necesidades de Maslow (1943). En ambos casos se utiliza la técnica de comparación de patrones. Los resultados indican que existen factores determinantes de la felicidad y el bienestar subjetivo, tanto internos del individuo como aquellos que provienen del entorno donde este se desenvuelve.